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Meyer probably wrote his first manuscript ([[Joachim Meyers Fechtbuch (MS Bibl. 2465)|MS Bibl. 2465]]) in 1561 for Georg Johann Ⅰ, Count Palatine of Veldenz,<ref name="Wittelsbach">Though as a prince of the Wittelsbach dynasty, he was addressed by the loftiest titles held by the family: Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Bavaria.</ref> and his second ([[Joachim Meyers Fäktbok (MS A.4º.2)|MS A.4º.2]]) in 1568 for Otto (later Count of Solms-Sonnewalde).<ref>[[Roger Norling|Norling, Roger]]. "[http://www.hroarr.com/the-history-of-joachim-meyers-treatise-to-von-solms/ The history of Joachim Meyer’s fencing treatise to Otto von Solms]". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.</ref> Both of these manuscripts contain a series of lessons on training with [[long sword]], [[dusack]], and [[rapier]]; the 1561 also covers [[dagger]], [[polearms]], and [[armored fencing]]. His third manuscript ([[Fechtbuch zu Ross und zu Fuss (MS Var.82)|MS Var.82]]), written between 1563 and 1571 and containing a dedication at the end to Heinrich, Count of Eberstein, is of a decidedly different nature. Like many fencing manuscripts from the previous century, it is an anthology of treatises by a number of prominent German masters including [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]], [[pseudo-Peter von Danzig]], and [[Martin Syber]], and also includes a brief outline by Meyer himself on a system of rapier fencing based on German [[Messer]] teachings.  
 
Meyer probably wrote his first manuscript ([[Joachim Meyers Fechtbuch (MS Bibl. 2465)|MS Bibl. 2465]]) in 1561 for Georg Johann Ⅰ, Count Palatine of Veldenz,<ref name="Wittelsbach">Though as a prince of the Wittelsbach dynasty, he was addressed by the loftiest titles held by the family: Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Bavaria.</ref> and his second ([[Joachim Meyers Fäktbok (MS A.4º.2)|MS A.4º.2]]) in 1568 for Otto (later Count of Solms-Sonnewalde).<ref>[[Roger Norling|Norling, Roger]]. "[http://www.hroarr.com/the-history-of-joachim-meyers-treatise-to-von-solms/ The history of Joachim Meyer’s fencing treatise to Otto von Solms]". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.</ref> Both of these manuscripts contain a series of lessons on training with [[long sword]], [[dusack]], and [[rapier]]; the 1561 also covers [[dagger]], [[polearms]], and [[armored fencing]]. His third manuscript ([[Fechtbuch zu Ross und zu Fuss (MS Var.82)|MS Var.82]]), written between 1563 and 1571 and containing a dedication at the end to Heinrich, Count of Eberstein, is of a decidedly different nature. Like many fencing manuscripts from the previous century, it is an anthology of treatises by a number of prominent German masters including [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]], [[pseudo-Peter von Danzig]], and [[Martin Syber]], and also includes a brief outline by Meyer himself on a system of rapier fencing based on German [[Messer]] teachings.  
  
Finally, on 24 February 1570, Meyer completed an enormous treatise entitled ''[[Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meyer)|Gründtliche Beschreibung, der freyen Ritterlichen unnd Adelichen kunst des Fechtens, in allerley gebreuchlichen Wehren, mit vil schönen und nützlichen Figuren gezieret und fürgestellet]]'' ("A Thorough Description of the Free, Chivalric, and Noble Art of Fencing, Showing Various Customary Defenses, Affected and Put Forth with Many Handsome and Useful Drawings"); it was dedicated to Johann Casimir, Count Palatine of Simmern,<ref name="Wittelsbach"/> and illustrated at the workshop of [[Tobias Stimmer]].<ref>Whose members included Christoph Maurer and Hans Christoffel Stimmer.</ref> It contains all of the weapons of the 1561 and '68 manuscripts apart from fencing in armor, and dramatically expands his teachings on each.
+
Finally, on 24 February 1570, Meyer completed an enormous treatise entitled ''[[Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meyer)|Gründtliche Beschreibung, der freyen Ritterlichen unnd Adelichen kunst des Fechtens, in allerley gebreuchlichen Wehren, mit vil schönen und nützlichen Figuren gezieret und fürgestellet]]'' ("A Thorough Description of the Free, Chivalric, and Noble Art of Fencing, Showing Various Customary Defenses, Affected and Put Forth with Many Handsome and Useful Drawings"); it was dedicated to Johann Casimir, Count Palatine of Simmern,<ref name="Wittelsbach"/> and illustrated at the workshop of [[Hans Christoff Stimmer]]. It contains all of the weapons of the 1561 and '68 manuscripts apart from fencing in armor, and dramatically expands his teachings on each.
  
 
Unfortunately, Meyer's writing and publication efforts incurred significant debts (about 300 crowns), which Meyer pledged to repay by Christmas of 1571.<ref name="Dupuis"/> Late in 1570, Meyer accepted the position of Fechtmeister to Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg at his court in Schwerin. There Meyer hoped to sell his book for a better price than was offered locally (30 florins). Meyer sent his books ahead to Schwerin, and left from Strasbourg on 4 January 1571 after receiving his pay. He traveled the 800 miles to Schwerin in the middle of a harsh winter, arriving at the court on 10 February 1571. Two weeks later, on 24 February, Joachim Meyer died. The cause of his death is unknown, possibly disease or pneumonia.<ref name="Van Slambrouck"/>
 
Unfortunately, Meyer's writing and publication efforts incurred significant debts (about 300 crowns), which Meyer pledged to repay by Christmas of 1571.<ref name="Dupuis"/> Late in 1570, Meyer accepted the position of Fechtmeister to Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg at his court in Schwerin. There Meyer hoped to sell his book for a better price than was offered locally (30 florins). Meyer sent his books ahead to Schwerin, and left from Strasbourg on 4 January 1571 after receiving his pay. He traveled the 800 miles to Schwerin in the middle of a harsh winter, arriving at the court on 10 February 1571. Two weeks later, on 24 February, Joachim Meyer died. The cause of his death is unknown, possibly disease or pneumonia.<ref name="Van Slambrouck"/>
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== Treatises ==
 
== Treatises ==
  
Joachim Meyer's writings are preserved in three manuscripts prepared in the 1560s: the 1561 [[Joachim Meyers Fechtbuch (MS Bibl. 2465)|MS Bibl. 2465]] (Munich), dedicated to Georg Johannes von Veldenz; the 1563-68 [[Joachim Meyers Fäktbok (MS A.4º.2)|MS A.4º.2]] (Lund), dedicated to Otto von Solms; and the [[Fechtbuch zu Ross und zu Fuss (MS Var.82)|MS Var. 82]] (Rostock), including notes on teachings from Stephan Heinrich von Eberstein and which Meyer may have still been working at the time of his death in 1571. Dwarfing these works is the massive book he published in 1570 entitled ''[[Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meyer)|Gründtliche Beschreibung der ...Kunst des Fechtens]]'' ("A Thorough Description of the... Art of Fencing"), dedicated to Johann Kasimir von Pfalz-Simmern. Meyer's writings purport to teach the entire art of fencing, something that he claimed had never been done before, and encompass a wide variety of teachings from disparate sources and traditions. To achieve this goal, Meyer seems to have constructed his treatises as a series of progressive lessons, describing a process for learning to fence rather than merely outlining the underlying theory or listing the techniques. In keeping with this, he illustrates his techniques with depictions of fencers in courtyards using training weapons such as two-handed foils, wooden dusacks, and rapiers with ball tips.
+
Joachim Meyer's writings are preserved in three manuscripts prepared in the 1560s: the 1561 [[Joachim Meyers Fechtbuch (MS Bibl. 2465)|MS Bibl. 2465]] (Munich), dedicated to Georg Johannes von Veldenz; the 1563-68 [[Joachim Meyers Fäktbok (MS A.4º.2)|MS A.4º.2]] (Lund), dedicated to Otto von Solms; and the [[Fechtbuch zu Ross und zu Fuss (MS Var.82)|MS Var. 82]] (Rostock), which includes notes on the teachings of Stephan Heinrich von Eberstein and which Meyer may have still been working at the time of his death in 1571. The former two manuscripts are substantially similar in text and organization, and it seems clear that the Munich was the basis for the much shorter Lund.
  
The first section of Meyer's treatise is devoted to the long sword (the sword in two hands), which he describes as the foundational weapon of his system, and this section devotes the most space to fundamentals like stance and footwork. His long sword system draws upon the teachings of ''Freifechter'' [[Andre Paurenfeyndt]] (via [[Der Allten Fechter gründtliche Kunst (Christian Egenolff)|Christian Egenolff's reprint]]) and Liechtenauer glossators [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]] and [[Lew]], as well as using terminology otherwise unique to the brief [[Recital]] of [[Martin Syber]]. Not content merely to compile these teachings as his contemporary [[Paulus Hector Mair]] was doing, Meyer sought to update—even reinvent—them in various ways to fit the martial climate of the late sixteenth century, including adapting many techniques to accommodate the increased momentum of a [[greatsword]] and modifying others to use beats with the flat and winding slices in place of thrusts to comply with street-fighting laws in German cities (and the rules of the ''Fechtschule'').
+
Dwarfing these works is the massive book he published in 1570 entitled ''[[Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meyer)|Gründtliche Beschreibung der ...Kunst des Fechtens]]'' ("A Thorough Description of the... Art of Fencing"), dedicated to Johann Kasimir von Pfalz-Simmern. Meyer's writings purport to teach the entire art of fencing, something that he claimed had never been done before, and encompass a wide variety of teachings from disparate sources and traditions. To achieve this goal, Meyer seems to have constructed his treatises as a series of progressive lessons, describing a process for learning to fence rather than merely outlining the underlying theory or listing the techniques. In keeping with this, he illustrates his techniques with depictions of fencers in courtyards using training weapons such as two-handed foils, wooden dusacks, and rapiers with ball tips.
  
