Pseudo-Hans Döbringer

Here begins Master Liechtenauer's art of fencing
Hie hebt sich an meister lichtenawers kunst des fechtens
Author(s)	Unknown
Ascribed to	Pseudo-Hans Döbringer
Illustrated by	Unknown
Date	before 1495
Genre	Fencing manual Wrestling manual
Language	Early New High German
Principal Manuscript(s)	MS 3227a
First Printed English Edition	Żabiński, 2008
Translations	Alt. Transcription Alternate English translation Alternate English translation Traduction française Deutsch-Übersetzung Magyar fordítás Traduzione italiana Traducción castellano

"Pseudo-Hans Döbringer" is the name given to an anonymous 15th century German fencing master. At some point in the 15th century, he dictated a collection of commentary on and expansion of the teachings of Johannes Liechtenauer, including the only biographical details of the master yet discovered, and it is even speculated that he was still alive at the time of the writing. These comments were written into MS 3227a, a commonplace book, by an equally unknown scribe.

Treatise

Long Sword Gloss

Draft Translation by Christian Trosclair	Transcription  by Dierk Hagedorn
Here it begins, Master Liechtenauer's Art of Fencing with the Sword on Foot and on Horse, Bare and in Harness. And before any incidents and confrontations, you shall note and know that there is just one art of the sword and it may have been invented and conceived many hundred years ago. And this is a foundation and core of all of the arts of fencing and Master Liechtenauer had internalized and applied it quite completely and correctly. Not that he invented and conceived it himself, as was written before, rather he had traveled through many lands. And through that sought the legitimate and truthful art for the sake that he would experience and know it. And this art is earnest, complete and legitimate; and everything proceeds from it the nearest and shortest, simple and direct. Just as if one would hew or stab someone and that person then bound a thread or cord to his point or edge of his sword and guided or pulled that very point point or edge to the opponent's opening. For he should hew or stab according to the nearest and shortest and most decisive of all. For one would prefer to deliver just that, because that same legitimate fencing will not have handsome and painstaking parries nor wide fencing-around. With those, people choose to procrastinate and delay themselves. As one finds according to many illegitimate masters, that say they have invented and conceived and possess for themselves from day to day some new art, better and greater. But I would like to see one that would conceive and perform just one application or one hew that does not come from Liechtenauer's art. Just that they will often mix-up and pervert an application. So with that, they give it a new name, each according to their head. Furthermore that they conceive wide fencing-around and parrying and often do two or three hews in place of a single hew. They will be praised by the uncomprehending just for the liveliness of it as they fiendishly arrange themselves with those beautiful parries and wide fencing-around and deliver wide and long hews slowly and sluggishly. With those they quite severely delay and hew-ahead of themselves and also with those give themselves firm openings because they have no measure in their fencing. And anyway, that is not called for in earnest fencing. In some cases, it could possibly be somewhat good in school fencing for exercise and enjoyment. But earnest fencing will proceed swift, straight and quite direct without any hesitation nor delay like a string or something like it determined the measure and trajectory. When one shall slash or stab whoever stands there before them, then truly no strike or stab backwards or to the side helps him, nor any wide fencing nor multiple hews. They that would like to end it with someone, they procrastinate and delay themselves so that they preclude the moment of truth. Rather, one must initiate their hew straight and directly to the person, to the head or to the body according to what is closest and surest. Just as he is able to attain it and judge it, swiftly and quickly and preferably with one strike. Because with four or six, he would give himself away with them. And that one comes effortlessly as opposed to all those because the fore-strike is a great advantage of this fencing as you will hear it hereafter in the text where Liechtenauer names just five hews with other plays that are sufficient for earnest fencing and teaches it according to the correct art, conducted straight and direct toward the closest and surest as it simply can approach and leaves all of the confusing work and new found hews foolishly considered by the illegitimate masters that nevertheless thoroughly depart from his art.	[13v] HIe hebt sich an meister lichtenawers kunst des fechtens mit deme swerte czu fusse vnd czu rosse / blos vnd yn harnüsche / Vnd vor allen dingn vnd sachen / saltu merken vnd wissen / das nür eyne kunst ist des swertes / vnd dy mag vor manchen hvndert Jaren seyn fvnden vnd irdocht / vnd dy ist eyn grunt vnd kern aller künsten des fechtens / Vnd dy hat meister lichtnawer gancz vertik vnd gerecht gehabt vnd gekunst / Nicht das her sy selber haben fvnden vnd irdocht / als vor ist geschreben / Sonder / her hat manche lant / durchfaren vnd gesucht / durch der selben rechtvertigen vnd warhaftigen unst wille / das her dy io irvaren vnd wissen wolde / Vnd dy selbe kunst ist ernst gancz vnd rechtvertik / Vnd get of das aller neheste vnd kors körtzste / slecht vnd gerade czu / Recht zam wen eyner eynen hawen ader stechen welde / vnd das man im denne eynen vadem ader snure an seynen ort ader sneyde des swertes bünde / vnd leytet aber czöge den selben ort ader sneide off ienes blössen / [14r] den her hawen ader stechen selde / noch dem aller nehesten · kortzsten · vnd endlichsten / als man das nür dar bregen mochte / wen das selbe rechtvertige vechten / wil nicht hobisch vnd weislich paryren haben / vnd weit vmbefechten / mit deme sich lewte mochten lassen vnd vorzümen / Als man noch manche leychmeistere vindet dy do sprechen / das sy selber newe kunst vinden vnd irdenken vnd meynen das sich dy kunst des fechtens von tage czu tage besser vnd mere / Aber ich wölde gerne eynen sehn der do / möchte nür eyn gefechte / ader eynen haw / irdenken vnd tuen / der do nicht aus lichtnawers kunst gynge / Nür das sy ofte eyn gefechte vorwandeln vnd vorkeren wöllen / mit deme / das sy im newe namen geben / itzlicher noch seyme hawpte / Vnd das sy weit vmbefechten vnd paryrn irdenken / vnd oft vör eynen haw / czwene ader dreye tuen / nür durch wolstehens wille / do von sy von den unvorstendigen gelobt wollen werden / mit dem höbschen paryrn vnd weit vmbefechten / als sy sich veyntlich stellen / vnd weite vnd lange hewe dar brengen / lanksam vnd trege / mit deme sy sich gar sere vorhawen [14v] vnd zeümen / vnd sich auch do mite vaste blos geben / wen sy keyne mosse yn irem fechten nicht haben / vnd das gehört doch nicht czu ernstem fechten / zonder czu schulvechten durch vbunge vnd gebrawchunge wille mochte is wol eczwas gut seyn / Aber ernste vechten wil risch slecht vnd gar gerade dar gehen / an alles lassen vnd zümenüss / zam noch eyner snuren / ader zam itzlichs besunder gemessen vnd gewegen were / wen sal eyner eynen slaen ader stechen / der do vor im stet / zo hilft in io keyn slag ader stich / vor sich vn ader hindersich / ader neben sich / noch keynerley weitvechten / ader vil hewe / das mit eyme möchte enden / mit deme her sich zümet vnd last / das her dy schantcze vorsleft / Sonder her mus io / slecht vnd gleich czu hawen / czum manne / czu kop / ader czu leibe / noch dem aller nehesten / vnd schiresten als her in nür gehaben mag vnd irreichen / v/risch vnd snelle vnd liber mit eyme slage wen mit viern ader sechen mit deme her sich möchte lassen / vnd das iener leichte e queme denne her / wen der vorslag / eyn gros vorteil ist / of deme vechten / als du es als hernoch wirst horen yn dem texte / Do nennet lichtnawer / nür fümff hewe / mit andern stöcken / dy do nütcze seyn czu erstem vechten / vnd leret dy noch [15r] rechter kunst slecht vnd gerade dar brengen noch dem aller nehesten uvnd schiresten / als mag is nür dar komen / Vnd lest alles trummel werk / vnd new fvnden hewe vnderwegen / von den leichmeistere / Dy doch gruntlich aus syner kunst dar komen /
Also note this and know that one cannot speak and explain or write about fencing quite as simply and clearly as one can easily show and inform it with the hand. Therefore act on your judgement and consider the best of it and therein, exercise the bulk of that yourself in play which you think is of the best in earnest. Because practice is better than empty art, for practice is fully sufficient without art but art is not fully sufficient without practice.	¶ Auch merke das / vnd wisse das man nicht gar eygentlich vnd bedewtlich von dem fechten mag sagen vnd schreiben ader auslegen / als man is wol mag / is wol mag czeigen vnd weisen mit der hant / Dorvmbe tu of dyne synnen vnd betrachte is deste bas / Vnd ube dich dorynne deste mer yn schimpfe / zo gedenkestu ir deste bas in ernste / wen ubunge ist besser wenne kunst / denne übunge tag w tawg wol ane kunst aber kunst tawg nicht wol ane übunge /
Also know that a good fencer shall, ahead all confrontations, command and clasp his sword certainly and surely with both hands between the hilt and the pommel. Because like this, he holds the sword much surer than when he clasps it by the pommel with one hand and also strikes much harder and surer like this, because the pommel overthrows itself and swings itself in accordance with the strike, so that the strike arrives much harder than when he clasps the sword with the pommel, because like this, he restrains the strike with the pommel, such that he may not arrive so completely and so strongly, because the sword is just like a scale. For if a sword is large and heavy, so must the pommel also be accordingly heavy, just like a scale.	¶ Auch wisse das eyn guter fechter sal vör allen sachen syn swert gewisse vnd sicher füren vnd fassen / mit beiden henden / czwischen gehilcze vnd lac klos / wen alzo helt her das swert vil sicher / den das hers bey dem klosse vasset mit eyner hant / vnd slet auch vil harter vnd sürer / alzo / wen der klos öberwirft sich vnd swenkt sich noch dem slage das der slag vil harter / dar kumpt / den das her das swert mit dem klosse vasset / wen alzo / czöge her den slag / mit dem klosse weder / das her nicht zo voelkömlich vnd zo stark möchte dar komen / Wen das swert [15v] ist recht zam eyn woge / den ist eyn swert gros vnd swer / zo mus der klos auch dornoch swer syn / recht zam noch eyner wogen
Also know that when one fences with someone, so shall he fully take heed of his steps and be sure in them just as if he shall stand upright upon a scale, shifting backwards or forwards according to that as necessitates itself, connected and nimble, swiftly and quickly. And with good spirit and good consciousness or consideration shall your fencing proceed and without any fear as one will hear that hereafter.	¶ Auch wisse wen eyner mit eyme ficht / zo sol her syner schrete wol war nemen / vnd sicher in den seyn / wen her recht zam of eyner wogen stehen sal · hindersich · ader vorsich · czu treten / noch deme als sichs gepürt / gefüge vnd gerinklich / risch vnd snelle / vnd gar mit gutem mute / vnd guter gewissen ader vornunft / sal deyn fechten dar gehen / vnd an alle vorchte / als man das hernoch wirt hören /
You shall also have measure in your applications accordingly as it necessitates itself and shall not step too wide, so that you may better adjust yourself to another's steps, done backwards or forwards according to that as it will necessitate itself. Also often itself necessitating two short steps for one long and often necessitates itself that one must do a little pre run with short steps and often that one must do a good step or spring.	¶ Auch saltu mosse haben yn deyme gefechte dornoch als sichs gepürt / vnd salt nicht czu weit schreiten / das du dich deste bas eynes- / andern schretes irholen magest / hinderdich / ader vordich czu tuen / noch deme als sich wörde gepuren / vnd das / Auch gepüren sich oft czwene korcze schrete vor eynem langen / vnd oft gepürt sich das eyner eyn lewftcheyn mus tuen / mit korczen schreten / vnd oft das eyner eynen guten schret ader sprunk mus tuen /