The second section of Meyer's treatises is designed to address new weapons gaining traction in German lands, the dusack and the rapier, and thereby find places for them in the German tradition. His early Lund manuscript presents a more summarized syllabus of techniques for these weapons, while his printed book goes into greater depth and is structured more in the fashion of lesson plans.<ref>Roberts, James. "[http://www.hroarr.com/system-vs-syllabus-meyers-1560-and-1570-sidesword-texts/ System vs Syllabus: Meyer’s 1560 and 1570 sidesword texts]". Hroarr.com, 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2015.</ref> Meyer's dusack system, designed for the broad proto-sabers that spread into German lands from Eastern Europe in the 16th century,<ref>[[Roger Norling]]. "[http://hroarr.com/the-dussack/ The Dussack - a weapon of war]". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</ref> combines the old [[Messer]] teachings of [[Johannes Lecküchner]] and the dusack teachings of Andre Paurenfeyndt with other unknown systems (some have speculated that they might include early Polish or Hungarian saber systems). His rapier system, designed for the lighter single-hand swords spreading north from Iberian and Italian lands, seems again to be a hybrid creation, integrating both the core teachings of the 15th century Liechtenauer tradition as well as components that are characteristic of the various regional Mediterranean fencing systems (including, perhaps, teachings derived from the treatise of [[Achille Marozzo]]). Interestingly, Meyer's rapier teachings in the Rostock seem to represent an attempt to unify these two weapon system, outlining a method for rapier fencing that includes key elements of his dusack teachings; it is unclear why this method did not appear in his book, but given the dates it may be that they represent his last musings on the weapon, written in the time between the completion of his book in 1570 and his death a year later.
+
The first section of Meyer's teachings is devoted to the long sword (the sword in two hands), the traditional centerpiece of the [[Liechtenauer]] tradition which Meyer describes as the foundational weapon of his system, and this section devotes the most space to fundamentals like stance and footwork. His long sword system draws upon the teachings of ''Freifechter'' [[Andre Paurenfeyndt]] (via [[Der Allten Fechter gründtliche Kunst (Christian Egenolff)|Christian Egenolff's reprint]]) and Liechtenauer glossators [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]] and [[Lew]], as well as using terminology otherwise unique to the brief [[Recital]] of [[Martin Syber]]. Not content merely to compile these teachings as his contemporary [[Paulus Hector Mair]] was doing, Meyer sought to update—even reinvent—them in various ways to fit the martial climate of the late sixteenth century, including adapting many techniques to accommodate the increased weight and momentum of a [[greatsword]] and modifying others to use beats with the flat and winding slices in place of thrusts to comply with street-fighting laws in German cities (and the rules of the ''Fechtschule'').
  
The third section of Meyer's treatise is omitted in the Lund manuscript but present in the Munich and the 1570, and covers dagger, wrestling, and various pole weapons; to this, the Munich adds several plays of armored fencing. His dagger teachings, designed primarily for urban self-defense, seem to be based in part on the writings of Bolognese master Achille Marozzo,<ref>[[Roger Norling|Norling, Roger]]. "[http://www.hroarr.com/meyer-and-marozzo-dagger-comparison/ Meyer and Marozzo dagger comparison]". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2015.</ref> but also include much unique content of unknown origin (perhaps the anonymous dagger teachings in his Rostock manuscript). His staff material makes up the bulk of this section, beginning with the short staff, which, like Paurenfeyndt, he uses as a training tool for various pole weapons (and possibly also the greatsword), and then moving on to the halberd before ending with the long staff (representing the [[pike]]). As with the dagger, the sources Meyer based his staff teachings on are largely unknown.
+
The second section is designed to address newer weapons gaining traction in German lands, the dusack and the rapier, and thereby find places for them in the German tradition. His early Munich and Lund manuscripts present a more summarized syllabus of techniques for these weapons, while his printed book goes into greater depth and is structured more in the fashion of lesson plans.<ref>Roberts, James. "[http://www.hroarr.com/system-vs-syllabus-meyers-1560-and-1570-sidesword-texts/ System vs Syllabus: Meyer’s 1560 and 1570 sidesword texts]". Hroarr.com, 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2015.</ref> Meyer's dusack system, designed for the broad-bladed sabers that spread into German lands from Eastern Europe in the 16th century,<ref>[[Roger Norling]]. "[http://hroarr.com/the-dussack/ The Dussack - a weapon of war]". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</ref> combines the old [[Messer]] teachings of [[Johannes Lecküchner]] and the dusack teachings of Andre Paurenfeyndt with other unknown systems (some have speculated that they might include early Polish or Hungarian saber systems). His rapier system, designed for the lighter single-hand swords spreading north from Iberian and Italian lands, seems again to be a hybrid creation, integrating both the core teachings of the 15th century thrust-centruc Liechtenauer tradition as well as components that are characteristic of the various regional Mediterranean fencing systems (including, perhaps, teachings derived from the treatise of [[Achille Marozzo]]). Interestingly, Meyer's rapier teachings in the Rostock seem to represent an attempt to unify these two weapon systems, outlining a method for rapier fencing that includes key elements of his dusack teachings; it is unclear why this method did not appear in his book, but given the dates it may be that they represent his final musings on the weapon, written in the time between the completion of his book in 1570 and his death a year later.
 +
 
 +
The third section is omitted from the Lund manuscript but present in the Munich and the 1570, and covers dagger, wrestling, and various pole weapons; to this, the Munich adds a short section on armored fencing. His dagger teachings, designed primarily for urban self-defense, seem to be based in part on the writings of Bolognese master Achille Marozzo,<ref>[[Roger Norling|Norling, Roger]]. "[http://www.hroarr.com/meyer-and-marozzo-dagger-comparison/ Meyer and Marozzo dagger comparison]". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2015.</ref> but also include much unique content of unknown origin (perhaps the anonymous dagger teachings in his Rostock manuscript). His staff material makes up the bulk of this section, beginning with the short staff, which, like Paurenfeyndt, he uses as a training tool for various pole weapons (and possibly also the greatsword), and then moving on to the halberd before ending with the long staff (representing the [[pike]]). As with the dagger, the sources Meyer based his staff teachings on are largely unknown.
 +
 
 +
''To view the sword, dusack, and rapier teachings of the Munich and Lund manuscripts side-by-side and study the overlaps and differences, see [[Joachim Meyer/Manuscript Comparison]].''
  
 
{{master begin
 
{{master begin
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| <p><small>[3]</small> '''Divisions of the sword to the Weak and Strong'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[3]</small> '''Divisions of the sword to the Weak and Strong'''</p>
  
<p>The Sword is firstly divided in two parts, namely from the grip to the middle of the blade which is known as the Strong, from the middle to the most forward, is the Weak.</p>
+
<p>The sword is firstly divided in two parts, namely from the grip to the middle of the blade which is known as the Strong, from the middle to the most forward, is the Weak.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 001v.jpg|2|lbl=1v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 001v.jpg|2|lbl=1v.2}}
  
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{| class="zettel"
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-  
 
|-  
| <small>52</small>
+
| <small>51</small>
 
| '''Thwart to the Plow<br/>To the Ox hard together'''
 
| '''Thwart to the Plow<br/>To the Ox hard together'''
 
|}
 
|}
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{| class="zettel"
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-  
 
|-  
| <small>53</small>
+
| <small>52</small>
 
| '''What you will Thwart well, <br/>his mind is easily deceived by jumping'''
 
| '''What you will Thwart well, <br/>his mind is easily deceived by jumping'''
 
|}
 
|}
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{| class="zettel"
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-  
 
|-  
| <small>54</small>
+
| <small>53</small>
 
| '''The Failer deceives<br/>And hits how you desire'''
 
| '''The Failer deceives<br/>And hits how you desire'''
 
|}
 
|}
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{| class="zettel"
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-  
 
|-  
| <small>55</small>
+
| <small>54</small>
 
| '''Reverser constrains<br/>Running through so you may wrestle'''
 
| '''Reverser constrains<br/>Running through so you may wrestle'''
 
|}
 
|}
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|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p><small>[19]</small> Item: Parry his thrust as before, heave your hilt upwards into the left Ox, and take out with the half edge from your lower left up through his right, so that your weapon flies above your head into the right Ox, ''Indes'' strike quickly with a middle Cut down through his feet from your right through his left, so that your weapon shoots into the left Ox, take it with the half edge downwards from the left Ox, so that your weapon shoots through in a running off back into the right Ox, quickly let the right Ox run through with taking out beside your left, and thrust through a double taking out overhand; come into the Iron Gate. However, if he will not thrust, and you stand in the right Plow, then step to him with your left foot and thrust through outside of your left thigh, so that your weapon comes into the left Ox, step with your right well to his right, and thrust in outside his right arm, pull around your head and cut through his face, thus you come into the left Changer, from there take out with the half edge.<ref>These paragraphs found in Lund 77v.1 and 78v.1. These paragraphs found in Lund Rapier prior to this poem: ''Drei Lauffende Stich auss dem linken Pflug von einer seitten''.</ref></p>
+
| <p><small>[19]</small> Item: Parry his thrust as before, heave your hilt upwards into the left Ox, and take out with the half edge from your lower left up through his right, so that your weapon flies above your head into the right Ox, ''Indes'' strike quickly with a Middle Cut down through his feet from your right through his left, so that your weapon shoots into the left Ox, take it with the half edge downwards from the left Ox, so that your weapon shoots through in a running off back into the right Ox, quickly let the right Ox run through with taking out beside your left, and thrust through a double taking out overhand; come into the Iron Gate.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 051v.jpg|2|lbl=51v.2}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 051v.jpg|2|lbl=51v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 051v.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}}
+
| <p><small>[20]</small> However, if he will not thrust, and you stand in the right Plow, then step to him with your left foot and thrust through outside of your left thigh, so that your weapon comes into the left Ox, step with your right well to his right, and thrust in outside his right arm, pull around your head and cut through his face, thus you come into the left Changer, from there take out with the half edge.<ref>These paragraphs found in Lund 77v.1 and 78v.1. These paragraphs found in Lund Rapier prior to this poem: ''Drei Lauffende Stich auss dem linken Pflug von einer seitten''.</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 051v.jpg|3|lbl=51v.3}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
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| <p><small>[44]</small> '''A good Driving with two cuts'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[44]</small> '''A good Driving with two cuts'''</p>
  
<p>In the Onset position yourself in the Side Guard, once you are positioned to reach the opponent, then cut the first with a Weapon Strike from your left and above with the long edge through his weapon, second, cut a Low Cut up through his left, the third cut again like the first, the fourth is like the second, then always cut these double cuts together with each other, and once you see your opportunity, then thrust or cut him to the next opening whether below or above.<ref>Handwriting appears to change here, first use of umlauted a and also the lower case g are different here, overall may be a new penman. Definitely a different person's handwriting!</ref></p>
+
<p>In the Onset position yourself in the Side Guard, once you are positioned to reach the opponent, then cut the first with a Defensive Strike from your left and above with the long edge through his weapon, second, cut a Low Cut up through his left, the third cut again like the first, the fourth is like the second, then always cut these double cuts together with each other, and once you see your opportunity, then thrust or cut him to the next opening whether below or above.<ref>Handwriting appears to change here, first use of umlauted a and also the lower case g are different here, overall may be a new penman. Definitely a different person's handwriting!</ref></p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 058r.jpg|3|lbl=58r.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 058r.jpg|3|lbl=58r.3}}
  
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<p>Item: Stand with your right foot forward, hold your rapier in the right Ox, ''Indes'' lift your left foot and when your foot is suspended in the air, then thrust through from above down by your right thigh, ''Indes'' step and spring in to him with the same foot [left] and in this spring thrust from your left, overhand to his face, that one shall do without the opponent knowing it.</p>
 