And whatever one will readily conduct in play or in earnest, they shall make that foreign and confusing so that the opponent does not notice what this is meant to conduct against him. And as soon as the opponent then comes at him and also has the measure of the opponent so that he thinks he will have and reach in the opponent well, so shall he brazenly hurry to the opponent and drive swiftly and quickly to the head or to the body. He hits or mises and shall always win the fore-strike and allows the opponent to come with nothing as you will better hear hereafter in the common lore, etc.	¶ Vnd was eyner redlichs wil treiben czu schimpfe / ader czu ernste / das sal her eyme vor den ogen / fremde vnd vorworren machen / das iener nicht merkt was deser keyn im meynt czutreiben / [16r] Vnd als bald wenn her denne czu im kumpt vnd dy moße also czu im hat das in dünkt her welle in nu wol haben vnd irreichen / zo sal her kunlich czu im hurten vnd varen / snelle vnd risch / czu koppe ader czu leibe / her treffe ader vele / vnd sal io den vorslag gewynnen / vnd ienen mit nichte lassen czu(n?) dingen komen / als du bas hernoch wirst hören yn der gemeynen lere etc
One shall also always prefer to target the upper openings rather than the lower and one drives in over the hilt with hews or with stabs, bravely and quickly. Because one reaches the opponent much better and further over the hilt than under it. And one is also much surer of all fencing like this. For the upper contact one is much better than the lower one. But if it comes to be as such that one were nearer to the lower, then he must target that as this often occurs.	¶ Auch sal eyner allemal liber den öbern blößen remen / denne den vndern / vnde eyme ober deme gehilcze yn varen / mit hewen ader mit stichen / künlich vnd risch / wenn eyner irreicht eynen vil bas / vnd / verrer öber dem gehilcze · den dorvnder / vnd eyner ist auch alzo vil sicher alles fechtens / vnd der obern rure eyne / ist vil besser denne der vndern eyne / Is wer denne / das is alzo queme das eyner neher hette czu der vndern das her der remen müste / als das ofte kumpt
Also know that one shall always come to the right side of the opponent in his applications. Because he may better have the opponent in all confrontations of fencing or wrestling than immediately in front of. And whoever knows this part well and delivers well, they are not a bad fencer.	¶ Auch wisse / das eyner sal io eyme of dy rechte seiten komen / yn seyme gefechte / wen her eyme do yn allen sachen / des fechtens ader ringens / bas gehaben mag / denne gleich vorne czu / vnd wer dis stöcke wol weis / vnd wol dar brengt / der ist ist nicht eyn bözer fechter etc
Also know when one will earnestly fence, they contemplate a polished play, whichever he wishes that is complete and correct there and earnestly internalize that and keep it in his intent and spirit. Whatever he wishes upon someone just as if he would say: "This I mean to truly conduct" and so this shall and must go forward with the help of god, so it might fail him in nothing. He does what he should when he bravely hurries and charges there with the fore-strike, as one will often hear hereafter.	[16v] ¶ Auch wisse / wen eyner ernstlich wil fechten / der vasse im eyn vertik stöcke vör / wels her wil / das do gancz vnd gerecht sey / vnd neme im das ernstlich vnd stete in seynen syn vnd gemüte / wen her of eynen wil / Recht zam her sölde sprechen · das meyne ich io czutreiben / vnd das sal vnd mus vorgank haben mit der hölfe gotes zo mag is im mit nichte velen / her tut was her sal / wen her kunlich dar hort vnd rawscht / mit dem vorslage / als man das hernach oft wirt horen /
In all fencing  Requisite is: the help of god of righteousness, A straight and healthy body,  A soundly manufactured sword, especially, Before, after, weak, strong  Within, with that word, hearken. Hews, stabs, cuts, pressing,  Position, defending, shoving, feeling, disengaging, Winding and hanging,  Backing, strikes, springs, grabbing, wrangling, Speed, audacity,  Prudence, astuteness and ingenuity Acumen, premeditation, ability  Measure, obscuration, Practice and good spirit,  Motion, flexibility, good steps. In these seven couplets  The fundamental principles And concerns  And the entire matter Of all of the art of fencing are labelled for you.  You shall consider this correctly As you will also actually  And in particular hereafter Hear or read  Each according to it's qualities. Fencer, take heed of it  So will these arts reveal to you the art, indeed, Of the entire sword  And many good lively attacks.	[17r] cCZu allem fechten · gehört dy hölfe gotes von rechte / Gera der leip vnd gesvnder / eyn gancz vertik swert pesundern / Vor · noch · swach sterke / yndes · das wort mete czu merken / Hewe stiche snete drücken / leger schütczen stöße fülen czücken / Winden vnd hengen / rücken striche sprönge greiffen rangen / Rischeit vnd kunheit / vorsichtikeit list vnd klugheit / Masse vörborgenheit / vernunft vorbetrachtunge fetikeit / Vbunge vnd guter mut / motus gelenkheit schrete gut / In den seben versen da / sint dir fundament principia / Vnd pertinencia / benumet vnd dy gancze materia / Aller kunst des fechten / das saltu betrachten rechte / Als du auch eigentlich / hernocher vnd sönderlich / wirst horen ader lesen / itzlichs noch seynem wezen / Fechter des nym war / zo wirt dir bekunst bekant dy kunst gar / Of dem ganczen swerte / vnd manch gut weidelich geverte /
Motion, that beautiful word,  Is the heart and crown of fencing The entire matter  Of fencing with all concerns And the sound components  Of the fundamentals, the movements Are named with names  And will be revealed better hereafter However then one simply fights,  So are they well directed And stay in motion  And not pause when he Begins to fence with  So he drives-in with correctness Continually and decisively  Bravely one after the other Stay in a rush  Without intervals, immediate. So that the opponent cannot come  To strikes therefore takes this advantage And harming the opponent.  Because he cannot be unstruck From this coming.  Just do this according to the advice And according to the learning  That is written now For I say to you truthfully,  The opponent does not defend themselves without danger. If you understand  He cannot come to blows with anything.	[17v] mMOtus · das worte schone / ist des fechtens eyn hort vnd krone / der gancze materiaz / des fechtens / mit aller pertinencia / Vnd der artikeln gar / des fundamentes / dy var / Mit namen sint genant / vnd werden dir hernoch bas bekant / Wy denne eyner nur ficht / zo sey her mit den wol bericht / Vnd sey stetz in motu / vnd nicht veyer wen her nu / An hebt czu fechten / zo treibe her mit rechte / Vmmer in vnd endlich / eyns noch dem andern künlich / In eyme rawsche stete / an vnderlos imediate / Das iener nicht kome / czu slage des nympt deser fromen / Vnd iener schaden / wen her nicht ungeslagen / Von desem komen mag / tut nur deser noch dem rat / Vnd noch der leren / dy itczunt ist geschreben / So sag ich vorwar / sich schützt iener nicht ane var / Hastu vornomen / czu slage mag her mit nichte komen /
Here note that constant motion secures him in the beginning, middle and end of all fencing according to this art and lore. As such that one completes the beginning, middle and ending in one rush without pause and without the hindrance of his counter-fencer and does not allow the opponent to come to strikes with anything. Of this, the two words come: before, after. That is, the fore-strike and after-strike. Immediately and at one time as if left without any middle	¶ Hie merke · das · frequens motus · beslewst in im / begynnüs / mittel · vnd ende / alles fechtens / noch deser kunst vnd lere / alzo das eyner yn eyme rawsche / anhebunge / mittel / vnde endunge / an vnderlos vnd an hindernis synes wedervechters volbrenge / vnd ienen mit nichte lasse czu slage komen / wenn of das gent dy czwey wörter · vor · noch · das ist / vorslag vnd nochslag / inmediate & / in vna hora / quasi vnum post reliquum sine aliquo medio /
This is the general preface of the bare-fencing on foot. Mark this well. 1 Young knight learn  to love god. Always honor women, 2 Thus cultivate your honor.  Practice knight-craft and learn 3 Art that decorates you  and in wars serves well. 4 Wrestling's good grips,  Glaive, spear, sword and messer, 5 Manfully brandish  and in other hands ruin. 6 Hew therein and charge there,  rushing on, joining or driving out. 7 Those maturing in this wisdom,  this one sees praising. 8 Thereupon you hold,  all things have length and measure. i And whatever you wish to conduct,  shall stay in the realm of good reason. ii In earnest or in play,  have a joyous spirit with moderation iii So that you may pay attention  and consider with a good spirit iv Whatever you shall command  and whip up against him. v Because a good spirit with authority  someone's rebuke timid. vi Thereafter, orient yourself.  Give no advantage with anything. vii Avoid imprudence.  Do not step in front of four or six viii With your overconfidence.  Be modest, that is good for you. ix It is a brave man  that dares to confront his equal. x It is not shameful  to flee four or six at hand.	[18r] Das ist eyne gemeyne vorrede / des blozfechtens czu fuße / Das merke wol JVng Ritter lere · got lip haben / frawen io ere / So wechst dein ere · Übe ritterschaft · vnd lere / Kunst · dy dich czyret · vnd in krigen sere hofiret / Ringens gut fesser · glefney sper swert vnde messer / Menlich bederben · vnde in andern henden vorterben / Haw dreyn vnd hort dar · rawsche hin trif ader la varn / Das in dy weisen · hassen dy man siet preisen / Dor auf dich zoße · alle ding haben limpf lenge vnde moße / Vnd was du trei wilt treiben · by guter vornunft saltu bleiben / Czu ernst ader czu schimpf · habe frölichen mut / mit limpf / So magstu achten · vnd mit gutem mute betrachten / Was du salt füren · vnd keyn im dich rüren / Wen guter mut mit kraft · macht eyns wedersache czagehaft / Dornoch dich richte · gib keynem forteil mit ichte / Tumkunheit meide · vier ader sechs nicht vortreibe / Mit deynem öbermut / bis sitik das ist dir gut / Der ist eyn küner man · der synen gleichen tar bestan / Is ist nicht schande · vier ader sechze flien von hande / w…nicht…ffen…gt y…daz ist myn rat /
This is the general lore of the sword 9 If you wish to examine the art.  Go left and right with hewing. 10 And left with right  is what you strongly desire to fence. 11 Whoever chases-after hews,  they allow themselves to hardly enjoy the art. 12 Hew nearby whatever you wish,  No change comes on your shield. xi Do not hew to the sword.  Rather, Constantly watch the openings. 13 To the head, to the body,  Do not omit the flesh-wounds. 14 With the entire body fence  whatever you desire to conduct strongly. 15 Hear what is bad for that:  Do not fence from above left if you are right. 16 And if you are left,  in the right, you are severely hindered. xii So always prefer to fence  from above left downwards. 17 Before, after, the two things  are the one origin of all art. 18 Weak and strong,  Within, with that mark the word. 19 So you may learn  to defend yourself with art and work. 20 If you terrify easily,  never learn any fencing. xii Audacity and swiftness,  prudence, astuteness and ingenuity, xiv Acumen, concealment,  measure, obscuration, scouting xv And skill will fencing have  and carry a joyous spirit. General gloss hereafter. First of all, note and know that the point of the sword is the center, the middle and the core of the sword from which all applications leave and come back into it. So are the hangings and the windings are the attachments and the revolutions of the center and of the core. From them, quite a few good plays of fencing also come. And are invented and conceived so that a fencer, who begins to hew or thrust directly to the point, of course may not hit every single time; yet they can hit someone with those same plays hewing, stabbing or cutting; with treading out and in; and with stepping-around or springing. And if one mislaid or mis-extended the point of his sword with shooting or with lunging then he may realign and retract and shorten it again with winding or treading-out, in such a way that he again comes into the certain plays and principles of fencing. From them, he may bring hews, stabs, or cuts. For according to Liechtenauer's art, the hews, stabs and cuts come from all applications and principles of the art of the sword, as one will hear hereafter how one play and principle comes from the other. And as it goes from one to the other, if the one will be warded, then the other hits and has gone-forward.	[18v] Das ist eyne gemeyne lere des swertes wWIltu kunst schawen · sich link gen vnd recht mete hawen · Vnd link mit rechten is das du stark gerest fechten · Wer noch get hewen · der darf sich kunst kleyne frewen · haw nu was du wilt · keyn wechsler kawm an dich schild/ † {Haw nicht czum swerte zonder / stets der bloße warte /} Czu koppe czu leibe · dy czecken do nicht vormeide / Mit ganczem leibe · ficht was du stark gerest treiben / Höer was do slecht ist · ficht nicht oben link zo du recht pist / Vnd ob du link pist / ym rechten auch sere hinkest / So vicht io liber · von oben recht linkischen nider / ¶ Vor · noch · dy czwey dink · syn allen kunsten eyn orsprink / Swach · vnde · sterke · Indes · das wort mete merke / So machstu leren · mit / vnd erb / kunst vnd erbeit dich weren / Irschrikstu gerne · keyn fechten nymmer lerne / Kunheit vnd rischeit · vorsichtikeit list vnd klugheit / / †† {Vornunft verborgenheit / moße bevorbetrachtunge / hobsheit / fetikeit /} Wil fechten haben · vnd frölichs gemüte tragen ¶ Glosa generalis huius sequitur / ¶ Von allerersten merke vnd wisse / das der ort des swertes · ist das czentrum vnd das mittel vnd der kern · des swertes · aus deme alle gefechte gen / vnd weder / yn in komen · So sint dy hengen / vnd dy winden / synt dy anhenge vnd dy vmlewfe des czentrums vnd des kerns [19r] aus den auch / gar vil guter stöcke des fechtens komen / vnd sint dorvm fvnden vnd irdocht / das eyn fechter / der da gleich czum orte czu hewt ader sticht / nicht wol allemal treffen mak / das der mit den selben stöcken / hawende stechende ader sneydende / mit abe / vnd czutreten / vnd mit vmbeschreiten ader springen eynen treffen mag / vnd ab eyner syn ort des swertes / mit schißen ader mit voltreten / vorlewst ader vorlengt / zo mag her in mit winden ader abetreten / weder / irlengen vnd / ynbrengen vnd körczen / alzo das her weder yn gewisse stöcke vnd gesetze kümpt des fechtens / aus den her hewe stiche ader snete brengen mag / wen noch lychtnawers kunst / zo komen aus allen gefechten vnd gesetze des f der kunst des swertes / hewe stiche vnd snete / als man wirt hernoch hören / wy eyn stöcke vnd gesetze aus dem andern kumpt / vnd wy sich eyns aus dem andern macht / ab eyns wirt geweret / das daz ander treffe vnd vorgank habe
On second count, note and know that no part on the sword was invented and conceived without reason. In particular, a fencer shall utilize the point, both edges, the hilt, the pommel as it is on the sword accordingly as each has its particular principle in the art of fencing according to these as the practices embody and uncover, as you will hereafter hear and see each in particular.	¶ Czu dem andern mal merke vnd wisse / daz keyn dink an dem swerte / vmbe züst funden vnd irdocht ist / zvnder eyn fechter / den ort / beide sneiden · gehilcze · klos / vnd als das am swerte ist / nütczen sal / noch dem [19v] als itzlieichs syn sönderleichs gesetze hat yn der kunst des fechtens / noch dem als dy Übunge hat vnd findert / als du itzlichs besvnder hernoch wirst sehen vnd hören /
Also note and know with this as he speaks, If you wish to examine the art, etc. He means that a skilled fencer, they shall: set-forward the left foot and with that, hew from the right side directly to the opponent with threatening hews as long as he sees where he may certainly have the opponent and reach certainly with his stepping. And he means: when someone wishes to fence strongly, so shall he fence from the left side on with the entire body and complete authority to the head and to the body wherever he may solely hit and never to the sword, in particular he shall do it as if the opponent has no sword and as if he cannot see and he shall not omit any flesh-wounds or blows, rather always be in work and in contact so that the opponent cannot come to strikes.	¶ Auch merke vnd wisse / mit deme als her spricht wiltu kunst schawen etc / meynt her / das eyn kunstlicher fechter / der sal den linken fuz vorsetzen / vnd von der rechten seiten mete hawen / gleich czum manne / mit drewe hewen / zo lang / bis das her siet wo her ienen wol gehaben mag / vnd wol dirreichen mit seinen schreten / Vnd meynt / wen eyner stark wil fechten zo sal her von der linken seiten of fechten / mit ganczem leibe vnd mit ganczer kraft / czu köppe vnd czu leibe wo her nur treffen mag / vnd nummer czu keyn swerte / zvnder her sal tuen / zam iener keyn swert habe / aber zam hers nicht sehe / vnd sal keyne czecken ader ruren nicht vormeiden / zonder vmmermer in erbeit vnd in berürunge seyn das iener nicht czu slage mag komen
He also means that one shall not identically follow and track the hew, rather, somewhat aside and curved around so that he comes to the side of the opponent. For there he may have him better with everything than frontally on. Whatever he from then on hews or stabs upon the opponent, that may ward or lead off well any and all changings-through or other applications of the opponent, only if the hews or stabs go forth directly into the opponent against the openings to the head or to the body with stepping-around and treading.	¶ ¶ Auch meynt her das / eyner den hewen nicht gleich sal noch gehen vnd treten · zonder etwas beseites / vnd krumbes vmbe / das her ieme an dy seite kome / do her in bas / mit allerleye gehaben mag / denne vorne czu / was ′her ′denne nür of ienen hewt ader sticht das mag im iener mit keynerleye durchwechsel ader andern gefechten / gel / wol weren ader abeleiten / nür das dy hewe ader stiche gleich czum manne czu gehen keyn den blößen / czu koppe ader czu leibe / mit vmbeschriten / vnd treten /
Also note and know about this when he speaks, before, after the two things, etc. There he means the five words: before, after, weak, strong, within-this. On these words lay the entire art of Master Liechtenauer's and the fixed foundation and the core of all fencing on foot or on horse, uncovered or in harness.	[20r] ·;· ¶ Auch merke vnd wisse / mit deme als her spricht / vor · noch · dy zwey dink etc / do / nent her dy fünff wörter ·/· vor · noch · swach · stark · Indes ·/ an den selben wörtern / leit alle kunst / Meister lichtnawers / vnd sint dy gruntfeste vnd der / kern / alles fechtens czu fusse ader czu rosse / blos ader in harnüsche /
With the word "before", he means that a particularly good fencer shall have and have won the fore-strike every time he hits or misses. As Liechtenauer says, Hew therein and charge there, rush onwards, hit or let drive. When he goes or runs at someone, Just as soon as he sees he may reach him with a step or with a spring, wherever he then sees him somehow open, there he shall drive onwards with ease to the head or to the body, bravely without any fear wherever he may have him with surety. For as such, he always wins the fore-strike, whether it does well or poorly for them. And with that, shall also be certain in his steps and shall have measured them correctly so that he does not step too short nor too long. Now, when he executes the fore-strike, if he hits, then he quickly pursues the hit. But if he wards the fore-strike of the opponent in such a way, that with his sword, he leads off or commands their fore-strike, be it a hew or stab, So long as he is then still on the sword of the opponent. With it like this, he will lead off from the openings which he had targeted, Then he shall quite precisely feel and note whether the opponent in his leading-off and defense of the hews or stabs is soft or hard, weak or strong on the sword. That is when he now fully feels how the opponent is in his technique. If within-this, the opponent is strong and hard, now that he completely notes and feels, then he shall within-this or during-this be soft and weak if the opponent defends himself like this. And in that, before the opponent comes to strikes, so shall he then execute the after-strike. That is, he begins to hew while the opponent defends himself and wards himself of the fore-strike, be it hew or stab, so shall he seek out other applications and plays. With those, he shall again hurry and rush into his openings. Also in this, he is continually in motion and in contact so that he also confounds the opponent and soundly robs the opponent amid his defending and warding. Thus has too much work so that he, the defender, cannot come to his strikes. Because someone who shall defend themselves and fixate on the strikes, they are always in greater danger than they that strike at them, so that they must then continually ward the strikes or must allow themselves to be hit, so that they must come to strikes burdensomely by their own accord. About that Liechtenauer speaks: I say to you truthfully, no one defends themselves without danger. If you have understood this, he cannot come to strikes. If you execute otherwise according to the five words, this dictum goes entirely against that and all of [that] fencing often results in a peasant slaying a master, because he is brave and won the fore-strike according to this precept.	¶ Mit deme worte · Vor · meynt her das eyn itzlicher guter fechter / sal alle mal den vorslag haben vnd gewinnen / † {her treffe ader vele / als lichnawer / spricht / Haw dreyn vnd hurt dar / rawsche hin trif ader la var} wenne her czu / eyme gehet ader lewft / als balde als her nur siet / das her in mit eynem schrete / ader mit eynem sprunge / dirreichen mag / wo her denne indert in blos siet / do sal her hin varn / mit frewden / czu koppe ader czu leibe / künlich an alle vorchte wo her in am gewisten gehaben mag / alzo das her ia den vorslag gewinne / is tu ieme wol ader we · vnd sal auch mit dem / in synen schreten gewisse sein / vnd sal dy haben recht zam gemessen / das her nicht czu korcz ader czu lank schreite / wen her nü den vorslag / tuet / trift her zo volge her dem treffen vaste / noch · weret · her aber iener den vorslag alzo das her im den vorslag / is sy haw ader stich mit syme swerte / abeweiset vnd leitet / Dy weile her denne ieme noch / an syme swerte ist / mit deme als her wirt abe geweist / von der blößen / der her geremet / hat / zo sal her gar eben fülen vnd merken [20v] ab iener in syme abeleiten vnd schützen der hewe ader stiche / an syme swerte / weich ader herte / swach ader stark / sey / Ist denne das her nü wol fület / wy iener in syme geferte ist / Is das iener stark vnd herte ist / Indes / das hers nü genczlich merkt vnd fület / zo sal her ader Indes ader vnderdez das sich iener zo schützt / weich vnd swach dirweder syn / vnd in dem selben / · e · den / das iener czu keyme slage kome / zo sal her denne den nochslag tuen / das ist / das her czu hant / dy weile sich iener schützt vnd sich des vorslags weret / is sy haw ader stich zo sal her ander gefechte vnd stöcke hervör süchen / mit den her aber czu synen blößen hurt vnd rawschet / alzo dis her vmmermer in bewegunge vnd in berürunge sy · das her ienen als irre / vnd betawbet mache / das iener mit syme schützen vnd weren / alzo vil czu schaffen habe / das her / der schützer / czu syner slege / keyne komen mag / wen eyner der sich sal schützen / vnd der slege warnemen / der ist alle mal in grösser var / denne der /· der da slet of in / denne her mus ia dy slege weren / ader mus sich laen treffen / daz her selber mülich / czu slage mag komen / Dorvm spricht lichtnawer / Ich sage vorware · sich schutzt keyn man ane vare / Hastu vornomen · czu slage mag her kleyne komen / Tustu anders noch den fünff wörtern / of dy dese rede gar get / vnd alles fechten
Because with the word 'before', as was spoken earlier, he means that someone with a good fore-strike or with the first strike, they shall bravely charge there without any fear and rush against the openings to the head or to the body. He hits or misses such that he also at once stuns, overwhelms and terrifies them so that they do not know what he should do against this and also before the opponent recovers themselves again or comes at him with the same. Then he immediately executes the after-strike and continually compels him to ward and the defend himself so much that he cannot come to strikes. Then when the fencer executes the first strike or the fore-strike and the opponent then wards him, in the same warding and defending, the fencer then always comes earlier into the after-strike than the opponent into the first. Then he may: initiate a hew, initiate a drive with the pommel or may come in the thwart-hews, they are good to count on, or may otherwise throw the sword forwards [by means of] the thwart-hew. With that he comes into other applications or else alternately, he may begin well. Before the opponent comes to strikes as you will hear how it makes one from the other so that the opponent may not come from him unstruck if he does differently according to this lesson. Because he shall execute with one mind and with one effort alike, if it is possible to accomplish, the fore-strike and the after-strike, swiftly and promptly after each other.	[21r] Wenne mit dem wrote · vor · als e gesprochen ist / meynt her / das eyner mit eyme guten vorslage ader mit dem ersten slage / sal eyner kunlich an alle vorchte dar hurten vnd rawschen / keyn den blössen czu koppe ader czu leibe / her treffe ader vele / das her ienen czu hant als betewbet / mache vnd in irschrecke / das her nicht weis was her keyn desem solle weder tuen / vnd auch · e · denne sich iener weder keyns irhole / ader weder czu im selber kome / das her denne czu hant den nochslag tue / vnd im io zo vil schaffe / czu weren vnd czu schützen / das her nicht möge czu slage komen / denne wen deser den ersten slag / ader den vorslag tuet / vnd in iener denne weret / in dem selben weren vnd schutzen / zo kumpt deser denne alle mal · e · czu dem nochslage den iener czu dem ersten / den her mag / czu haut czu varn mit dem klosse / ader mag / in dy twerhewe komen / dy czu male gut syn / ader mag sost das swert dy twer vor werfen / do mite her in ander gefechte kumpt / ader sost mancherleye mag her wol beginnen / · e · denne iener czu slage kumpt / als du wirst horen wy sich eyns aus dem andern macht / das iener nicht mag von im komen vngeslagen / tut her anders noch deser lere† {Wenne her sal mit eyme gedanken / vnd zam mit eyme slage / ab is möglich were / den vorslag vnd nochslag tuen / risch vnd snelle noch eynnand[er]}