<p>Item: Stand with your right foot forward, hold your rapier in the right Ox, ''Indes'' lift your left foot and when your foot is suspended in the air, then thrust through from above down by your right thigh, ''Indes'' step and spring in to him with the same foot [left] and in this spring thrust from your left, overhand to his face, that one shall do without the opponent knowing it.</p>
  
<p>Item: In the springing face thrust you may also transmute it into a Weapon Strike.</p>
+
<p>Item: In the springing face thrust you may also transmute it into a Defensive Strike.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 060r.jpg|1|lbl=60r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 060r.jpg|1|lbl=60r.1}}
  
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| <p><small>[1]</small> '''Fencing in the long pike'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[1]</small> '''Fencing in the long pike'''</p>
  
<p>Field Guard. Learn from the Following figure, Field Guard with pike, do not allow the rear point to go forth. If one thrusts at you to the left, then step out to your right and thrust in likewise with him, in this thrust turn the Long edge against his staff, if he thrusts at you to the right, then step out to your left in a triangle and thrust likewise with him like before. If one thrusts below at your body, then heave the rear hand upwards and let the forward point sink down towards the ground, strike out his thrust between you and he, towards your right and go quickly back upwards and thrust from your left to his face. If he wants to strike away your staff, then change through.</p>
+
<p>Field Guard. Learn from the Following figure, Field Guard with pike, do not allow the rear point to go forth. If one thrusts at you to the left, then step out to your right and thrust in likewise with him, in this thrust turn the long edge against his staff, if he thrusts at you to the right, then step out to your left in a triangle and thrust likewise with him like before. If one thrusts below at your body, then heave the rear hand upwards and let the forward point sink down towards the ground, strike out his thrust between you and he, towards your right and go quickly back upwards and thrust from your left to his face. If he wants to strike away your staff, then change through.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 089r.jpg|1|lbl=89r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 089r.jpg|1|lbl=89r.1}}
  
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| <p><small>[3]</small> '''Divisions of the sword to the Weak and Strong'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[3]</small> '''Divisions of the sword to the Weak and Strong'''</p>
  
<p>The Sword is firstly divided in two parts, namely from the grip to the middle of the blade which is known as the Strong, from the middle to the most forward, is the Weak.</p>
+
<p>The sword is firstly divided in two parts, namely from the grip to the middle of the blade which is known as the Strong, from the middle to the most forward, is the Weak.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 06v.jpg|1|lbl=6v.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 06v.jpg|1|lbl=6v.1}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p><small>[7]</small> With this however the Sword fencing and the following written ''Stuck'' is more understandable thus as I explain my ''Zedel'' according to the rules, as I want the words to have understanding so I have named the order; the Beginning, Middle and End.</p>
+
| <p><small>[7]</small> With this however the sword fencing and the following written ''Stuck'' is more understandable thus as I explain my ''Zedel'' according to the rules, as I want the words to have understanding so I have named the order; the Beginning, Middle and End.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 06v.jpg|5|lbl=6v.5}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 06v.jpg|5|lbl=6v.5}}
  
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| <p><small>[15]</small> '''Another'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[15]</small> '''Another'''</p>
  
<p>Thus when one holds his Sword to the left in ''Zufechten'', then go through before him from your right and cut with strength to his right, as soon as he swipes after to the strike thus pull a looping to the left opening, if he swipes after this, however, thus allow it to fly around again, thus drive each opening to the other, crosswise and against one another after your opportunity.</p>
+
<p>Thus when one holds his sword to the left in ''Zufechten'', then go through before him from your right and cut with strength to his right, as soon as he swipes after to the strike thus pull a looping to the left opening, if he swipes after this, however, thus allow it to fly around again, thus drive each opening to the other, crosswise and against one another after your opportunity.</p>
  
 
<p>It is every fencer's [desire] that he quickly knows from all strikes, to which opening the cut is coming, ''Indes'' quickly there and follow after, if I however can decide, then I want to instruct about the displacing upwards in hanging.</p>
 
<p>It is every fencer's [desire] that he quickly knows from all strikes, to which opening the cut is coming, ''Indes'' quickly there and follow after, if I however can decide, then I want to instruct about the displacing upwards in hanging.</p>
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| <p><small>[20]</small> '''Pay heed to Instantly, understand me rightly,<br/>Hit him before he adopts his posture.'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[20]</small> '''Pay heed to Instantly, understand me rightly,<br/>Hit him before he adopts his posture.'''</p>
  
<p>This is when you are in the ''Zufechten'' and he is just about to you, then note when he acts as if he will adopt a posture, then do not allow him to rest or come to it, but rather always attack first, and as he is choosing a posture, lay on at once to the next opening, and position yourself as if you would to cut strongly, but do not do this, rather allow it to fail or flit to another opening, then as soon as you are at the midway part of your sword on his Sword, do not await, but rather, Thwart, Strike Around, Wrench Out, Slice, Wind, and what other types of work there may be.</p>
+
<p>This is when you are in the ''Zufechten'' and he is just about to you, then note when he acts as if he will adopt a posture, then do not allow him to rest or come to it, but rather always attack first, and as he is choosing a posture, lay on at once to the next opening, and position yourself as if you would to cut strongly, but do not do this, rather allow it to fail or flit to another opening, then as soon as you are at the midway part of your sword on his sword, do not await, but rather, Thwart, Strike Around, Wrench Out, Slice, Wind, and what other types of work there may be.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 10r.jpg|2|lbl=10r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 10v.jpg|1|lbl=10v|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 10r.jpg|2|lbl=10r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 10v.jpg|1|lbl=10v|p=1}}
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<p>The Circle also comes from the Crooked Cuts and is a particularly good technique for deception, compared to others, because it does not just run off, unlike other deceptive techniques, like Running Off and the like, but rather when one does it correctly and strikes the Circle very hard with the short edge in running by.</p>
 
<p>The Circle also comes from the Crooked Cuts and is a particularly good technique for deception, compared to others, because it does not just run off, unlike other deceptive techniques, like Running Off and the like, but rather when one does it correctly and strikes the Circle very hard with the short edge in running by.</p>
  
<p>This ''Stück'' goes thus, (after you have come under his sword in the attack) when your stay in the bind, and drive your sword over the head, as soon as he gives a little room, so that he is not binding on the sword, but rather drives his sword then high above you, then cross your hands in the air, and cut from above with the short edge thus put crosswise, down to his right ear, so that whether your blade hits or not, it runs around in a circle by his right arm, and in this keep your hands high above your head, as soon as he slips after the Circle, then step with your left foot well on to his right side, and cut in at his head with the Long edge, over his right arm, behind his blade, take your body and head well away from his strike with a step to your left side.</p>
+
<p>This ''Stück'' goes thus, (after you have come under his sword in the attack) when your stay in the bind, and drive your sword over the head, as soon as he gives a little room, so that he is not binding on the sword, but rather drives his sword then high above you, then cross your hands in the air, and cut from above with the short edge thus put crosswise, down to his right ear, so that whether your blade hits or not, it runs around in a circle by his right arm, and in this keep your hands high above your head, as soon as he slips after the Circle, then step with your left foot well on to his right side, and cut in at his head with the long edge, over his right arm, behind his blade, take your body and head well away from his strike with a step to your left side.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS A.4º.2|13r|jpg}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS A.4º.2|13r|jpg}}
  
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| <p><small>[32]</small> '''Cut Crooked to his Flat<br/>And you will Weaken the Master.'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[32]</small> '''Cut Crooked to his Flat<br/>And you will Weaken the Master.'''</p>
  
<p>This is a lesson how you shall weaken one's incoming strike, and goes thus. In ''Zufechten'' pay attention when he cuts in at you from his right, then step well out from his strike and cut with crossed hands and the Long edge onto the strong of his sword's blade, on the Flat, thereby you weaken him, so that he can barely recover for another strike, then before he recovers you are on his head with winding and flicking.</p>
+
<p>This is a lesson how you shall weaken one's incoming strike, and goes thus. In ''Zufechten'' pay attention when he cuts in at you from his right, then step well out from his strike and cut with crossed hands and the long edge onto the strong of his sword's blade, on the Flat, thereby you weaken him, so that he can barely recover for another strike, then before he recovers you are on his head with winding and flicking.</p>
 
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|  
 
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 14v.jpg|3|lbl=14v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 15v.jpg|1|lbl=15v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 14v.jpg|3|lbl=14v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 15v.jpg|1|lbl=15v.1|p=1}}
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|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p><small>[53]</small> The First Squinter goes thus; when you are in the ''Zufechten'', then note as soon as he goes out to strike to your left, then position yourself as if you would strike at the same time to him, do not complete this, but rather turn your Sword in the air so that your hand comes crosswise, and then cut in from above to his right with the short edge and crossed arms, at the same time as him, so that his blade comes also to his right, or falls by your right, however, step well with the left foot to his right side.</p>
+
| <p><small>[53]</small> The First Squinter goes thus; when you are in the ''Zufechten'', then note as soon as he goes out to strike to your left, then position yourself as if you would strike at the same time to him, do not complete this, but rather turn your sword in the air so that your hand comes crosswise, and then cut in from above to his right with the short edge and crossed arms, at the same time as him, so that his blade comes also to his right, or falls by your right, however, step well with the left foot to his right side.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 21v.jpg|2|lbl=21v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 21v.jpg|2|lbl=21v.2}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p><small>[59]</small> Item: If an opponent comes before you who will gladly bind long on to you from above or sends his first stroke long at you from the Roof, then when you are near to him or have come to him, slash through before him, up and out to your left, so that your sword's blade shoots around over your head in the Plunge to his left, ''Indes'' allow your sword to snap around back over your head, the right hand over the left and strike in at his right ear with the short edge at the same time as his strike, how it is taught above, do this correctly and step well there to him thus you will hit. So then this ''Stück'' is only on going, if he displaces however and drives out how he then (when he will displace) must drive out, at once pull around your head and cut him with the Long Edge from below athwart to his left radial forearm, close to his pommel to the wrist. Of these two openings, one will be apparent to you. Pull your hilt again upwards around your head and cut long with a strong cut to his upper left head, in these three strikes, step well with both your feet, in a double, step around his left side, thus the cuts go on well, this a good and earnest ''Stück'', when you will seek to send it home.</p>
+
| <p><small>[59]</small> Item: If an opponent comes before you who will gladly bind long on to you from above or sends his first stroke long at you from the Roof, then when you are near to him or have come to him, slash through before him, up and out to your left, so that your sword's blade shoots around over your head in the Plunge to his left, ''Indes'' allow your sword to snap around back over your head, the right hand over the left and strike in at his right ear with the short edge at the same time as his strike, how it is taught above, do this correctly and step well there to him thus you will hit. So then this ''Stück'' is only on going, if he displaces however and drives out how he then (when he will displace) must drive out, at once pull around your head and cut him with the long edge from below athwart to his left radial forearm, close to his pommel to the wrist. Of these two openings, one will be apparent to you. Pull your hilt again upwards around your head and cut long with a strong cut to his upper left head, in these three strikes, step well with both your feet, in a double, step around his left side, thus the cuts go on well, this a good and earnest ''Stück'', when you will seek to send it home.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 23r.jpg|2|lbl=23r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 23v.jpg|1|lbl=23v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 23r.jpg|2|lbl=23r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 23v.jpg|1|lbl=23v.1|p=1}}
Line 3,908: Line 3,916:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p><small>[66]</small> '''Item''' If one fights far and long from himself with the long edge, however more to your sword than body, then you shall change through to the next opening and allow him to fall through with his cuts. So then be diligent with how you fence, that is with the short or long edge, that you namely cut him to the opening, that is, you cut him to the body and if it does not always happen that you may cut him to the body, thus when he changes through, you quickly fall in after his Sword to the opening.</p>
+
| <p><small>[66]</small> '''Item''' If one fights far and long from himself with the long edge, however more to your sword than body, then you shall change through to the next opening and allow him to fall through with his cuts. So then be diligent with how you fence, that is with the short or long edge, that you namely cut him to the opening, that is, you cut him to the body and if it does not always happen that you may cut him to the body, thus when he changes through, you quickly fall in after his sword to the opening.</p>
  