Also, it would fully come to this if the opponent wards the fore-strike. For he must ward it with the sword and in this way, he must always come to the fencer on his sword. And when the opponent subsequently wards somewhat late and unready, the fencer would then remain on the sword and shall then wind at once and shall quite precisely note and feel whether or not the opponent will withdraw themselves from the sword.	¶ Auch möchte is wol dar czu komen / ab iener den vorslag weret / zo müste her in weren mit dem swerte / vnd alzo müste her desen io an syn swert komen / vnd wenn denne ienui eczwas trege vnd las were / zo möchte deser denne an dem swerte bleyben / vnd sal denne czu hant winden / vnd sal gar eben merken vnd fulen / ab sich iener wil abeczihen von dem swerte / ader nicht /
If the opponent withdraws themselves, when they are engaged with one another on the sword and have extended their points toward one another into the openings, before the opponent can recover themselves again against hew or stab of the fencer with his withdrawal, the fencer immediately pursues with a good stab into the chest with his point or else forwards into wherever he may hit him surest and closest in such a way that the opponent may come from the sword without harm with nothing, because immediately with his following-after, the fencer is always closer to the opponent; as he has arranged his point forward on the sword against the opponent according to the nearest and shortest of all with that. When the opponent shall deliver hew or stab wide around at someone with his withdrawal, the fencer can always come before into the after-strike or -stab, before the opponent into the first like this. And Liechtenauer means this with the word: 'after': when someone has done the fore-strike, so shall he immediately without pause upon the same drive execute the after-strike and shall always be in motion and in contact and always conduct one after the other. If the first fails him, then the second, the third or the fourth hits and continually does not allow the opponent come to any blows. Because no one may have greater advantage of fencing than they who execute these five words according to the lesson.	¶ Czewt sich iener ab / als sy nü vor mit eynnander an dy swert sint komen / vnd dy orter keyn eynnander recken / czu den blossen / E denne sich / denne iener keyns haws ader stichs / of eyn news weder [21v] irholen mag mit syme abeczihen · zo hat im deser czu hant / mit syme orte noch gevolget / mit eynem guten stiche czu der brost / ader söst vorne czu wo her in am schiresten vnd nehesten getreffen mag / alzo das im iener mit nichte / ane schaden von dem swerte mag komen / wenn deser hat io / czu hant mit syme nochvolgen / neher czu ieme / mit dem als her synen ort / vor / an dem swerte gestalt hat keyn ieme / noch dem aller nehesten vnd körczsten / wenn das iener mit syme abeczihen / of / eyn news solde hewe ader stiche / weit vmbe / dar brengen / alzo mag io deser alle mal · e · czu dem nochslage ader stiche komen / · e · denne iener czu dem ersten / Vnd das meynt lichtnawer mit dem worte / noch / wenn eyner im den vorslag hat getan / zo sal her czu hant an vnderloz / of der selben vart den nochslag / tuen / vnd sal vmmermer in bewegunge / vnd in rürunge syn / vnd vmmmer eyns noch dem andern treiben / ab ym das erste vele / das daz ander das dritte ader daz vierde treffe / vnd io ienen nicht lasse czu keyme slage komen / Wen keyn / mag grosser vorteil of fechten haben / den der nach der lere / deser fünff / wörter tuet /
But if the opponent remains on the sword; with that, as it is coming onto his sword with his warding and defending [himself from] the fencer and it has drawn itself out like this such that the fencer is remaining with him on the sword and has not yet executed the after-strike, so shall the fencer wind up and stay with him like this on the sword and shall quite precisely note and feel whether the opponent is weak or strong on the sword.	¶ Ist aber das iener an dem swerte bleybt / mit dem als her mit syme weren vnd schutzen desem an syn swert ist komen / vnd is sich alzo vorczagen hat das deser mit im an dem swerte ist bleben / vnd noch nicht den nochslag hat getan · zo sal deser winden / of vnd mit im alzo an dem swerte stehen / vnd sal gar eben merken vnd fülen / ab / ien swach ader stark ist an dem swerte /
If then, the fencer notes and feels that the opponent is strong, hard and firm on the sword and the fencer only means to force out his sword; so shall the fencer be weak and soft against that and shall stand weakening and relinquishing his strength and shall allow his sword to swept out and driven away with his forcing that the opponent executes and the fencer shall then allow his sword to immediately and swiftly lead off and withdraw and shall quickly shall drive that against his openings, to the head or to the body, wherever; with hewing, stabbing and cutting, only where he can approach the closest and surest. Because the harder and the surer the opponent forces and presses with his sword and the fencer is then weak and soft against that and allows his sword to lead off and in this way weakens him, the farther and the wider his sword then repels the opponent such that he then becomes quite open and thus the fencer then may hit and wound him according to desire before the opponent can recover himself against the hew or the stab of the fencer.	¶ Ist denne das deser merkt vnd fület / das iener stark herte vnd veste an dem swerte ist / vnd desen / nü meynt syn swert hin dringen · zo sal deser denne swach vnd weich dirweder syn / vnd sal syner sterke weichen vnd stat geben / vnd sal im syn swert / hin lassen preln vnd wer varn / mit syn dringen daz her tuet / vnd deser sal denne syn swert snelle [22r] lassen abegleiten · vnd abeczihen / balde vnd risch · vnd sal snelle dar varn keyn synen blossen / czu koppe ader czu leibe / wo / mit hewen stichen vnd sneten / wo her nür / am nehesten vnd schiresten mag czu komen / wen e · herter vnd · e · sürer iener dringt vnd druckt mit syme swerte / vnd deser denne swach vnd weich dirweder ist · vnd syn swert lest abegleiten / vnd im alzo weicht / · e · verrer vnd · e · weiter denne ieme syn swert wek prelt · das her denne gar blos wirt / vnd das in denne deser noch wonsche mag treffen vnd rüren / · e · denne her sich selber / keyns haws ader stichs irholen mag /
But if the opponent is weak and soft on the sword, in the same way, if the fencer now notes and feels it, so shall the fencer then be strong and hard against that on the sword and shall then strongly drive out and rush forward equally on the sword with his point against the opponent's openings, wherever he may be closest, just as if a cord or thread were bound forwards on his point earlier, that leads his point to the nearest of the opponent's openings. And with that same stabbing the fencer executes, he becomes fully aware whether the opponent is so weak that they let his sword force them out and lets themselves be struck.	¶ Ist aber iener an dem swerte swach vnd weich · also das is deser nü wol merkt vnd fület / zo sal deser denne stark vnd herte dirweder syn / an dem swerte / vnd sal denne mit syme orte sterklichen an dem swerte hin varn vnd rawschen keyn iens blossen gleich vorne czu / wo her am nehesten mag / Recht zam im eyn snure ader vadem / vorne an synen ort were gebunden / der im synen ort of das neheste / weizet czu ienes blossen / vnd mit dem selben stechen das deser tuet / wirt her wol gewar / ab iener zo swach ist / daz her im syn swert lest alzo hin dringen vnd sich lest treffen Ist aber ab her stark ist vnd den stich weret vnd abeleitet /
But if he is strong and wards and leads off the stab, such that he again becomes strong on the sword and carries off his sword and wards the stab also that the opponent forces-out the fencer's sword, so shall the fencer again become weak and soft against that and shall allow his sword to lead off and weaken him and swiftly seek his openings with hewing, stabbing and with cutting as it may solely be. And this is what Liechtenauer means with these words: soft and hard. And this goes to the Authorities. As Aristotle spoke in the book Peri Hermanias: "Opposites positioned near themselves shine greater, or rather, opposites which adjoin augment. Weak against strong, hard against soft, and contrary." For should it be strong against strong, then the stronger would win every time. Therefore Liechtenauer undertakes fencing according to the more appropriate and truer art, so that one weaker and cunning with his art as surely wins as with one stronger with his strength (for which would be of a different art).	¶ Is das her stark wirt weder an dem swerte / vnd desem syn swert abeweiset vnd den stich weret / also das her desen syn swert vaste hin dringt / zo sal deser aber swach vnd weich dirweder werden / vnd sal syn swert lassen abegleiten / vnd im weichen / vnd syne blossen rischlichen süchen / mit hewen stichen ader mit sneten wy her nür mag · Vnd das meynt lichtnawer / mit desen wörter / · weich · vnd herte / vnd das get of dy auctori=[22v] tas / als aristotyles spricht in libro peryarmenias · Opposita iuxta se posita · magis elucescunt / vel / opposita oppositis amantur / Swach weder stark / herte weder weich / et equatur / Denne solde stark weder stark syn / zo gesigt allemal der sterker / · dorvm get lichtnawer fechten noch rechter vnd worhaftiger kunst dar / das eyn swacher mit syner kunst vnd list / als schire gesigt / mit / als eyn starker mit syner sterke / worvm were anders kunst /
Therefore fencer, learn to feel well as Liechtenauer spoke: Learn the feeling. Within, that words cuts sharply. Because when you are on the sword of the opponent and now feel whether the opponent is weak or strong on the sword well, within-this or during, so you must then consider and know well whatever you shall execute against him according to this aforementioned lore and art. For truly, he cannot withdraw himself from the sword without harm with anything. Because Liechtenauer spoke: Strike that it snaps whoever withdraws before you.	¶ Dorüm fechter lere wol fülen / als lichtnawer spricht / das fülen lere / Indes daz wort / sneidet sere / den wen du eyme am swerte bist vnd fülest nü wol ab iener swach ader stark am swerte ist · Indes · ader dy weile · zo magstu denne wol trachten vnd wissen was du salt keyn im tuen / noch deser vorgesprochen lere / vnd kunst / wen her mag sich io mit nichte abe czihen vom swerte ane schaden / Den lichtnawer spricht / slach das her snabe / wer sich vör dir czewt abe /
If you act according to this lesson, fastening well so that you always have and won the fore-strike and as soon as you execute that, you then hasten the after-strike into the opponent thereafter, immediately without refrain (that is the second, the third or the fourth strike, be it hew or stab) then the opponent can never come to strikes. If you then come onto the sword with him, be surer at the feeling and execute as is written before. Because this is the foundation of fencing that a person is always in motion and not pause and it then comes to the feeling, so do above as able. And whatever you conduct and begin, always have measure and moderation. Like, if you have won the fore-strike, then don't do it so impetuously and so powerfully that you then cannot recover yourself for the after-strike. About this, Liechtenauer spoke: Thereupon you hold, all things have moderation and measure. And also understand this about the stepping and about all other plays and principles of fencing, etc.	¶ Tu noch deser lere / zo bestestu wol alzo das du io den vorslag habest vnd gewinest / vnd als balde / als du den tuest / zo tu denne dornoch in eyme rawsche / inmediate an vnderloz den nochslag / das ist den andern / den dritten / ader den vierden slag / haw aber stich / das io iener nicht czu slage kome / kömstu denn mit im an daz swert / zo bis sicher an dem fulen / vnd tu als vor geschreben ist / wen dis ist der grunt des fechtens das eyn man vmmermer in motu ist / vnd nicht veyert vnd kömpt is denne an das fulen / zo tu / ut supra potuit(?)
This is the text, in this he names the five hews and other plays of fencing. 21 Five hews learn.  From the right hand, endure the weapons. 23 Wrath-hew, crook, thwart,  have squinter with parters, 24 Fool displaces,  race-behind, run-across hew disrupt, 25 Change-through, disengage,  run-through, cut-off, press hands 26 Hang, wind amid the openings  Strike catch, scrape, stab with colliding. [No gloss]	[23r] Das ist der / text / in deme her nennet / dy fünff / hewe vnd andere stöcke des fechtens fFVnf hewe lere · von der rechten hant were dy were / Cornhaw · krump · twere · hat schiler mit scheitelere / Alber vorsatzt · nochreist · öberlawft hewe letzt / ·Durchwechselt · czukt · durchlawft / abesneit · hende drukt / Henge · wind · mit blößen /· slag · vach · strich · stich mit stößen / etc
This is about the Wrath-hew, etc. 27 Whoever over-hews you,  The Wrath-hew point threatens them. 28 If he becomes aware of it,  Take it off above without fear 29 Be stronger, wind against,  Thrust. If he sees it, take it below. 30 Precisely note this:  Hews, stabs, position soft or hard 31 Within and before, after  Without charging to the wars. Do not be rash. 32 Whoever's war targets  Above, he will be shamed below. 33 In all winds,  Learn to find: hews, stabs, cuts. 34 You shall also, with that  Test hew, stab or cut 35 In all hits  Of the masters, if you wish to dupe them. xvi Do not hew to the sword,  Rather, stand watch for the openings xvii In the head, in the body  If you wish to remain without harm xviii You hit or miss  Aspiring like this so that you target the openings xix In every lesson,  Turn the point against the openings. xx Whoever hews around widely,  They will often be shamed severely. xxi At the closest of all,  Deliver sudden hews, stabs [wisely]. xxii And one shall also always step  To the right side xxiii So you may begin  Fencing or wrestling with advantage. Gloss. Here note and know that Liechtenauer calls an over-hew struck from the shoulder the wrath-hew. When one is in his fury and wrath of someone, there is no hew as ready as this same over-hew struck from the shoulder to the man. About that, Liechtenauer means when someone begins to hew at you with an over-hew, so shall you counter-hew the wrath-hew against him, and also that you firmly shoot the point against him. If he wards your point from you, then immediately draw off above and drive suddenly to the other side of his sword. But if he wards that, then be hard and strong in the sword and wind and stab immediately and bravely. If he wards your stab, separate and immediately initiate a hew below, where you hit to the legs in such a way that you continuously conduct one after the other, so that they cannot come to strikes. And the afore-spoken words: before, after, within-this, weak, strong and hews, stabs and cuts; you shall have them brought to mind at the same time and forget with nothing in the applications.	Das ist von deme Czornhawe etc ~ wDEr dir oberhawet · czornhaw ort deme drewet / Wirt her is gewar · nym is oben ab / ane vaer / Pis sterker / weder wint / stich / siet her is / nym is neder / Das eben merke · hewe · stiche · leger weich · ader herte / Indes vnd · vor · noch · ane hurt deme krige sey nicht goch / wes der krig remet · oben / neden wirt her beschemet / In allen winden /· hewe · stiche · snete · lere finden / Auch saltu mete · prüfen hewe stiche ader snete / In allen treffen /· den meistern wiltu sie effen / Haw nicht czum swerte · zonder stets der blößen warte / Czu koppe czu leibe · wiltu an schaden bleyben / du trefts ader ader velest · zo trachte das du der blossen remest * {In aller lere / den ort / keyn den blößen kere / Wer weit vmbe hewet / der wirt oft sere bescheme[t] Off das aller neste / brenge hewe stiche dar gew[isse?] Vnd salt auch io schreiten / eyme czu der rechten seiten / [So magstu mit gewynne] fechtens ader ringens begynnen/ ¶ Glosa ¶ Hie merke vnd wisse das lichtnawer / eyn öberhaw slecht von der achsel / heisset den czornhaw / Den eyn wen eym itzlichem in syme grymme vnd czorne [23v] zo ist im keyn haw als bereit / als der selbe oberhaw slecht von der achsel / czum manne / Dorüm meynt lichtnawer / Wenn dir eyner czu hewt / mit eym obirhaw / zo salt du keyn im weder hawen den czornhaw / alzo das du mit dyme ort vaste keyn im schisset / wert her dir dyn ort / zo czewch balde oben ab / vnd var czu der andern syten dar / syns swerts · wert her dir daz aber / zo bis harte vnd stark im swerte / vnd wind / vnd stich balde vnd kunlich / wert her dir den / stich / zo smeis vnd haw balde vnden czu / wo du trifst / czun beynen / alzo das du vmmermer eyns noch dem andern treibest / das iener nicht czu slage kome / Vnd dy vorgesprochen wörter · vor · noch · Indes · swach · stark / vnd · hewe · stiche · vnd · snete · der saltu czu male wol gedenken / vnd mit nichte vorgessen in deme gefechte
You shall also not seriously rush with the war, because if one of which you target fails above, then you you hit below as you will hear how one makes itself out of the other according to the legitimate art, particularly: hews, stabs, cuts.	¶ Auch saltu nicht sere eylen mit deme krige / den ab dir eynes velet oben / des du remest / zo triffestu vnden als du wirst hören wy sich eyns aus dem andern macht / noch rechtvertiger kunst / besunder hewe stiche snete
And [one] shall not hew to the opponent's sword, rather into the opponent, to the head and to the body, wherever one may, etc. One may also consider that the first verse may also state: Whomever you over-hew the wrath-hew, the point of the wrath-hew threatens them, etc. Just act according to this lore and be continuously in motion. Either you hit or do not so that the opponent cannot come to strikes. And with the hewing, always step-out well to the side.	¶ Vnd salt nicht czu eyns swerte hawen / zonder czu im selber / czu koppe vnd czu leibe / wo eyner mag etc Auch mag man vornemen / das der erste verse mochte alzo stehen / wem du öberhewest czornhaw / deme drewt der ort / des czornhaws etc Nür tu noch deser lere / vnd bis vmmermer in / motu / du treffest ader nicht / daz iener nicht czu slage kome vnd schret io wol besytz aus / mit den hewen /
Also know that there are only two hews, all other hews come from them however they are preferred to be named locally. That is the over-hew and the under-hew from both sides. They are the chief hews and foundation of all other hews. However, those hews causally and accordingly come from the point of the sword. Which is the core and the center of all other plays here like what was written well before. And from those same hews come the four displacements from both sides. With them one disrupts and breaks all hews, stabs or positions. And from them one also comes into the four hangings. From them one may conduct art well as one shall hear hereafter. And however one may particularly fence someone, so shall the point ever and always be turned against their face or breast so that each and every time the opponent must discourage themselves so that he cannot come before by sake of it, for it has immediately shifted somewhere closer to him.	Auch wisse das nur czwene hewe seyn aus den alle ″ander ″hewe wy dy komen wy dy vmmer genant mögen werdn / das [24r] das ist der öberhaw · vnd der vnderhaw / von beiden seiten · dy sint dy hawpt hewe vnd grunt aller ander hewe / wy wol dy selben vrsachlich vnd gruntlich / auch komen aus dem orte des swertes / der do ist der kern vnd das czentrum aller andern stocke / als das wol vor ist geschrebn # {vnd}} aus den selben hewen komen dy vier vorsetczen von beiden seiten / mit den man alle hewe vnd stiche ader leger / letzt vnd bricht / vnd aus den man auch yn dy vier hengen kumpt / aus den man wol kunst treiben mag / als man hernoch wirt horen} Vnd wy eyn man nur ficht / zo sal io allemal den ort keyn eyns gesichte / ader brust keren / zo mus sich iener alleczeit besorgen · das her icht · e kome wenn her · wen her io neher czu im hat wenn iener /
And if it happens like this that they won the fore-strike, so shall the fencer be secure and sure and be quick with the winding and as soon as he has wound, so shall he begin to drive to the side agilely and courageously. And his point shall shall seek the opponent's breast, turning and positioning themselves against it. As you will hear better hereafter. And the point, as soon as he comes upon the sword of someone, it shall always come to be around a half an ell away from another's breast or face and take quite good care that it intends to arrive inside that and certainly to the closest and not wide around, so that the opponent cannot come first by sake of this. Provided the fencer will not allow themselves to become lax and hesitant and ward too lazily nor be willing to arrive too wide and too far around.	Vnd ab is alzo queme / das iener den vorslag gewunne / zo sal deser sicher vnd gewis / vnd snelle seyn mit dem wenden / vnd als bald als her im gewendet hat / zo sal her czu hant czuvaren rich risch vnd balde / vnd syn ort sal allemal iens brust begeren vnd sich keyn der keren vnd stellen / als du hernoch wirst bas horen / Vnd der ort / als bald her eyme an das swert kumpt / mit dem swerte / der sal allemal kawme üm eyne halbe ele · verre · von iens brust ader gesichte seyn / vnd des gar wol war nemen ab her yndert dar komen möchte / vnd io of das neste / vnd nicht weit üm / das iener icht · e · queme wen deser / ab sich deser icht lassen vnd zümen würde / vnd czu trege wer / ader czu weit wolde dar komen vnd czu verre üm /
This is about the four openings, etc, etc. 36 Know to target the four openings  so you strike certainly 37 Without any danger  without doubt however he behaves. Gloss. Note here that Liechtenauer, who tiles a person in four parts, just as if he made a line in front of them from the top of the head downwards on his body just to down-here between his legs. And the second line by the girdle that crosses over the body thus becoming four quarters: a right and a left above the girdle and also in the same way under the girdle. Those are the four openings, which each have their particular applications. He targets them and never against the sword, rather the openings.	[25r] Das ist von den vier blössen etc etc vVIer blößen wisse · remen zo slestu gewisse / An alle var · an zweifel wy her gebar ¶ Glosa ¶ / Hie merke / daz lichtnawer / der teilt eyn menschen yn vier teil / recht zam das her eym von der scheitel / eyn strich vorne gleich neder machte an sym leybe / bis her neder czwischen syne beyne / Vnd den andern strich by der görtel · dy czwere öber den / leib / zo werden vier vierteil eyn rechtes vnd eyn links öber der görtel / vnd alzo auch vnder der gortel / das sint dy vier bloßen / der hat itzlichs syne sonder gefechte / der reme vnd nummer keyns swertes / zonder der bloßen
About the four openings, how one breaks them. 38 If you wish to reckon yourself,  breaking the four openings artfully, 39 Double above,  Mutate there-below directly. 40 I say truthfully,  no one defends themselves without danger. 41 If you have understood,  he may scarcely come to blows. [No gloss]	Von den vier blössen / wy man dy bricht wWIltu dich rechen / vier · blössen kunstlichen brechen / Oben duplire · do neden rechten mutire / Ich sage vorware · sich schötzt keyn man // ane vare / Hastu vornomen · czu slage mag her kleyne komen ~
This is about the crook-hew, etc. 42 Crook up swiftly,  throw your point onto the hands. 43 Whoever waits well crooked,  disrupts many hews with stepping. 44 Hew crooked to the flats  of the masters if you wish to weaken them. 45 When it sparks above,  Then dismount, that I will praise. 46 Crook not, hew short.  Change through and with that expose him. 47 Crook whoever misleads you.  The noble war baffles them 48 That he truthfully truthfully  Does not know where is without danger. Gloss. Here note and know that the crook-hew is an over-hew which travels crooked along with a good step outwards, likewise to one side. What Liechtenauer means about this is whoever wishes to command this hew properly, they shall step-out to the right side fully flanking, then he delivers the hew and shall crook-hew fully and swiftly and shall throw or shoot his point over his hilt upon the hands of the opponent or shall hew to the opponent's flat. If he then hits the flat, then he shall remain strong thereupon and press firmly and shall see whatever he may then deliver the most decisive and straightest with hews, stabs or cuts and shall hew too short with nothing and shall not forget of the changing-through if it bears itself.	[25v] Das ist von deme krumphawe / etc kKRump auf / behende · wirf deynen ort auf dy hende / krump wer wol setczet · mit schreten vil hewe letczet / Haw krump czun flechen · den meistern wiltu sie swechen / Wen is klitzt oben · stant abe das wil ich loben / Krump nicht kurcz hawe · durchwechsel do mete schawe ¶ Krump wer dich irret · der edele krig den vor virret / Das her nicht vorwar · weis wo her sye ane var ¶ Glosa ·¶· Hie merke vnd wisse das der krumphaw / ist eyn oberhaw der do mit eyme guten ausschrete / krumbes dar / get / zam noch eyner seiten · Dorüm meynt lichtnawer / der den selben haw wol wil furen / der sal wol beseicz aus schreiten czu der rechten hant / danne her den haw brengt / vnd sal wol krumphawen vnd behendlichen / vnd sal synen ort / werfen / ader schißen / ieme ober syn gehilcze of / dy hende / vnd sal czu ienes mit syner flechen hawen / wen her denne trift / dy flechen [i]enes [sw]ert / zo sal her stark dor of bleiben / vnd vaste drucken / vnd sal sehen · was her denne am endlichsten vnd geradsten / dar brengen mag / mit hewen stichen ader sneten / vnd sal mit nichte czu korcz hawen / vnd sal des durchwechsels nicht vorgessen / ab sichs gepürt /
A hew called the failer, and comes from the crook-hew and it stands written after the thwart-hew (where the hand is drawn), and it should stand before the thwart-hew, and it besets crookedly and obliquely from below, in over the hilt of the opponent, with point shooting right the same as the crook-hew from above downwards.	[26v] ☞  ¶ Eyn / haw / heist der veller / vnd kumpt aus dem krumphaw · vnd der stet geschreben noch deme twerhawe / do dy hant ist geschreben / vnd der sal vör deme therhawe [!] sten / vnd der get von vnden dar krumbes vnd schiks / eyme ober deme gehilcze yn / mit ort schissen/ Recht zam der krumphaw von oben neder /