 
<p>Also thus note this Rule in all cutting, when you connect or catch his blade with your strong, in the bind, as soon as it clashes, you shall cut at once with the weak (that is with the forward part) to the body or next opening cut at, so that then your sword cuts likewise at his blade and body, or as soon as your strong connects with his sword, then as they clash together you shall turn the weak to the nearest opening with flicking, snapping and winding.</p>
 
<p>Also thus note this Rule in all cutting, when you connect or catch his blade with your strong, in the bind, as soon as it clashes, you shall cut at once with the weak (that is with the forward part) to the body or next opening cut at, so that then your sword cuts likewise at his blade and body, or as soon as your strong connects with his sword, then as they clash together you shall turn the weak to the nearest opening with flicking, snapping and winding.</p>
Line 4,136: Line 4,144:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p><small>[102]</small> And still again then cut the first a Low Cut with the Long edge to his lower opening with a step to of your right foot, quickly pull upwards besides your right and cut the other from above to his left, with a back-step of your left foot behind your right, so that you stand covered behind your blade.</p>
+
| <p><small>[102]</small> And still again then cut the first a Low Cut with the long edge to his lower opening with a step to of your right foot, quickly pull upwards besides your right and cut the other from above to his left, with a back-step of your left foot behind your right, so that you stand covered behind your blade.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 35r.jpg|1|lbl=35r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 35r.jpg|1|lbl=35r.1}}
  
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| <p><small>[110]</small> '''Strike powerfully through with the Long point<br/>Therewith hold off all hard dangers.'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[110]</small> '''Strike powerfully through with the Long point<br/>Therewith hold off all hard dangers.'''</p>
  
<p>Stand with the left foot forwards and strike him from your right through his face, that the half edge goes forth once to four times nimbly one after another, thus you drive on to him, then attack to him from under and whether it is with Thwart or Long edge, mark when you thus have slashed up to him, thus take heed when he strikes at you from above and from his right side, then wind him by slashing out your long edge against his blade so that it stays somewhat athwart, your point upwards and to his left. step at once with the left foot to his left and thrust the pommel instantly under your arm, cut in with the short edge with skidding behind his blade to his head step likewise with your right foot after and around his left and jerk the pommel again therefore, so that you stand with the sword in the Thwart or in Hanging point.</p>
+
<p>Stand with the left foot forwards and strike him from your right through his face, that the half edge goes forth once to four times nimbly one after another, thus you drive on to him, then attack to him from under and whether it is with Thwart or long edge, mark when you thus have slashed up to him, thus take heed when he strikes at you from above and from his right side, then wind him by slashing out your long edge against his blade so that it stays somewhat athwart, your point upwards and to his left. step at once with the left foot to his left and thrust the pommel instantly under your arm, cut in with the short edge with skidding behind his blade to his head step likewise with your right foot after and around his left and jerk the pommel again therefore, so that you stand with the sword in the Thwart or in Hanging point.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 38v.jpg|3|lbl=38v.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 38v.jpg|3|lbl=38v.3}}
  
Line 4,204: Line 4,212:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p><small>[113]</small> '''Item''' Strike out before him and allow your sword to fly above besides your left, step and cut from your right from under at his arm, if he displaces this, thus wind and go through with the Grip and cast with your pommel outwards over his right arm, let go with your left hand from your grip, and grab therewith your blade to help the right, cut him with the long edge on his head.</p>
+
| <p><small>[113]</small> '''Item''' Strike out before him and allow your sword to fly above besides your left, step and cut from your right from under at his arm, if he displaces this, thus wind and go through with the grip and cast with your pommel outwards over his right arm, let go with your left hand from your grip, and grab therewith your blade to help the right, cut him with the long edge on his head.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 39v.jpg|1|lbl=38v.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 39v.jpg|1|lbl=38v.1}}
  
Line 4,211: Line 4,219:
 
| <p><small>[114]</small> '''The Blind Cut you should let rebound<br/>Cast around the Thwart, have diligence to the flicking.'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[114]</small> '''The Blind Cut you should let rebound<br/>Cast around the Thwart, have diligence to the flicking.'''</p>
  
<p>Slash him with the Long Point in his face, step and pull your sword around your head and strike with the inside flat from your right to his left through the Middle Line, take your head well out and wind around nimbly again on his Sword with the outside flat also to his left ear.</p>
+
<p>Slash him with the Long Point in his face, step and pull your sword around your head and strike with the inside flat from your right to his left through the Middle Line, take your head well out and wind around nimbly again on his sword with the outside flat also to his left ear.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 39v.jpg|2|lbl=38v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 39v.jpg|2|lbl=38v.2}}
  
Line 4,276: Line 4,284:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p><small>[6]</small> '''Item''' Thus he who is low is even likewise open high, as is he who proceeds too far to the side, further but more importantly, the four divisions of the man, the Before and the After, strong and weak, Item the looping round, and the Circle, slices, and likewise, how it is previously in the long sword presented and taught and should be used here, as before.</p>
+
| <p><small>[6]</small> '''Item''' Thus he who is low is even likewise open high, as is he who proceeds too far to the side, further but more importantly, the four divisions of the man, the Before and the After, strong and weak, Item the looping round, and the Circle, slices, and likewise, how it is previously presented and taught in the Sword and should be used here, as before.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 46r.jpg|2|lbl=46r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 46r.jpg|2|lbl=46r.2}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p><small>[29]</small> '''Item''' If he cuts from above in the Before, thus displace upwards towards your left and cut through quickly from your left to his right it is under or above the Dussack thus you come with your Dussack beside your right side, from there cut again athwart from under with the Long edge strongly through his arm, or if he cuts against your strike so that your Dussack comes to your left shoulder, cut away directly from the over line.</p>
+
| <p><small>[29]</small> '''Item''' If he cuts from above in the Before, thus displace upwards towards your left and cut through quickly from your left to his right it is under or above the Dussack thus you come with your Dussack beside your right side, from there cut again athwart from under with the long edge strongly through his arm, or if he cuts against your strike so that your Dussack comes to your left shoulder, cut away directly from the over line.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 50v.jpg|3|lbl=50v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 51v.jpg|1|lbl=51v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 50v.jpg|3|lbl=50v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 51v.jpg|1|lbl=51v.1|p=1}}
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p><small>[38]</small> '''Item''' In the onset cut in with Long edge strongly through his face, so that your Dussack again shoots over your head athwart to the displacement from your right, step instantly and quickly with your left around his right and cut him Crooked over his right arm to the head if he defends, thus cut him forwards to the face or cut him Crooked to the left at the head.</p>
+
| <p><small>[38]</small> '''Item''' In the onset cut in with long edge strongly through his face, so that your Dussack again shoots over your head athwart to the displacement from your right, step instantly and quickly with your left around his right and cut him Crooked over his right arm to the head if he defends, thus cut him forwards to the face or cut him Crooked to the left at the head.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 53v.jpg|2|lbl=53v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 54v.jpg|1|lbl=54v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 53v.jpg|2|lbl=53v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 54v.jpg|1|lbl=54v.1|p=1}}
Line 4,494: Line 4,502:
 
| <p><small>[39]</small> '''Middle strike with the Throwing In'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[39]</small> '''Middle strike with the Throwing In'''</p>
  
<p>'''Item''' If you encounter one who is in the Slice or Straight Parrying how this figure shows. Thus send yourself in the Middle Guard to your left side and throw at him your crooked edge from outside over his right arm and Pull the Long edge to your left, through his face, if he defends this, and he drives above you thus cut before him long to the face.</p>
+
<p>'''Item''' If you encounter one who is in the Slice or Straight Parrying how this figure shows. Thus send yourself in the Middle Guard to your left side and throw at him your crooked edge from outside over his right arm and Pull the long edge to your left, through his face, if he defends this, and he drives above you thus cut before him long to the face.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 54v.jpg|2|lbl=54v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 54v.jpg|2|lbl=54v.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| <p><small>[40]</small> '''Item''' Mark when you encounter one who is in Straight parrying or in the Slice thus come in the ''Zufechten'' into the Side Guard on your left side, throw the Half edge over his right arm to his face, the second proceeds from under with the Long edge through his face. The third a Middel Cut after from your right, if one defends these thrown strikes, thus cut nimbly to the face.</p>
+
| <p><small>[40]</small> '''Item''' Mark when you encounter one who is in Straight parrying or in the Slice thus come in the ''Zufechten'' into the Side Guard on your left side, throw the half edge over his right arm to his face, the second proceeds from under with the long edge through his face. The third a Middel Cut after from your right, if one defends these thrown strikes, thus cut nimbly to the face.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 54v.jpg|3|lbl=54v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 55v.jpg|1|lbl=55v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 54v.jpg|3|lbl=54v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 55v.jpg|1|lbl=55v.1|p=1}}
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| <p><small>[42]</small> '''Constrainer'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[42]</small> '''Constrainer'''</p>
  
<p>The first is a taking out from your left and a winding out with the Flat, the other is a Strong cut from your left through his face with the Long edge with a twofold strike through the Cross.</p>
+
<p>The first is a taking out from your left and a winding out with the Flat, the other is a Strong cut from your left through his face with the long edge with a twofold strike through the Cross.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 55v.jpg|3|lbl=55v.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 55v.jpg|3|lbl=55v.3}}
  
Line 4,568: Line 4,576:
 
| <p><small>[51]</small> '''A Good Attack from the Steer'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[51]</small> '''A Good Attack from the Steer'''</p>
  