53 The failer misleads  It wounds according to desire from below. 54 The inverter dominates.  The runner through also wrestles with it. 55 Take the elbow wisely  Spring into his stance. 56 The failer doubles.  One connects the slice with might. 57 Double it further  Step to the left and do not be lazy. xxiv Because all fencing  Will by all rights, have speed xxv Also in it: audacity,  Prudence, astuteness and ingenuity. [No gloss]	[27r] # ☞¶ Veller wer füret · von vnden noch wonch wonsche her ri rüret / Vorkerer twinget · durchlawfer auch mete ringet / den ellenbogen · gewis nym · sprink yn den wogen / Veller czwefache · trift man den snet mete mache / Czwefaches vorpas · schreit yn link vnd weze nicht las / wen alles vechten · wil rischeit haben von rechte / Dorczu auch kunheit · vorsichtikeit list vnde klugheit'#'
This is about the thwart-hew, etc. 49 The thwart seizes  Whatever comes from the roof. 50 Thwart with the strong  Remember your work with it. 51 Thwart to the plow  Yoke it hard to the ox 52 Whoever thwarts themselves well  Threatens the head with springing Gloss. Here note and know that of the entire sword, no hew is as efficient, so fierce, so complete and so good as is the thwart-hew. And it besets like a crossbar to both sides: with both edges, the back and the front; to all openings, below and above. And everything that arrives from above, those are the over-hews or whatever otherwise goes from above downward, one breaks and wards those with the thwart-hews. They that can deliver or fling the sword forwards well, they twirl before the head to whichever side he wishes. Just like would would come in the upper hangings or windings, only that for someone in the thwart-hew, the flats of the sword turn: one above or upward, the other below or downward; and the edges to the sides. They twirl, one to the right and one to the left side. And it is quite good to come upon the sword of the opponent with these thwart-hews. And then, when one comes upon the sword of the opponent, just as it arrives, so that the opponent must come away from it burdensomely, he will be struck from this with the thwart-hews to both sides. For just as he delivers a thwart-hew, to whichever side it is: below or above, the sword then always goes up with the hilt before the head via the hand flung forwards, so that he is absolutely warded and covered. And one shall deliver the thwart-hews with some strength.	#Das ist von deme Twerehawe / etc tTWere benymmet · was von dem tage dar kümmet / Twere mit der sterke · deyn arbeit do mete merke / Twere czu dem pfluge · czu den ochsen herte gefuge / Was sich wol tweret · mit sprüngen dem hew geferet / ¶ [27v] ¶ Glosa / Hie merke vnd wisse / das of dem ganczen / swerte / keyn haw / als redlich · zo heftik · zo vertik · vnd zo gut ist als der twerhaw · Vnd der get dar / zam dy twer · czu beyden seiten · mit beiden sneiden / der hindern vnd der vördern / czu allen blossen / vnden vnde oben · Vnd alles das von dem tage dar kumpt / das sint dy öbern hewe / ader was söst von oben neder gehet / das bricht vnd / weret eyner / mit den twer hewen / der dy wol kan dar brengen / ader das swert wol vörwirft / dy twer vor / das hawpt / czu weler seiten her wil / recht zam her in dy obern hengen ader winden wolle komen / Nür das eyner in den twerhewen / dy flechen des swertes / eyne oben ader of / dy ander vnden ader neder kert · vnd dy sneiden / czu den syten / dy twer / eyne / czu der rechten / vnd eyne czu der linken / seiten · Vnd mit den selben twerhewen / ist gar gut eyme an das swert czu komen / vnd wen den eyner eyme an das swert kumpt / wy das nür dar komen ist / zo mag iener mülich von im komen / her wirt von desem geslagen · czu beiden seiten mit den twerhewen / den wy her eynen twerhaw nür dar brengt / czu weler seiten is ist / vnden ader oben / zo get im io das swert oben / mit dem gehilcze / mit vorworfner / hant · vor deme hewpte / das her io wol bewart vnd bedekt ist · Vnd eyner sal dy twerhewe / eczwas mit / sterke dar brengen /
And when one shall fence for their neck, so shall they proceed with the afore-written lore so that they win the fore-strike with a good thwart-hew. When he closes with someone, as soon as he realizes that he is able to engage the opponent with a step or a spring, he then bursts in there from the right side with a thwart-hew above at the head of the opponent with the back edge of the sword likewise above and shall let the point shoot and shall quite fully twirl so that the point careens and winds or girds itself around the opponent's head, like a belt. Because when one thwarts well with a good stepping out or spring, then the opponent must burdensomely defend or escape this. And when he then wins the fore-strike with the thwart-hew like this to the one side, whether he hits or misses, the he shall then immediately win the after-strike in a rush directly without pause with the thwart-hew to the other side with the forward-edge before any strike or little thing somehow redeems them according to the afore-written lore. And shall then thwart to both sides into the oxen and into the plows. That is, into the high openings and into the low from one side to the other, below and above, ceaselessly without pause in this way, so that he is always in motion and does not allow the opponent to come to strikes. And each time he does a thwart-hew above or below, so shall he thwart completely and throw the sword above that they twirl well before his head so that he is well covered.	;· ¶ Vnd wen eyner üm synen hals sölde fechten · So solde her schaffen / mit her der vorgeschreben [28r] lere / das her mit eyme guten twerhawe den vorslag / gewunne · wen her mit eyme czu ginge als balde als her irkente / das her ienen dir reichen mochte / mit eynem schrete ader spronge das her denne dar placzte / mit eyme twerhaw oben von der rechten seiten / mit der hindern sneiden ieme gleich oben czu hawpte czu / vnd sal den ort lassen schiessen / vnd sal gar wol tweren das sich der ort wol lenke / vnd winde / ader gorte vm iens hawpt / zam eyn rime / we denne wen eyner wol tweret / mit eyme guten ausschrete ader spronge / zo mag sichs iener mülich schutzen / ader abewenden / Vnd wenn her denne den vorslag alzo gewint mit dem twerhaw her treffe / czu der eynen seyten / her treffe ader vele · zo sal her denne als balde in eyme rawsche immediate an vnderloz / den nochslag gewinnen / mit dem twerhaw czu der andern seiten / mit der vördern sneiden / · e · den sich iener keyns slags ader ichsichcz irhole / noch der vorgeschreben lere / Vnd sal denne twern czu beiden seiten / czum ochsen vnd czum pfluge / das ist / czu den obern blössen vnd czu den vndern / von eyner seiten of dy ander / vnden vnd oben / vmmermer / an vnderloz / alzo das her vmermer in motu sey vnd ienen nicht losse czu slage komen / vnd als oft / als her eynen twerhaw tuet oben ader vnden / zo sal her io wol tweren / vnd das swert oben dy twer / wol vor syn hawpt / werfen / das her wol bedekt sey /
This is about the squint-hew, etc. 58 The squinter breaks  inside Whatever the buffalo cuts or thrusts. 59 Whoever threatens to change,  the squinter robs him of it. 60 Squint. If he short changes you,  The changing through defeats him. 61 Squint into the point  And take the neck without fear. 62 Squint to the top of the head  If you wish to ruin the hand. xxvi Squint against the right,  if you desire to fence well. xxvii The squint-hew I prize,  if it does not arrive too lazily. Gloss Here note and know that a squint-hew is an over-hew from the right side with the back edge of the sword that the left side is approached and goes there just as slanted or skewed, stepping out to one side to the right with a twisted sword and hand flung forwards and this same hew breaks as the buffalo, that is a peasant, might strike from above downward as they incline to do. This also breaks just like the thwart-hew as was written before. And whoever threatens with changing-through, they become shamed with the squint-hew. And one shall squint-hew fully and long enough and shoot the point firmly. Otherwise, he will become impeded with changing-through and one shall squint fully with the point into the throat bravely without fear and...	[28v] Das ist von deme schilhawe :~ sSChiler in bricht · was püffel nü slet ader sticht / wer wechsel drawet · schiler dor aus in berawbet ¶ Schil kürczt her dich an · das durchwechsel das sigt ym an / Schil czu dem orte · vnd nym den hals ane vorchte / Schil in dem öbern · hawpte hende wiltu bedöbern / # {Schil ken dem rechten / is daz du wol gerest vechten / den schilhaw ich preize · kumpt her dar nicht czu leize} Glosa / Hie merke vnd wisse das eyn krumphaw schilhaw / ist eyn öberhaw von der / rechten seiten / mit der hindern sneiden des swertes / dy die linke seite ist genant / vnd get recht zam schilende ader schiks dar / czu eyner zeiten aus geschreten / czu der rechten / mit vorwantem swerte / vnd vorworfner hant · Vnd der selbe haw der bricht als das püffel / das ist eyn pawer / mag geslaen / von oben neder als sie phlelen [!] czu tuen / Recht zam der twerhaw auch das selbe bricht / als vor ist geschreben / Vnd wer mit durchwechsel drewt / der wirt mit dem schilhaw beschemet / Vnd eyner sal wol schilhawen vnd lank genuk / vnd den ort vaste schissen / anders her wirt gehindert / mit / durchwechsel / Vnd / eyner sal / wol schiln mit dem orte / czu dem halse kunlich ane vorchte / Vnd
	[29v] wWO man von scheiden / swert czucken siet von in beiden / Do sal man sterken / vnd dy schrete eben mete merken / Vor · noch · dy czwey dink / prüfe / vnd mit lere abe sprink / ·Volge allen treffen / den starken / wiltu sy effen / ·Wert her so czucke / stich / wert her / io czu ym rücke / Dy winden / vnd hengen / lere kunstlichen dar brengen / Vnd prüfe dy ferte / ab sy sint weich aber herte / Ab her denne stark vicht zo bistu kunstlich bericht / Vnd greiffet // her weite ader lenge an / das schissen gesigt im an / Mit synem slaen / harte schützt her sich · triff ane forchte / Haw dreyn vnd hurt dar / rawsche hin / trif ader la varn / Haw nicht czum swerte / zonder stetzs der blössen warte / Du treffest ader velest / zo trachte das du der blössen remest / Mit beiden henden / czun ogen ort lere brengen / fficht io mit synnen / vnd allemal den vorslag gewynne / her treffe ader vele / mit dem nochslage czu hant reme / Czu beiden seiten / czu der rechten / seite hant im schreite / So magstu mit gewynne / fechtens ader ringens begynnen /
This is about the part-hew, etc. 63 The parter  Is dangerous to the face; 64 With it's turn  The chest is yet endangered. 65 Whatever comes from him  The crown removes. 66 Slice through the crown  So that you break it beautifully and hard; 67 Press the strokes  Snatch them away with slicing. xxviii The scalp-hew I prize  If it arrives not too lazily. [No gloss]	[30r] Das ist von deme scheitelhawe etc ~ dDEr scheitelere · deyn antlitz ist ym gefere / Mit seinem karen · der broste vaste gewaren ¶ Was von ym kümet · dy crone das abe nymmet ¶ Sneyt durch dy krone · zo brichstu sie harte schone / ·Dy striche drücke · mit sneten sie abe rücke / Den scheitelhaw ich preize / kümpt her dar / nicht czu leize /
Liechtenauer holds just a little about the four positions. In that they proceed from the over and under hangings, and from there one may surely bring applications.	[32r] ¶ lichtnawer helt nur eczwas von den vier leger dorvmme das sy aus den ober vnd vnder hengen gehen doraus man schire mag gefechte brengen etc
This is about the four positions, etc. 68 Four positions alone  From there hold and flee the common. 69 Ox, plow, fool,  From-the-roof are not despised by you. Gloss, etc. Here he names the four positions or four guards. About them, little is to be held. Instead, in any confrontation, a person shall absolutely not lay too long therein. For Liechtenauer has a particular proverb: Whoever lays there, they are dead. Whoever rouses themselves, they yet live. And that pertains to the positions that a person shall preferably rouse themselves with applications. Because he that idles [in] the guards, he might preclude the moment of truth with that.	Das ist von den vier leger / etc ~ vVIer leger alleyne · do von halt vnd flewg dy gemeyne / Ochse · pflug · alber ·/· vom tage nicht sy dir ümmer ¶ Glosa etc ¶ Hie nent her vier leger ader vier huten / do von etzwas czu halden ist / Doch vor allen sachen / zo sal eyn man io nicht czu / lange dorynne legen / Wenn lichtnawer hat eyn sölch sprichwort / wer do leit der ist tot / wer sich rüret der lebt noch / vnd das get of dy leger das sich eyn man sal liber ruren mit gefechten denn das her / der huten wart / mit dem her vorsloffen möcht dy schancze
The first guard, plow, is this in which one lays the point forward, upon the earth or to the side. After the offsetting, this is otherwise called the barrier-guard or the gate. The second guard, ox, is the over-hanging from the shoulder.	¶ Dy erste hute / pflug is / dy / wenn eyner den ort vor sich of dy erde legt ader czu der seiten / noch dem abesetzen / das heyssen ander / dy schranckhute / ader dy pforte
xxix The fool always breaks  Whatever one hews or stabs xxx With hanging, strokes [and]  Racing-behind, set [into action] at once. The third guard, the fool, is the under-hanging. With it, one breaks all hews and stabs, whoever commands it correctly. The fourth guard, from-the-roof, is the long-point. Whoever commands it with extended arms, one may not hit them well with hews nor with stabs. Also, it may well be called the hanging over the head.	/ Dy ander hute ochse / ist das oberhengen / von der achsel
Also know that one breaks all positions and guards with hewing. For one bravely initiates a hew at the opponent with them so they must urgently drive up and defend themselves. Therefore Liechtenauer does not hold much about the positions or guards, rather he preferably crafts it so that someone discourages themselves before him so that he then wins the fore-strike. (As they are able.)	¶ Alber io bricht · was man hewt ader sticht / Mit hengen streiche · nochreizen setze gleiche / ·Dy dritte hute / alber / ist das vnderhengen / mit der man alle hewen vnd stiche / bricht / wer dy recht füret/
This is about the four displacements 70 Four are the displacements  Which also severely disrupt the positions. 71 Guard yourself from displacing  If that happens, it also severely beleaguers you. 72 If you are displaced,  And as that comes to be, 73 Hear what I advise:  Deftly leave the cut with haste. 74 Place at four extremities  Learn to remain upon them if you wish to finish. xxxi Whoever displaces well,  This technique disrupts many hews. xxxii Because in the hangings  You swiftly come with the displacements. Gloss. Here note that the four displacements are to both sides. To each side, one over and one under. And they disrupt or break all guards or positions and however you, from above or from below, carry off or reject someone's hew, stab or cut with your sword, that may well be called displacing. And if they will displace you, as that arrives, then withdraw swiftly and with that, quickly initiate a hew in one charge. If you then displace someone or turn away a hew or stab, so shall you immediately tread in and pursue on the sword so that the opponent cannot withdraw from you and shall then do what you may. However lightly you hesitate and delay yourself, so you take harm. You shall also wind well and turn your point against the opponent's chest every time, so that he must discourage himself.	[32v] Das ist von vier vorsetczen / etc etc vVIer sint vorsetczen · dy dy leger auch sere letczen ¶ Vorsetczen hüt dich · geschiet das auch sere müt dich / Ab dir vorsatzt ist · vnd wy das dar komen ist / Höre was ich rate · streich abe · haw snel mete drate / Setzt an vier enden · bleib droffe kere wiltu enden # {wer wol vorsetczit / de[s?] vecht[en?] vil hewe letczit / wen yn dy hengen / kumpstu mit vorsetczen behende /} ¶ Glosa /:· ¶ Hie merke / das vier vorsetczen sint / czu beiden / seiten / czu itlicher seiten / eyn obers / vnd eyns ünders / vnd dy letczen ader brechen / alle huten ader leger / vnd wy du von oben / ader von vnden / eyme / hewe stiche ader snete / mit deyme swerte abeleitest / ader abweisest / das mag wol heissen vorsetczen / Vnd ab dir vorsatz wirt wy das dar kumpt / zo czewch rislich abe · vnd haw snelle mete czu / yn eyme hurte /
Also a good fencer shall fully learn coming onto the sword of the opponent and he must do that well with the displacements, because they come from the four hews. From each side, an over-hew and an under-hew and go into the four hangings. For as soon as one displaces from below or above, so shall they immediately come into the hangings. And as he winds-off all hews and stabs with the forward edge, it is as with the displacements.	Ist denne das du eyme vorsetzt / ader abewendest eyn haw ader stich / zo saltu / czu hant czu treten vnd nochvolgen am swerte das dir iener icht abeczihe / vnd salt denne tuen was du magst / wy leichte du dich last vnd zümest zo nymmestu schaden / Auch saltu wol wenden / vnd allemal deyn ort keyns eyns brust keren / zo mus her sich besorgen
This is about the racing behind, etc, etc 75 Learn to race behind  Twice or cut into the weapon 76 Yoke the two to the outside  The work begins thereafter 77 Testing the attack  Whether it is soft or hard 78 Learn to feel it  Within-this, this word cuts sharply 79 Racing twice  With that make the parting cut. xxxiii Follow all hits  Then strengthen if you wish to dupe the masters xxxiv In every lesson,  Turn the point against one's face. xxxv With the entire body  Race behind, always keep your point there. xxxvi Also learn to swiftly  Race, so you may end well. [No gloss]	[33r] Das ist von nochreisen etc etc nNOchreisen lere · czwefach s ader sneit in dy were / Czwey ewsere mynne · der erbeit dornoch begynne / Vnd prüff dy ferte · ab sye sint weich ader herte / Das fülen lere · Indes · das wort sneidet sere / Reisen czwefache · den alden snet mete mache / Volge allen treffen · den starken wiltu sy effen / In aller lere / den ort keyn eyns gesichte kere / Mit ganczem leibe / nochreize / deyn ort io da pleibe / lere auch behende / reizen / zo magstu wol enden
This is about the overrunning. Fencer seek within. 80 Whoever hunts below  Overrun, then they will be shamed. 81 When it clashes above,  Strengthen, This I wish to praise. 82 Make your work  Or press hard twice. xxxvii Whoever presses you down,  Overrun them, slash sharply again. xxxviii From both sides  Overrun and remember the cuts. [No gloss]	[33v] Das ist von öberlawfen · ffechter sich czu / WEr vnden remet · öberlawf den / der wirt beschemet / Wen is klitzt oben · so sterke das ger ich loben / Deyn erbeit mache · ader herte drücke czwefache / ·Wer dich drükt neder · öberlawf in · slach sere weder / Von beiden seiten · öberlawf vnd merke dy sneiden /
This is about offsetting. Learn this well. 83 Learn to offset  Artfully disrupt hews, stabs. 84 Whoever stabs upon you  Your point hits and his breaks. 85 From both sides  Hit every time, if you will step. xxxix In every lesson,  Turn the point against one's face. [No gloss]	[34r] Das ist von abesetczen / das lere wol ~ lLEre abesetczen · hewe stiche künstlichen letczen / Wer auf dich sticht · dyn ort trift vnd seynen bricht / Von payden seyten · trif allemal wiltu schreiten / In aller lere / deyn ort keyn eyns gesichte kere /
This is about the changing-through, etc, etc. 86 Learn to change-through  From both sides, with that stab sharply. 87 Whoever binds upon you,  Change-through, surely find him. xl When you have changed-through,  Do not slash, stab or wind lax. xli Do not hew into the sword  Change-through, with that watch. Gloss. Here note that the changing-through goes in completely straight from above downwards and from below upwards to both sides if it is otherwise conducted swiftly. Now if you wish to change-through to the right side from above down, then hew an over-hew straight into him also so that you shoot-in your point to his left side above the hilt also so that you hit the same little hole and little window between the edges and the hilt completely straight. If you hit, then you have won. If he wards it so that he leads off and presses-out your point with his sword, then let your point sink from the same side under his sword around it to the other side, not wide around, rather, below on his sword so you may keep close and from there drive-in quite swiftly above the hilt with a good, complete stab and when you feel that you hit, fully pursue. And as you do from one side, below and above, so you do from the other.	[34v] Das ist vom durchwechsel / etc etc dDVrchwechsel lere · von payden seyten stich mete sere / Wer auf dich bindet · durchwechsel in schire vindet / + {Wen} du durchwechselt hast / slach · stich · ader winde \ nicht laz Haw nicht czum swerte / durchwechsel · do mete warte} ¶ Glosa /:~ ¶ Hie merke / das durchwechsel gar gerade czugehet / czu beiden seiten / von oben neder / vnd von vnden of / wer is anders rischlich treibet / · Wiltu nu / czu der rechten hant / von oben neder durchwechseln / zo haw eyn öberhaw gleich czu ym / alzo das du dynen ort schüst / ym czu seyner linken seiten öber dem gehilcze yn / alzo das du das selbe löchel vnd fensterleyn / io gerade treffest / czwischen der sneiden vnd deme gehilcze / triftz du / zo hastu geseget / gesigt / · wert her dir das / mit deme das her dyn ort abe/weist vnd hin drückt / mit seyme swerte / So la dyn ort sinken von der selben seiten vnder seyme swerte herüm / czu der andern seiten / nicht weit üm / zonder vnden an sym swerte / zo du neste magst / vnd da var ym gar rischlich / öber dem gehilcze yn / mit eyme guten volkomen stiche / vnd wen du fülest das du trifts / zo volge wol noch Vnd alz du von eyner seiten tust / vnden ader oben / zo tu von der andern
And whoever binds-on with you, rush past on his sword with your point against his opening. If he wards, then change-through as before or wind and feel is technique whether it is soft or hard. Thereafter seek hew, stab, or cut against the openings.	¶ Vnd wer mit dir anbindet / zo rawsche an sym swerte hin keyn seyner blöße / mit dym orte / wert her zo durchwechsel / also vor / ader wind vnd füle sein geferte / ab is sey weich ader herte / dornoch süch hewe stiche / ader snete / keyn den blößen /
This is about the disengaging. Fencer note. 88 Tread near in the bind  The disengaging gives good discoveries. 89 Disengage. If he hits, disengage more.  If he works, wind that does him woe. 90 Disengage all hits  Of the masters if you will dupe them. xlii Disengage off from the sword  And always ponder your drive. [No gloss]	[35r] Das ist vom Czücken / Fechter merke / tTRit nü in bünde · das czücken gibt gute fünde / Czük / trift her / czucke/me · erbeit her / wind / das tut im we / Czük alle treffen · den meisten wiltu sye effen / ·Czuk/ab vom swerte · vnd gedenke io deyner ferte / durchlawf /
This is about the running-through. Look closely. 91 Allow the hanging, run-through.  Grab with the pommel if you wish to wrangle. 92 Whoever comes against the strong  Runner-through, with that, note, xliii Run-through and shove.  Invert if he grabs for the pommel. [No gloss]	[35v] Das ist von durchlawfen / nü sich dDVrchlawf loz hangen · mit dem knawf / greif wiltu rangen · Wer kegen der sterke · durchlawfir do mete merke / Durchlawf / vnd stos · vorkere / greift her noch dem klos /
This is about the severing, etc, etc 93 Sever the hard-ones  From below in both drives. 94 Four are the cuts  With two below, two above. xliv Cross whoever wish to cut.  It easily evades the harm. xlv Do not cut in fright,  Always consider racing before this. xlvi You can cut well  Any cross, just omit the racing. xlvii If you wish to remain without harm,  Then do not be too eager with the cutting. [No gloss]	[36r] Das ist von abesneiden etc etc ~ sSNeit abe dy herten · von vnden in beiden ferten / Vier sint der snete · czwene vnden · czwene oben mete / Czwir wer wol sneidet · den schaden her gerne meidet / Sneit nicht in vreize · betrachten io vor dy reize / du magst wol sneiden · alle krewtz / nür reisen vormeiden / wiltu ane schaden bleiben / zo bis nicht gee mit dem / sneiden
This is about the hand pressing, etc, etc. 95 Turn your edge  Into the flats. Press the hands. xlviii Another is turning  One's winding. The third, hanging. xlix If you wish to make the fencers  Weary, then press with contention. l Over the hands,  If one hews, cut swiftly. li Also draw the cuts  Above, out over the head. lii Whoever presses the hands  Without harm, disengages from the fingers. Also know as soon as you turn away the opponent's hew or stab with the winding, so shall you immediately tread-in and swiftly drive there into the opponent. However lightly you hesitate and delay yourself, so you take harm.	[36v] Das ist von hende drücken/ etc etc dDEyn sneide wende · czum flechen drücke dy hende / Eyn anders / ist wenden · eyns winden · das dritten hengen / Wiltu machen vordrossen · dy vechter / zo drucke mit stössen / ·Ober dy hende / hewstu hewet man snete behende / Czewch och dyn snete · oben aus öber dem hewpte / ·Wer hende drückit / ane schaden / vor finger czückit / ¶ Auch wisse / als bald / als du mit dem wenden / eyme eyn haw ader stich / abe wendest / zo saltu czu hant czu treten / vnd rischlich dar varn czu eyme / wy leichte du dich last vnd zümest / zo nymstu schaden
Also note and know that one with the forward edge of the sword, from the middle of that side to the hilt, turns away all hews and stabs. And the closer the opponent's hew or stab comes to the hilt upon that edge, with that, as he turns his forward edge with it, the better and the more powerful he can turn away hews or stabs. Because the nearer to the hilt, the stronger and the mightier. And the closer to the point, the weaker and the sicklier. Therefore, whoever wishes to be a good fencer, they shall learn to turn away well before anything. For if he turns that away well with this, he comes immediately into the winds. From them he can conduct the skill and beauty of the technique well.	¶ Auch merke vnd wisse / das man mit der vördern sneiden des swertes / vom mittel der selben sneiden / bis czu deme gehilcze / alle hewe ader stiche abewendet / Vnd · e · neher eyme / eyn haw ader stich czu syme gehilcze kumpt / of der selben sneiden / mit deme als her im gewendet hat dy selbe vörder sneide / · e · bas / vnd · e · kreftiger / her dy selben hewe ader stiche / abewenden mag / Wenne · e · neher czum gehilcze · e · sterker vnd · e · mechtiger / Vnd · e · neher / czum orte / · e · quesw [?] · e · swecher vnd · e · krenkher / Dorüm wer eyn guter fechter wil seyn / der sal vör allen dingen lernen wol abewenden / Wen mit dem das her wol abewendet kumpt her czu hant yn dy winden / aus den her wol kunst vnd höbscheit mag treiben dez gefechtez /
The forward edge of the sword is called the right edge and all hews or stabs are ruined with the turning.	¶ Dy vörder sneyde / am swerte · heist dy rechte sneide / vnd alle hewe ader stiche sint vortorben mit dem wenden