<p>Mark thus in ''Zufechten'' that you come into the Steer against the left Wrath or a similar guard, thus cut the first Crooked in from your right from below with a step to, through to his left side the other also from your right from above so that your Dussack shoots around from your left, over your head, into the Plunge, instantly cut hard with the Long edge from your lower left through the Scalp Line, and then a Middle Cut after or step with displacing to him.</p>
+
<p>Mark thus in ''Zufechten'' that you come into the Steer against the left Wrath or a similar guard, thus cut the first Crooked in from your right from below with a step to, through to his left side the other also from your right from above so that your Dussack shoots around from your left, over your head, into the Plunge, instantly cut hard with the long edge from your lower left through the Scalp Line, and then a Middle Cut after or step with displacing to him.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 57v.jpg|2|lbl=57v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 58v.jpg|1|lbl=58v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 57v.jpg|2|lbl=57v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 58v.jpg|1|lbl=58v.1|p=1}}
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| <p><small>[66]</small> '''''Stück'' with the Bow'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[66]</small> '''''Stück'' with the Bow'''</p>
  
<p>Firstly mark when you meet one who is in the Bow, so send yourself into the Changer to your left, the right foot forwards. Step and thrust from under his displacement to the face or chest as soon as you find that you are in the After, so drive instantly and nimbly out with your hilt before the head and remain with the Point at his Body so that he must defend or strike, thus have care as soon as he goes on to strike, then step to his left and strike him besides his displacement line, this ''Stück'' is often on going how it is seen here in the Bow and Changer.</p>
+
<p>Firstly mark when you meet one who is in the Bow, so send yourself into the Changer to your left, the right foot forwards. Step and thrust from under his displacement to the face or chest as soon as you find that you are in the After, so drive instantly and nimbly out with your hilt before the head and remain with the point at his body so that he must defend or strike, thus have care as soon as he goes on to strike, then step to his left and strike him besides his displacement line, this ''Stück'' is often on going how it is seen here in the Bow and Changer.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 62v.jpg|2|lbl=62v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 63r.jpg|1|lbl=63r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 62v.jpg|2|lbl=62v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 63r.jpg|1|lbl=63r.1|p=1}}
Line 4,669: Line 4,677:
 
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|-  
 
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|  
| <p><small>[67]</small> '''Item''' If you are a Strong man, so come into Changer like before, cut his forward held Bow with the Half edge from under and away from you, cut nimbly after to the face.</p>
+
| <p><small>[67]</small> '''Item''' If you are a Strong man, so come into Changer like before, cut his forward held Bow with the half edge from under and away from you, cut nimbly after to the face.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 63r.jpg|2|lbl=63r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 63r.jpg|2|lbl=63r.2}}
  
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| <p><small>[1]</small> '''Rappier Fencing'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[1]</small> '''Rappier Fencing'''</p>
  
<p>In Rappier there are 4 guards, namely the Side Guard, from which you have five displacements, the first is cutting off, the other is suppressing, the third is going through, the fourth is hanging, and the fifth is taking out with Long edge, from which each one has the cut, the thrust, and item, the ''Verfirsten'' cut.</p>
+
<p>In Rappier there are 7 guards, namely:</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>The Side Guard, from which you have five displacements, the first is cutting off, the other is suppressing, the third is going through, the fourth is hanging, and the fifth is taking out with long edge, from which each one has the cut, the thrust, and item, the ''Verfirsten'' cut.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 69r.jpg|1|lbl=69r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 69r.jpg|1|lbl=69r.1}}
  
Line 4,792: Line 4,802:
 
<p>Iron Gate has six displacements, suppressing, cutting off, going through, setting off, hanging, taking out with half edge.</p>
 
<p>Iron Gate has six displacements, suppressing, cutting off, going through, setting off, hanging, taking out with half edge.</p>
  
<p>Longpoint has three displacements cutting off, setting off, suppressing, Plow, from the Plow may you set off, simultaneously strike, take out, opening strike, double thrust, single thrust, deceptive thrust.</p>
+
<p>Longpoint has three displacements cutting off, setting off, suppressing.
 +
 
 +
<p>Plow: from the Plow may you set off, simultaneously strike, take out, opening strike, double thrust, single thrust, deceptive thrust.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 69r.jpg|3|lbl=69r.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 69r.jpg|3|lbl=69r.3}}
  
Line 4,818: Line 4,830:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p><small>[8]</small> '''Item''' Position yourself in the Side Guard like before, thus cut his strike or thrust from your right to your left like before, and wind your weapon beside your left in which the Long edge cuts Instantly, before he can recover from your slicing off, thus cut with a defense strike over his weapon to his body, his legs, his hands or arms. And in this cut, then spring well to his left side with stepping after, thus you come into the Side Guard on the right.</p>
+
| <p><small>[8]</small> '''Item''' Position yourself in the Side Guard like before, thus cut his strike or thrust from your right to your left like before, and wind your weapon beside your left in which the long edge cuts Instantly, before he can recover from your slicing off, thus cut with a defense strike over his weapon to his body, his legs, his hands or arms. And in this cut, then spring well to his left side with stepping after, thus you come into the Side Guard on the right.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 70v.jpg|2|lbl=70v.2|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 70v.jpg|3|lbl=70v.3|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 70v.jpg|2|lbl=70v.2|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 70v.jpg|3|lbl=70v.3|p=1}}
Line 4,841: Line 4,853:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p><small>[12]</small> '''Item''' Proceed then as how it is taught and suppress his weapon to the ground with the Long edge from your upper left, thrust him upwards, to the face and set him off again.</p>
+
| <p><small>[12]</small> '''Item''' Proceed then as how it is taught and suppress his weapon to the ground with the long edge from your upper left, thrust him upwards, to the face and set him off again.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 71r.jpg|3|lbl=71r.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 71r.jpg|3|lbl=71r.3}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p><small>[13]</small> '''Item''' Thus if you are in the Side Guard and he thrusts or cuts to you, take out his weapon with your flat, and with your arm outstretched so that your weapon cuts around with the Point at his face and runs over shooting around into left Ox, after this, cut around your head to his right thigh.</p>
+
| <p><small>[13]</small> '''Item''' Thus if you are in the Side Guard and he thrusts or cuts to you, take out his weapon with your flat, and with your arm outstretched so that your weapon cuts around with the point at his face and runs over shooting around into left Ox, after this, cut around your head to his right thigh.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 71r.jpg|4|lbl=71r.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 71r.jpg|4|lbl=71r.4}}
  
Line 4,940: Line 4,952:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p><small>[30]</small> '''Item''' When you stand in Changer, and one will cut or thrust to you thus drive upwards and displace with the Long edge from below and spring well in with the left foot, and ''Indes'' grab his blade with the left reversed hand, under your blade on his hilt or pommel, and then thrust him with your pommel on his Joints, thus you take his weapon from his hand.</p>
+
| <p><small>[30]</small> '''Item''' When you stand in Changer, and one will cut or thrust to you thus drive upwards and displace with the long edge from below and spring well in with the left foot, and ''Indes'' grab his blade with the left reversed hand, under your blade on his hilt or pommel, and then thrust him with your pommel on his Joints, thus you take his weapon from his hand.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 73v.jpg|3|lbl=73v.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 73v.jpg|3|lbl=73v.3}}
  
Line 4,947: Line 4,959:
 
| <p><small>[31]</small> '''Ox'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[31]</small> '''Ox'''</p>
  
<p>When you thus stand in Ox, and one thrusts to your left, thus spring out from his thrust, to his left side, and thrust in at the same time with his, and wind the Long edge against his weapon upwards to your left side, as soon as he pulls off his weapon, then cut through with the short edge from under his defense, and thrust him with the Heart Thrust.</p>
+
<p>When you thus stand in Ox, and one thrusts to your left, thus spring out from his thrust, to his left side, and thrust in at the same time with his, and wind the long edge against his weapon upwards to your left side, as soon as he pulls off his weapon, then cut through with the short edge from under his defense, and thrust him with the Heart Thrust.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 74r.jpg|1|lbl=74r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 74r.jpg|1|lbl=74r.1}}
  
Line 5,022: Line 5,034:
 
| <p><small>[45]</small> '''Three Ongoing Thrusts from the left Plow from one side'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[45]</small> '''Three Ongoing Thrusts from the left Plow from one side'''</p>
  
<p>Thus if one approaches you in the Iron Gate or also in the left Plow, then thrust the first from the Plow outside of his right arm line so that your point on the right now runs off besides your left through into left Ox, thrust through from there quickly through your left Ox, inwards to his chest, allow instantly again the Point to run off downwards and then through besides your left, and thrust the third from your left over your hand to the face, these three thrusts happen as one runs into the next, from one thrust.</p>
+
<p>Thus if one approaches you in the Iron Gate or also in the left Plow, then thrust the first from the Plow outside of his right arm line so that your point on the right now runs off besides your left through into left Ox, thrust through from there quickly through your left Ox, inwards to his chest, allow instantly again the point to run off downwards and then through besides your left, and thrust the third from your left over your hand to the face, these three thrusts happen as one runs into the next, from one thrust.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 78v.jpg|2|lbl=78v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 79r.jpg|1|lbl=79r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 78v.jpg|2|lbl=78v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 79r.jpg|1|lbl=79r.1|p=1}}
Line 5,113: Line 5,125:
 
| <p><small>[60]</small> '''Identical Thrusting in traveling after'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[60]</small> '''Identical Thrusting in traveling after'''</p>
  
<p>'''Item''' Thus the both of your stand in the Iron Gate, then pay attention as soon as he will go away from his guard, thus step out from his Thrust and follow quickly with the Point to the body from where he has gone, and thrust on the same line as him.</p>
+
<p>'''Item''' Thus the both of your stand in the Iron Gate, then pay attention as soon as he will go away from his guard, thus step out from his Thrust and follow quickly with the point to the body from where he has gone, and thrust on the same line as him.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 82v.jpg|2|lbl=82v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 82v.jpg|2|lbl=82v.2}}
  