This is about the hanging. Fencer learn this, etc. 96 Two hangings emerge  From each side from the ground 97 In all applications  Hew, stab, position soft or hard. 98 Make the speaking-window  Stand freely, seek his trigger. 99 Slash that it snaps  Whoever withdraws themselves before you. 100 I say to you truthfully,  No one defends themselves without danger. 101 If you have understood,  he may scarcely come to blows. liii That is, if you remain  Upon the sword, also conduct with that liv Hews, stabs or cuts.  With that, note the feeling lv Without any preference.  You shall also not flee from the sword lvi Because master applications  Are on the sword by rights. lvii Whoever binds onto you  The war wrestles with him sharply. lviii The noble winding  Can also surely find him lix With hewing, with stabbing  With cutting you tenaciously find him. lx In all winding  You shall find hews, stabs, cuts. lxi The noble hanging  Will not exist without the winding. lxii Because from the hangings  You shall bring the windings. Gloss, etc. Here note and know that to each side are two hangings: one under-hanging and one over-hanging. With them, you may come upon the sword of the opponent well. Because they come from the over-hews and the under-hews. Just when it happens that you bind on with someone or as you otherwise come to him on the sword, so shall you remain on the sword and shall wind and shall also quite merrily stay on the sword with him with a good spirit and bravely without fear. And shall quite precisely see, note and watch whatever he will do or what his situation, is with which he will go the rounds against you. And this standing like so on the sword, Liechtenauer calls this a speaking-window. And just when you stand with him on the sword, so shall you quite precisely note and feel his application whether it is soft or hard. Thereafter, you shall then orient yourself as is often spoken before. If he then withdraws himself from the sword before any situation, earlier than you begin, then you shall immediately pursue and shall strike hews or stabs whatever you may most surely deliver, before he comes to anything at all. Because you are always closer to him with that. Thus, you remain on the sword and extend your point against him. When the opponent withdraws with his, before he recovers himself of one of his strikes he delivered to you, immediately drive on with the point. But if he remains with you on the sword, then always test and note whether he is soft or hard on the sword. If it is that he is soft and weak, then you shall swiftly and bravely drive full on and charge there with your strong and shall force and press his sword out and shall press and force out his sword and seek his openings to the head, to the body; just wherever you can get to. If the opponent is subsequently hard and strong on the sword and means to force and force you firmly out, so shall you then be soft and weak against his strong and dissipate his forcing with your sword. And in that ebbing as his sword crashes and slides away, also as is written about that as before, in that or the moment as that happens to him, before he can recover himself again, so that he cannot come to any strikes or stabs, so shall you explore his openings with hews, stabs or cuts wherever you may most surely possess him according to the afore-written lore swiftly, bravely and quickly so that he can never come to blows. That's why Liechtenauer says I say to you truthfully, no one defends themselves without danger. If you have grasped this, he can barely come to blows. By this he means that no one may defend themselves without danger or harm if you do this according to the written lore. If you execute and win the fore-strike from him, then they must continually defend or must allow themselves to be struck. For when you execute the fore-strike, you hit or miss; so shall you swiftly execute the after-strike in one rush before when the opponent comes to any blows. For when you wish to execute the fore-strike, so shall you just as if in one thought and mind also execute the after-strike just as if you will execute them with one another because it likely defends. That's why Liechtenauer says Before, After, the two things, etc. Because if you execute the fore-strike, you hit or miss, then execute the after-strike verily in one rush, swiftly and quickly so that the opponent comes to blows with nothing and you shall work like this so that you always come earlier than the opponent in all confrontations of fencing. And as soon as you come earlier than the opponent and won the fore-strike, then you immediately execute the after-strike. When you shall execute no fore-strike, you still have the after-strike along with in sense and in spirit such that you always be in motion and neither dawdle nor hesitate with nothing, especially you always conduct one after the other swiftly and quickly, so that the opponent comes to nothing. If you truthfully do this, then he must be quite a phenom, whoever comes away from you unstruck. Because with this art or with the advantage that it often happens that a peasant or an unlearned strikes a good master with this for he conducts the fore-strike and bravely hurries there. Because however lightly it is overlooked, it hits within-this and shames him like this and strikes. Because one who takes watch of the blow and will wait for the defence, they are in greater danger than the one who strikes thereupon him and wins the fore-strike. Therefore orchestrate that you are the first in all confrontations of fencing and come to the right side of someone. There you will be surer of everything than the opponent.	[37r] Das ist von hengen / ffecht° daz lere / etc cCZwey hengen werden · aus eyner hant von der erden / In allen / ·geferten / hewe · stiche · leger · weich ader herte / Sprechfenster mache · stant frölich sich syne sache /Sch / Slach · das her snabe · wer vor dir zich czewt abe / Ich sage vor ware / sich schützt keyn man ane vare / Hastu vornomen · czu slage mag her kleyne komen / Is das du bleibest · am swerte da mete auch treibest / Hewe stiche ader snete · das fülen merke mete / An alles vorczhczihen · vom swerte du // auch nicht salt flien / wen meister gefechte / ist am swerte von rechte / wer an dich bindet · krik mit im sere ringet / Das edle winden · kan in auch schire vinden / Mit hewen mit stichen mit sneten vindest in werlichen / In allen winden hewe stiche snete saltu vinden / Das edle hengen / wil nicht syn an dy winden wen aus den hengen · saltu dy winden brengen / ¶ Glosa etc ¶ Hie merke vnd wisse das czu itzlicher seiten sint czwey hengen · Eyn vnderhengen / vnd eyn öbirhengen / mit den du eyme wol an das swert magst komen + {wen}} dy komen aus den öberhewen vnd vnderhewen} / Wen das nu geschiet / das du mit eyme an bindest / ader wy du süst mit im an das swert kömps zo salt du an dem swerte bleyben vnd salt vnd salt winden · vnd salt alzo mit im gar [37v] frölichen / mit gutem mute / vnd künlichen an alle vorchte · an dem swerte stehen / Vnd salt gar eben sehen / merken vnd warten was her wolle tuen / ader was syne sache sey / der her keyn dir pflegen wölle / Vnd daz stehen / alzo an deme swerte / das heisset lichtnawer eyn sprechvanster · Vnd wen du nü mit im alzo an dem swerte stehst / zo salt du gar eben merken vnd fülen syne geferte / ab sie sint weich aber herte / dornoch salt du dich denne richten als vor ofte gesprochen ist · Ist / das her sich vör allen sachen / · e · denne du noch ichsicht begynnest / abe czewt von deme swerte / zo salt du czu hant noch volgen vnd salt in slaen hawen ader stechen was du am schiresten magst dar brengen / · e · den her czu keynerleye dinge kome + {wenne}} du hast io neher czu im mit dem das du am swerte blibest / vnd dyn ort keyn im reckest / wenn iener mit syme abe czihen / den · e · her sich eyns slags erholt dir dar brengt / zo var czu hant dar mit dyn orte /} / Bleibt her aber mit dir an dem swerte / zo prüfe / io vnd merke / ab her sy weich aber herte an dem swerte / Ist das her ist / weich vnd swach / zo saltu rischlichen vnd künlichen volvaren vnd dar hurten / mit dyner sterke / vnd salt / im syn swert hin dringen vnd drücken / vnd süchen syne bloßen / czu koppe ader czu leibe / wo du nür czu magst komen / Ist iener aer denne herte vnd stark an deme swerte / vnd meynt dich vaste hin dringen vnd stossen zo saltu denne weich vnd swach seyn / keyn syner sterke / vnd salt syner sterke vnd syme dringen mit dynen swerte entwychen / [38r] vnd yn dem weichen als im syn swert im hin prelt vnd wischt / als vor auch von deme geschreben ist / In deme ader dy weile als das im geschit / · e · denne her sichs weder irholen mag / dar her czu keyme slage ader stiche kome / Zo saltu selber syner blössen war nemen / mit hewen stichen ader sneten / wo du in am schiresten gehaben magst / noch der vorgeschreben lere / risch / künlich vnd snelle das io iener mit nichte czu slage kome Dorvm spricht lichtnawer / ich sag vorwar · sich schutzt keyn man ane var / Hastu vornomen / czu slage mag er kleyne komen / Do mitt meynt her / das sich keyner mag ane var ader ane schaden schutczen / Is das du tust noch der geschreben lere / Ab du im den vorslag gewynnest vnd tust den mus io iener weren / ader mus sich lasse slaen / wen du denne den vorslag tust / du trefst ader velest / zo saltu rischlich vnd in eyme rawsche den nochslag tuen / · e · denne iener czu keyme slage kome / Denne wen du den vorslag wilt tuen / zo saltu recht / zam yn eyme gedanke vnd mute den nochslag auch tuen / recht zam du sy mit eynnander wellest tuen / wenn is möglich were / Dorvm spricht her / vor · noch · dy cwey dink etc den tust du den vorslag / du treffest / ader velest / zo tu io / in eyme rawsche / risch vnd snelle den nochslag / das iener mit nichte [38v] czu slage kome / vnd alzo saltu schaffen das du yn allen sachen des fechtens io · e · komest denne iener / vnd als balde als du / · e · kummest denne iener / vnd den vorslag gewinnest / zo tu czu hant den nochslag / · Wen du salt keyn vorslag tuen / du habst io / den nochslag auch mete ym synne vnd ym mute / also dastu vmmer in motu seist / vnd mit nichte feyerst ader last / zonder vmmermer eyns noch dem andern treibst · risch · vnd snelle das iener czu keynen dingen moge komen / · Vorwar tustu / das / zo mus her gar eyn guter syn der ungeslagen von dir kummet / · Wenne mit der selben kunst / ader mit dem vorteil das / kumpt is oft / das eyn pawer ader eyn ungelarter eyn guten meister / slet / mit deme · das her den vorslag tuet / vnd künlich dar hurt / den wy leiche ist das obersehen / das in/deß trift vnd in alzo beschemet vnd slet / denne eyner der der slege war nymmet / vnd des schütczens wil warten / der ist io in grosser var / denne iener der do of in slet / vnd den vorslag gewynnet / Dorvmme schaffe / das du yn allen sachen des fechtens der erste bist / vnd io eyme of dy linke rechte / seiten komest / do bist du wol aller dinge sicher denne iener /
108 From both sides  Learn eight winds with stepping. 106 And always unite them  Yoke the winds with three plays 107 So are they twenty  And four. Simply count them. 105 Fencer, mind this  And consider the winds correctly lxiii And learn to command them well  So you may wound the four openings lxiv Because each opening  Objectively has six wounds. Gloss. Here note and know that the winds are the right art and fixed foundation of all fencing of the sword. From them, all other applications and plays come. And one might tediously be a good fencer without the winds, although numerous illegitimate masters, they dismiss and say whatever comes from the winds is quite weak and name it "from the shortened sword", for they are simple and approach naively and meaning that they are fought from the long sword whatever arrives with extended arms and with extended sword and whatever arrives quite fiendishly and strong from the entire power of the body will barely flourish to the end and that is terrible to behold when someone extends themselves like this just as if they will run-down a hare. And that is all against the winding and against Liechtenauer's art when there is no strength against. Because if whoever's art differs on this, you should prefer the strong every time.	[39v] vVOn beiden seiten / ler acht winden mit schreiten / Vnd io ir eyne / der winden mit dreyn stöcken meyne / So synt ir czwenczik / vnd vier / czele sy enczik / Fechter · das · achte / vnd dy winden rechte betrachte / Vnd lere sy wol furen / zo magst du dy vier blößen rüren / Wen itzliche blösse / hat sechs ruren gewisse / [40r] ¶ Glosa /:· Hie merke / das dy winden / sint dy rechte kunst / vnd gruntfeste alles fechten / des swertes / aus den alle ander gefechte vnd stöcke komen / vnd is mag mülich eyn guter fechter / syn / ane dy winden / Wy wol etzliche leychmeistere · dy vornichten / vnd sprechen is sy gar swach was aus den winden kumpt / vnd nennen is / aus dem korczen swerte / dorvmbe das sy slecht vnd eynveldik dar gen / vnd meynen das sy / aus dem langen swerte gefochten / was dar get / mit gestracken armen / vnd mit gestrakten swerte / vnd was gar veyntlich vnd stark von allen kreften des leybes dar get / nur durch wol stehens wille / vnd das is grawsam an czu sehen ist / wenn sich eyner alzo strekt / recht zam her eynen hazen wolle irlawfen / vnd daz ist alles nicht / weder dy winden vnd weder lichtnawers kunst / wen do ist keyne sterke weder / denne worvmme wer anders kunst / solde allemal dy sterke vörczihen /

Copyright and License Summary

For further information, including transcription and translation notes, see the discussion page.

Work	Author(s)	Source	License
Translation (13v - 65r)	Christian Trosclair	Private communication
Translation (74r)	Michael Chidester	Wiktenauer
Translation (78r)	Betsy Winslow	Wiktenauer
Translation (86r - 89v)	Thomas Stoeppler	Private communication
Transcription	Dierk Hagedorn	Index:Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)

Additional Resources

• Alderson, Keith. “Arts and Crafts of War: die Kunst des Schwerts in its Manuscript Context”. Can The Bones Come to Life? Insights from Reconstruction, Reenactment, and Re-creation 1: 24-29. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-937439-13-2
• Burkart, Eric. “The Autograph of an Erudite Martial Artist: A Close Reading of Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Hs. 3227a”. Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books. Transmission and Tradition of Martial Arts in Europe: 451-480. Ed. Daniel Jaquet, et al. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2016. ISBN 978-9004312418.
• Chidester, Michael. The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a. Somerville, MA: HEMA Bookshelf, 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-13-7
• Chidester, Michael and Hagedorn, Dierk. “The Foundation and Core of All the Arts of Fighting”: The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a. Somerville, MA: HEMA Bookshelf, 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-05-2
• Dürer, Albrecht and Wassmannsdorff, Karl. Die Ringkunst des deutschen Mittelalters. Liepzig: Priber, 1870.
• Hull, Jeffrey, with Maziarz, Monika and Żabiński, Grzegorz. Knightly Dueling: The Fighting Arts of German Chivalry. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2007. ISBN 1-58160-674-4
• Vodička, Ondřej. “Origin of the oldest German Fencing Manual Compilation (GNM Hs. 3227a)”. Waffen- und Kostümkunde 61(1): 87-108, 2019.
• Welle, Rainer. "...und wisse das alle höbischeit kompt von deme ringen". Der Ringkampf als adelige Kunst im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert. Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1993. ISBN 3-89085-755-8
• Żabiński, Grzegorz. “Unarmored Longsword Combat by Master Liechtenauer via Priest Döbringer.” Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts: 59-116. Ed. Jeffrey Hull. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-58160-668-3