Line 5,153: Line 5,165:
 
| <p><small>[66]</small> '''The First ''Balg'' Cut'''</p>
 
| <p><small>[66]</small> '''The First ''Balg'' Cut'''</p>
  
<p>Is done thus: stand with the right foot forward and cut from above and below with outstretched arm together and forth, always with the Long edge through the opponent's left Wrath Line how the figure shows and mark when you will cut from above, thus distort the cut around again, into a strong Low Cut, upwards through the Forward Line with a full swing, wind then your hand in the air so that the short edge faces to the rear, and the sharp edge against the opponent, thus make a cut after your opportunity.</p>
+
<p>Is done thus: stand with the right foot forward and cut from above and below with outstretched arm together and forth, always with the long edge through the opponent's left Wrath Line how the figure shows and mark when you will cut from above, thus distort the cut around again, into a strong Low Cut, upwards through the Forward Line with a full swing, wind then your hand in the air so that the short edge faces to the rear, and the sharp edge against the opponent, thus make a cut after your opportunity.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 83v.jpg|3|lbl=83v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 84r.jpg|1|lbl=84r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 83v.jpg|3|lbl=83v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 84r.jpg|1|lbl=84r.1|p=1}}
Line 5,188: Line 5,200:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p><small>[72]</small> '''Item''' If one cuts on you the Crosscuts, strike after strike, thus displace him with outstretched arms, one strike, four or five, and pay attention where he looks further to strike, thus cut in between his head and weapon on his strong and suppress in with a strike twice, cut then with the ''Radt'' Strike and Crosscuts after.</p>
+
| <p><small>[72]</small> '''Item''' If one cuts on you the Cross Cuts, strike after strike, thus displace him with outstretched arms, one strike, four or five, and pay attention where he looks further to strike, thus cut in between his head and weapon on his strong and suppress in with a strike twice, cut then with the ''Radt'' Strike and Cross Cuts after.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 85r.jpg|1|lbl=85r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 85r.jpg|1|lbl=85r.1}}
  
Line 5,620: Line 5,632:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>We define the form and figure of the Sword’s parts as its Pommel, Point, Cross or Hilt, Haft or Grip, and the Blade, about which, though without evaluation, we will now say several words.</p>
+
| <p>We define the form and figure of the Sword’s parts as its pommel, point, cross or hilt, haft or grip, and the blade, about which, though without evaluation, we will now say several words.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/29|2|lbl=Ⅰ.4v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/29|2|lbl=Ⅰ.4v.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>The Blade has basically two underlying divisions, where the first is the Strong and Weak, the other the Short and Long edges, those being the forward and trailing edges.</p>
+
| <p>The blade has basically two underlying divisions, where the first is the Strong and Weak, the other the short and long edges, those being the forward and trailing edges.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/29|3|lbl=Ⅰ.4v.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/29|3|lbl=Ⅰ.4v.3}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>The Strong of the Sword is the name for the part running from the Cross or Hilt to the middle of the blade, the Weak is from the middle to and with the point or end itself, from which the Long and Short edges grow.</p>
+
| <p>The Strong of the sword is the name for the part running from the cross or hilt to the middle of the blade, the Weak is from the middle to and with the point or end itself, from which the long and short edges grow.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/29|4|lbl=Ⅰ.4v.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/29|4|lbl=Ⅰ.4v.4}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Meyer 1570 Sword A.png|center|400px]]
 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Meyer 1570 Sword A.png|center|400px]]
| <p>The Long Edge is the full length of edge from the fingers onward, directed against your opponent, the Short or half edge is the one nearest the thumb, between the thumb and index finger, first finger pointing at the fencer’s self, as if it is imitating the other’s weapon. We will speak as well of the spine of the sword, as shown in the previous illustration.</p>
+
| <p>The long edge is the full length of edge from the fingers onward, directed against your opponent, the short or half edge is the one nearest the thumb, between the thumb and index finger, first finger pointing at the fencer’s self, as if it is imitating the other’s weapon. We will speak as well of the spine of the sword, as shown in the previous illustration.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/29|5|lbl=Ⅰ.4v.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/30|1|lbl=Ⅰ.5r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/29|5|lbl=Ⅰ.4v.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/30|1|lbl=Ⅰ.5r.1|p=1}}
Line 5,645: Line 5,657:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>The first to be named is the Bind or Haft, including Pommel and Cross, for charging, Wrenching, Grappling, Throwing, and of service in other work.</p>
+
| <p>The first to be named is the bind or haft, including pommel and cross, for charging, Wrenching, Grappling, Throwing, and of service in other work.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/30|3|lbl=Ⅰ.5r.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/30|3|lbl=Ⅰ.5r.3}}
  
Line 5,727: Line 5,739:
 
<p>Fool is my adaptation of the word Jester, a name which leaves so much to be desired, in that from this Stance no successful finishing strikes can be made, one just uses them to gain an opening against the opponent through displacements to block strikes, which can be used to measure a Foolish and naive person who is not ready for counterstrikes to be struck against them.</p>
 
<p>Fool is my adaptation of the word Jester, a name which leaves so much to be desired, in that from this Stance no successful finishing strikes can be made, one just uses them to gain an opening against the opponent through displacements to block strikes, which can be used to measure a Foolish and naive person who is not ready for counterstrikes to be struck against them.</p>
  
<p>This will now be described. Stand with the Left leg forward, hold your Sword with the Point stretched out in front of you aimed at the ground in front of your forward foot, with the short edge above, the long edge below. Thus you stand in this Guard rightly, as you can see in the illustrated figure above on the right.</p>
+
<p>This will now be described. Stand with the Left leg forward, hold your Sword with the point stretched out in front of you aimed at the ground in front of your forward foot, with the short edge above, the long edge below. Thus you stand in this Guard rightly, as you can see in the illustrated figure above on the right.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/35|2|lbl=Ⅰ.7v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/35|2|lbl=Ⅰ.7v.2}}
  
Line 5,810: Line 5,822:
 
| <p>The other lines to consider are on the right where we will now examine two strikes. One is from the right Ox striking the high quarter, with the H - D line being addressed, the other is from the Left high part going to the right lower part, along the B - F line. How you will strike through these will be further described here, and then I will soon take you farther through all Strikes and Stances on both sides, both Right and Left, which will be fully described, and of this I will disclose all favourable methods shortly but will start by describing only one method.</p>
 
| <p>The other lines to consider are on the right where we will now examine two strikes. One is from the right Ox striking the high quarter, with the H - D line being addressed, the other is from the Left high part going to the right lower part, along the B - F line. How you will strike through these will be further described here, and then I will soon take you farther through all Strikes and Stances on both sides, both Right and Left, which will be fully described, and of this I will disclose all favourable methods shortly but will start by describing only one method.</p>
  
<p>Firstly or initially move into the Wrathful Guard, from which also comes the strike’s name, that is the Wrathful Strike, which is named for its wrathful bearing and intent, then midway through the strike move into the Long Point, and at the end move into the Changer. Should you strike onward from here with the Long edge, you will then go farther through three more Stances, which start with the Low Guard, onward through the middle with the Long Point, and end above you in the Unicorn, striking through the Line cited above.Thus from either side as you wish, you will start from the Changer and go through the Long Point into the Wrathful Guard.</p>
+
<p>Firstly or initially move into the Wrathful Guard, from which also comes the strike’s name, that is the Wrathful Strike, which is named for its wrathful bearing and intent, then midway through the strike move into the Long Point, and at the end move into the Changer. Should you strike onward from here with the long edge, you will then go farther through three more Stances, which start with the Low Guard, onward through the middle with the Long Point, and end above you in the Unicorn, striking through the Line cited above.Thus from either side as you wish, you will start from the Changer and go through the Long Point into the Wrathful Guard.</p>
  
 
<p>You can similarly strike out with your Sword from the Hanging Point, from which you drive over in front of you to move into the Guard of the Ox. Thus you find always, when taking the indicated Lines, one moves through them via at least three stances.</p>
 
<p>You can similarly strike out with your Sword from the Hanging Point, from which you drive over in front of you to move into the Guard of the Ox. Thus you find always, when taking the indicated Lines, one moves through them via at least three stances.</p>
Line 6,546: Line 6,558:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>However while in the onset there are three ways for your Sword or sword’s blade to hit and touch, firstly with the Long edge as was already taught, then with the Short, and lastly with the flat, therefore observe that you can also slash handily to all four openings with the short edge as well as you did before with the long, then still at the last with the flat, and similarly to what was shown before now with the half edge, fly freely from one opening to another, namely with the inward flat to the right, and slash with the outward (that is with reversed or inverted flat to his left).</p>
+
| <p>However while in the onset there are three ways for your Sword or sword’s blade to hit and touch, firstly with the long edge as was already taught, then with the Short, and lastly with the flat, therefore observe that you can also slash handily to all four openings with the short edge as well as you did before with the long, then still at the last with the flat, and similarly to what was shown before now with the half edge, fly freely from one opening to another, namely with the inward flat to the right, and slash with the outward (that is with reversed or inverted flat to his left).</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/76|2|lbl=Ⅰ.28r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/76|2|lbl=Ⅰ.28r.2}}
  
Line 6,957: Line 6,969:
 
| <p>'''Divisions of the sword to the Weak and Strong'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Divisions of the sword to the Weak and Strong'''</p>
  
<p>The Sword is firstly divided in two parts, namely from the grip to the middle of the Blade which is known as the Strong, from the middle to the most forward, is the Weak furthermore is the sword divided in four parts how the figure below this shows.</p>
+
<p>The Sword is firstly divided in two parts, namely from the grip to the middle of the blade which is known as the Strong, from the middle to the most forward, is the Weak furthermore is the sword divided in four parts how the figure below this shows.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 6,976: Line 6,988:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| <p>Item: If he is yet again, strong or weak, and is usually more watchful of the weak binding before the strong, how hereafter in the fencing it can be seen. With this however the Sword fencing and the following written stuck is more understandable thus as I explain my Zedel according to the rules, as I want the words to have understanding so I have named the order; the Beginning, Middle and End.</p>
+
| <p>Item: If he is yet again, strong or weak, and is usually more watchful of the weak binding before the strong, how hereafter in the fencing it can be seen. With this however the sword fencing and the following written stuck is more understandable thus as I explain my ''Zedel'' according to the rules, as I want the words to have understanding so I have named the order; the Beginning, Middle and End.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 6,982: Line 6,994:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>'''Follow the Sword Zedel'''</p>
+
| <p>'''Follow the Sword ''Zedel'''''</p>
  
 
<p>'''The Four Main guards'''</p>
 
<p>'''The Four Main guards'''</p>
Line 7,002: Line 7,014:
 
| <p>'''The Five Master-Cuts'''</p>
 
| <p>'''The Five Master-Cuts'''</p>
  
<p>Wrath Cut, Crooked cut, Thwart Cut, Squinter cut, Scalper</p>
+
<p>Wrath Cut, Crooked Cut, Thwart Cut, Squinter Cut, Scalper</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 7,010: Line 7,022:
 
| <p>'''The Six Covert Cuts'''</p>
 
| <p>'''The Six Covert Cuts'''</p>
  
<p>Blinding cut, Bouncing cut, Short cut, Knuckle cut, Clashing cut, Wind cut</p>
+
<p>Blinding Cut, Bouncing cut, Short Cut, Knuckle Cut, Clashing Cut, Wind Cut</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 7,241: Line 7,253:
 
<p>The Circle also comes from the Crooked Cuts and is a particularly good technique for deception, compared to others, because it does not just run off, unlike other deceptive techniques, like ablauffen and the like, but rather when one does it correctly and strikes the Circle very hard with the short edge in running by.</p>
 
<p>The Circle also comes from the Crooked Cuts and is a particularly good technique for deception, compared to others, because it does not just run off, unlike other deceptive techniques, like ablauffen and the like, but rather when one does it correctly and strikes the Circle very hard with the short edge in running by.</p>
  
<p>This Stück goes thus, (after you have come under his sword in the attack) when your stay in the bind, and drive your sword over the head, as soon as he gives a little room, so that he is not binding on the sword, but rather drives his sword then high above you, then cross your hands in the air, and cut from above with the short edge thus put crosswise, down to his right ear, so that whether your Blade hits or not, it runs around in a circle by his right arm, and in this keep your hands high above your head, as soon as he slips after the Circle, then step with your left foot well on to his right side, and cut in at his head with the Long edge, over his right arm, behind his blade, take your body and head well away from his strike with a step to your left side.</p>
+
<p>This Stück goes thus, (after you have come under his sword in the attack) when your stay in the bind, and drive your sword over the head, as soon as he gives a little room, so that he is not binding on the sword, but rather drives his sword then high above you, then cross your hands in the air, and cut from above with the short edge thus put crosswise, down to his right ear, so that whether your blade hits or not, it runs around in a circle by his right arm, and in this keep your hands high above your head, as soon as he slips after the Circle, then step with your left foot well on to his right side, and cut in at his head with the long edge, over his right arm, behind his blade, take your body and head well away from his strike with a step to your left side.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/115|2|lbl=Ⅰ.47v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/115|2|lbl=Ⅰ.47v.2}}
 
|  
 
|  
Line 7,281: Line 7,293:
 
| <p>Cut Crooked to his Flat<br/>And you will Weaken the Master</p>
 
| <p>Cut Crooked to his Flat<br/>And you will Weaken the Master</p>
  
<p>This is a lesson how you shall weaken one's incoming strike, and goes thus. In Zufechten pay attention when he cuts in at you from his right, then step well out from his strike and cut with crossed hands and the Long edge onto the strong of his sword's blade, on the Flat, thereby you weaken him, so that he can barely recover for another strike, then before he recovers you are on his head with winding and flicking.</p>
+
<p>This is a lesson how you shall weaken one's incoming strike, and goes thus. In Zufechten pay attention when he cuts in at you from his right, then step well out from his strike and cut with crossed hands and the long edge onto the strong of his sword's blade, on the Flat, thereby you weaken him, so that he can barely recover for another strike, then before he recovers you are on his head with winding and flicking.</p>
  
 
<p>The Counter you should mark that when one meets you with a crooked cut, to your on coming strike, to weaken you, then change through nimbly under his blade and work to his side from which he sent his Crooked cut.</p>
 
<p>The Counter you should mark that when one meets you with a crooked cut, to your on coming strike, to weaken you, then change through nimbly under his blade and work to his side from which he sent his Crooked cut.</p>
Line 7,341: Line 7,353:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>The Pommel deception, you shall remember<br/>With Flicking and Quickening you will vex him</p>
+
| <p>The pommel deception, you shall remember<br/>With Flicking and Quickening you will vex him</p>
  
 
<p>This is when you cut in with a Crooked Cut to his strong, if he opposes or displaces high, then wind through below with the pommel, and act as if you would grab over with the pommel, as I have already taught; and before he realizes it, then quickly flick the short edge back in at him, again on the same line, to whichever side you first did the Crooked Cut.</p>
 
<p>This is when you cut in with a Crooked Cut to his strong, if he opposes or displaces high, then wind through below with the pommel, and act as if you would grab over with the pommel, as I have already taught; and before he realizes it, then quickly flick the short edge back in at him, again on the same line, to whichever side you first did the Crooked Cut.</p>
Line 7,490: Line 7,502:
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
  
<p>Item: If an opponent comes before you who will gladly bind long on to you from above or sends his first stroke long at you from the Roof, then when you are near to him or have come to him, slash through before him, up and out to your left, so that your sword's blade shoots around over your head in the Plunge to his left, ''Indes'' allow your sword to snap around back over your head, the right hand over the left and strike in at his right ear with the short edge at the same time as his strike, how it is taught above, do this correctly and step well there to him thus you will hit. So then this Stück is only on going, if he displaces however and drives out how he then (when he will displace) must drive out, at once pull around your head and cut him with the Long Edge from below athwart to his Left radial forearm, close to his pommel to the wrist. Of these two openings, one will be apparent to you. Pull your Hilt again upwards around your head and cut long with a strong cut to his upper left head, in these three strikes, step well with both your feet, in a double, step around his left side, thus the cuts go on well, this a good and earnest Stück, when you will seek to send it home.</p>
+
<p>Item: If an opponent comes before you who will gladly bind long on to you from above or sends his first stroke long at you from the Roof, then when you are near to him or have come to him, slash through before him, up and out to your left, so that your sword's blade shoots around over your head in the Plunge to his left, ''Indes'' allow your sword to snap around back over your head, the right hand over the left and strike in at his right ear with the short edge at the same time as his strike, how it is taught above, do this correctly and step well there to him thus you will hit. So then this Stück is only on going, if he displaces however and drives out how he then (when he will displace) must drive out, at once pull around your head and cut him with the long edge from below athwart to his Left radial forearm, close to his pommel to the wrist. Of these two openings, one will be apparent to you. Pull your hilt again upwards around your head and cut long with a strong cut to his upper left head, in these three strikes, step well with both your feet, in a double, step around his left side, thus the cuts go on well, this a good and earnest Stück, when you will seek to send it home.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/127|1|lbl=Ⅰ.53v.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/127|1|lbl=Ⅰ.53v.1}}
 
|  
 
|  
Line 7,787: Line 7,799:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Similarly when you come with the thwart strike against one another over-handed, it is with the long, short or flat. When you do these four cuts and have learned to strike also to the four openings, thus learn also pulling, threatening, failing and then know the same from these following writings; step and cut to his upper left opening, but do not let this hit, rather when you come merely on his sword with this strike, then pull off again to a flight, and strike him to his lower right opening and cut or strike still to him the first confidently to his upper openings to the left, thus you may pull and fail with them to all 4 openings Crosswise and athwart above, also your benefit is to learn the Circle cut, this is an Over and under cut together on one side, short and long and with the flat from such is known in the first assault, cut a long High cut to his left ear, and when this clashes thus pull both cuts upwards so that your Pommel comes through under your right, and cut with the long edge from under to his left. Step ''Indes'' with your left foot behind yours and come with the hilt high above your head. And still again then cut the first an undercut with the Long edge to his lower opening with a step to of your right foot, quickly pull upwards besides your right and cut the other from above to his left, with a back-step of your left foot behind your right, so that you stand covered behind your blade.</p>
+
| <p>Similarly when you come with the thwart strike against one another over-handed, it is with the long, short or flat. When you do these four cuts and have learned to strike also to the four openings, thus learn also pulling, threatening, failing and then know the same from these following writings; step and cut to his upper left opening, but do not let this hit, rather when you come merely on his sword with this strike, then pull off again to a flight, and strike him to his lower right opening and cut or strike still to him the first confidently to his upper openings to the left, thus you may pull and fail with them to all 4 openings Crosswise and athwart above, also your benefit is to learn the Circle cut, this is an Over and under cut together on one side, short and long and with the flat from such is known in the first assault, cut a long High cut to his left ear, and when this clashes thus pull both cuts upwards so that your pommel comes through under your right, and cut with the long edge from under to his left. Step ''Indes'' with your left foot behind yours and come with the hilt high above your head. And still again then cut the first an undercut with the long edge to his lower opening with a step to of your right foot, quickly pull upwards besides your right and cut the other from above to his left, with a back-step of your left foot behind your right, so that you stand covered behind your blade.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 7,824: Line 7,836:
 
| <p>Do not rely too much on the Crown,<br/>You will tend to get harm and shame from it</p>
 
| <p>Do not rely too much on the Crown,<br/>You will tend to get harm and shame from it</p>
  
<p>Note when you displace with the horizontal cross guard, high up over your head, that is called the Crown. When you see that an opponent will run under your High Cut with the Crown, then do not let your High Cut actually connect, but rather pull the cut from him, that he drives out in vain, and cut with the long edge a middle cut athwart to his arm or wrist, this same thing thus you mark that when one who will gladly drive out and displace high, thus conduct yourself with comportment like you would cut high, do not complete this, but rather strike nimbly around to the lower openings with the Thwart, using flat or long edge or behind his arms to the ears you have it known.</p>
+
<p>Note when you displace with the horizontal cross guard, high up over your head, that is called the Crown. When you see that an opponent will run under your High Cut with the Crown, then do not let your High Cut actually connect, but rather pull the cut from him, that he drives out in vain, and cut with the long edge a Middle Cut athwart to his arm or wrist, this same thing thus you mark that when one who will gladly drive out and displace high, thus conduct yourself with comportment like you would cut high, do not complete this, but rather strike nimbly around to the lower openings with the Thwart, using flat or long edge or behind his arms to the ears you have it known.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/141|3|lbl=Ⅰ.60v.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/141|3|lbl=Ⅰ.60v.3}}
 
|  
 
|  
Line 7,843: Line 7,855:
 
| <p>Strike powerfully through with the Long point<br/>Therewith hold off all hard dangers</p>
 
| <p>Strike powerfully through with the Long point<br/>Therewith hold off all hard dangers</p>
  
<p>Stand with the left foot forwards and strike him from your right through his face, that the half edge goes forth once to four times nimbly one after another, thus you drive on to him, then attack to him from under and whether it is with Zwerch or Long edge, mark when you thus have slashed up to him, thus take heed when he strikes at you from above and from his right side, then wind him by slashing out your long edge against his blade so that it stays somewhat athwart, your point upwards and to his left. step at once with the left foot to his left and thrust the pommel instantly under your arm, cut in with the short edge with skidding behind his blade to his head step likewise with your right foot after and around his left and jerk the pommel again therefore, so that you stand with the sword in the Zwerch or in Hanging point.</p>
+
<p>Stand with the left foot forwards and strike him from your right through his face, that the half edge goes forth once to four times nimbly one after another, thus you drive on to him, then attack to him from under and whether it is with Zwerch or long edge, mark when you thus have slashed up to him, thus take heed when he strikes at you from above and from his right side, then wind him by slashing out your long edge against his blade so that it stays somewhat athwart, your point upwards and to his left. step at once with the left foot to his left and thrust the pommel instantly under your arm, cut in with the short edge with skidding behind his blade to his head step likewise with your right foot after and around his left and jerk the pommel again therefore, so that you stand with the sword in the Zwerch or in Hanging point.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/141|4|lbl=Ⅰ.60v.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/142|1|lbl=Ⅰ.61r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/141|4|lbl=Ⅰ.60v.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/142|1|lbl=Ⅰ.61r.1|p=1}}
Line 7,864: Line 7,876:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Meyer 1570 Longsword O.jpg|center|400px]]
 
| [[File:Meyer 1570 Longsword O.jpg|center|400px]]
| <p>'''Item''' Strike out before him and allow your sword to fly above besides your left, step and cut from your right from under at his arm, if he displaces this, thus wind and go through with the Grip and cast with your pommel outwards over his right arm, let go with your left hand from your grip, and grab therewith your blade to help the right, cut him with the long edge on his head.</p>
+
| <p>'''Item''' Strike out before him and allow your sword to fly above besides your left, step and cut from your right from under at his arm, if he displaces this, thus wind and go through with the grip and cast with your pommel outwards over his right arm, let go with your left hand from your grip, and grab therewith your blade to help the right, cut him with the long edge on his head.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/142|2|lbl=Ⅰ.61r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/142|2|lbl=Ⅰ.61r.2}}
 
|  
 
|  
Line 7,872: Line 7,884:
 
| <p>The Blind-cut you should let rebound<br/>Cast around the Thwart, have diligence to the flicking</p>
 
| <p>The Blind-cut you should let rebound<br/>Cast around the Thwart, have diligence to the flicking</p>
  
<p>Slash him with the Long Point in his face, step and pull your sword around your head and strike with the inside flat from your right to his left through the middle line, take your head well out and wind around nimbly again on his Sword with the outside flat also to his left ear.</p>
+
<p>Slash him with the Long Point in his face, step and pull your sword around your head and strike with the inside flat from your right to his left through the middle line, take your head well out and wind around nimbly again on his sword with the outside flat also to his left ear.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/142|3|lbl=Ⅰ.61r.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/142|3|lbl=Ⅰ.61r.3}}
 
|  
 
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|-
 
|-
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>5e Or allow a thrust to run though an undercut to the right hip. Or parry with a barring zornhauw from above downwards. Immediately<ref name="indes"/> thrust to his face. If he wards it, then cut a middle cut to his stomach and then step and cut long to his right with a step off.</p>
+
| <p>5e Or allow a thrust to run though an undercut to the right hip. Or parry with a barring zornhauw from above downwards. Immediately<ref name="indes"/> thrust to his face. If he wards it, then cut a Middle Cut to his stomach and then step and cut long to his right with a step off.</p>
  
 
<p>''hip-thrust''</p>
 
<p>''hip-thrust''</p>
Line 12,124: Line 12,136:
 
| Constrain to the right, thrust left you will fence
 
| Constrain to the right, thrust left you will fence
 
|-  
 
|-  
| get through from the right, bring behind with the middle cut
+
| get through from the right, bring behind with the Middle Cut
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| Constrainer breaks what the buffalo thrusts or hits (or, hits or thrusts)
 
| Constrainer breaks what the buffalo thrusts or hits (or, hits or thrusts)
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{{sourcebox
 
{{sourcebox
 
  | work        = 1570 Figures
 
  | work        = 1570 Figures
  | authors    = [[Tobias Stimmer]]
+
  | authors    = [[Hans Christoff Stimmer]]
 
  | source link = https://digital.ub.uni-leipzig.de/object/viewid/0000009663
 
  | source link = https://digital.ub.uni-leipzig.de/object/viewid/0000009663
 
  | source title= Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig
 
  | source title= Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig

Latest revision as of 14:29, 29 October 2024

Joachim Meyer
Born ca. 1537
Basel, Germany
Died 24 February 1571 (aged 34)
Schwerin, Germany
Spouse(s) Appolonia Ruhlman
Occupation
Citizenship Strasbourg
Patron
  • Georg Johann Ⅰ
  • Otto von Solms
  • Johann Casimir
  • Johann Albrecht
Movement Freifechter
Influences
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Early New High German
Notable work(s) Gründtliche Beschreibung der... Kunst des
Fechtens
(1570)
Manuscript(s)
First printed
english edition
Forgeng, 2006
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations
Signature Joachim Meyer sig.jpg

Joachim Meyer (ca. 1537 - 1571)[1] was a 16th century German cutler, Freifechter, and fencing master. He was the last major figure in the tradition of the German grand master Johannes Liechtenauer, and in the later years of his life he devised at least four distinct and quite extensive fencing manuals. Meyer's writings incorporate both the traditional Germanic technical syllabus and contemporary systems that he encountered in his travels, including Italian rapier fencing. In addition to his fencing practice, Meyer was a Burgher and a master cutler.[2]

Meyer was born in Basel,[3] where he presumably apprenticed as a cutler. He writes in his books that he traveled widely in his youth, most likely a reference to the traditional Walz that journeyman craftsmen were required to take before being eligible for mastery and membership in a guild. Journeymen were often sent to stand watch and participate in town and city militias (a responsibility that would have been amplified for the warlike cutlers' guild), and Meyer learned a great deal about foreign fencing systems during his travels. It's been speculated by some fencing historians that he trained specifically in the Bolognese school of fencing, but this doesn't stand up to closer analysis.[4]

Records show that by 4 June 1560 he had settled in Strasbourg, where he married Appolonia Ruhlman (Ruelman)[1] and was granted the rank of master cutler. His interests had already moved beyond smithing, however, and in 1561, Meyer's petition to the City Council of Strasbourg for the right to hold a Fechtschule was granted. He would repeat this in 1563, 1566, 1567 and 1568;[5] the 1568 petition is the first extant record in which he identifies himself as a fencing master.

Meyer probably wrote his first manuscript (MS Bibl. 2465) in 1561 for Georg Johann Ⅰ, Count Palatine of Veldenz,[6] and his second (MS A.4º.2) in 1568 for Otto (later Count of Solms-Sonnewalde).[7] Both of these manuscripts contain a series of lessons on training with long sword, dusack, and rapier; the 1561 also covers dagger, polearms, and armored fencing. His third manuscript (MS Var.82), written between 1563 and 1571 and containing a dedication at the end to Heinrich, Count of Eberstein, is of a decidedly different nature. Like many fencing manuscripts from the previous century, it is an anthology of treatises by a number of prominent German masters including Sigmund ain Ringeck, pseudo-Peter von Danzig, and Martin Syber, and also includes a brief outline by Meyer himself on a system of rapier fencing based on German Messer teachings.

Finally, on 24 February 1570, Meyer completed an enormous treatise entitled Gründtliche Beschreibung, der freyen Ritterlichen unnd Adelichen kunst des Fechtens, in allerley gebreuchlichen Wehren, mit vil schönen und nützlichen Figuren gezieret und fürgestellet ("A Thorough Description of the Free, Chivalric, and Noble Art of Fencing, Showing Various Customary Defenses, Affected and Put Forth with Many Handsome and Useful Drawings"); it was dedicated to Johann Casimir, Count Palatine of Simmern,[6] and illustrated at the workshop of Hans Christoff Stimmer. It contains all of the weapons of the 1561 and '68 manuscripts apart from fencing in armor, and dramatically expands his teachings on each.

Unfortunately, Meyer's writing and publication efforts incurred significant debts (about 300 crowns), which Meyer pledged to repay by Christmas of 1571.[1] Late in 1570, Meyer accepted the position of Fechtmeister to Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg at his court in Schwerin. There Meyer hoped to sell his book for a better price than was offered locally (30 florins). Meyer sent his books ahead to Schwerin, and left from Strasbourg on 4 January 1571 after receiving his pay. He traveled the 800 miles to Schwerin in the middle of a harsh winter, arriving at the court on 10 February 1571. Two weeks later, on 24 February, Joachim Meyer died. The cause of his death is unknown, possibly disease or pneumonia.[5]

Antoni Rulman, Appolonia’s brother, became her legal guardian after Joachim’s death. On 15 May 1571, he had a letter written by the secretary of the Strasbourg city chamber and sent to the Duke of Mecklenburg stating that Antoni was now the widow Meyer’s guardian; it politely reminded the Duke who Joachim Meyer was, Meyer’s publishing efforts and considerable debt, requested that the Duke send Meyer’s personal affects and his books to Appolonia, and attempted to sell some (if not all) of the books to the Duke.[1]

Appolonia remarried in April 1572 to another cutler named Hans Kuele, bestowing upon him the status of Burgher and Meyer's substantial debts. Joachim Meyer and Hans Kuele are both mentioned in the minutes of Cutlers' Guild archives; Kuele may have made an impression if we can judge that fact by the number of times he is mentioned. It is believed that Appolonia and either her husband or her brother were involved with the second printing of his book in 1600. According to other sources, it was reprinted yet again in 1610 and in 1660.[8][9]

Contents

Treatises

Joachim Meyer's writings are preserved in three manuscripts prepared in the 1560s: the 1561 MS Bibl. 2465 (Munich), dedicated to Georg Johannes von Veldenz; the 1563-68 MS A.4º.2 (Lund), dedicated to Otto von Solms; and the MS Var. 82 (Rostock), which includes notes on the teachings of Stephan Heinrich von Eberstein and which Meyer may have still been working at the time of his death in 1571. The former two manuscripts are substantially similar in text and organization, and it seems clear that the Munich was the basis for the much shorter Lund.

Dwarfing these works is the massive book he published in 1570 entitled Gründtliche Beschreibung der ...Kunst des Fechtens ("A Thorough Description of the... Art of Fencing"), dedicated to Johann Kasimir von Pfalz-Simmern. Meyer's writings purport to teach the entire art of fencing, something that he claimed had never been done before, and encompass a wide variety of teachings from disparate sources and traditions. To achieve this goal, Meyer seems to have constructed his treatises as a series of progressive lessons, describing a process for learning to fence rather than merely outlining the underlying theory or listing the techniques. In keeping with this, he illustrates his techniques with depictions of fencers in courtyards using training weapons such as two-handed foils, wooden dusacks, and rapiers with ball tips.

The first section of Meyer's teachings is devoted to the long sword (the sword in two hands), the traditional centerpiece of the Liechtenauer tradition which Meyer describes as the foundational weapon of his system, and this section devotes the most space to fundamentals like stance and footwork. His long sword system draws upon the teachings of Freifechter Andre Paurenfeyndt (via Christian Egenolff's reprint) and Liechtenauer glossators Sigmund ain Ringeck and Lew, as well as using terminology otherwise unique to the brief Recital of Martin Syber. Not content merely to compile these teachings as his contemporary Paulus Hector Mair was doing, Meyer sought to update—even reinvent—them in various ways to fit the martial climate of the late sixteenth century, including adapting many techniques to accommodate the increased weight and momentum of a greatsword and modifying others to use beats with the flat and winding slices in place of thrusts to comply with street-fighting laws in German cities (and the rules of the Fechtschule).

The second section is designed to address newer weapons gaining traction in German lands, the dusack and the rapier, and thereby find places for them in the German tradition. His early Munich and Lund manuscripts present a more summarized syllabus of techniques for these weapons, while his printed book goes into greater depth and is structured more in the fashion of lesson plans.[10] Meyer's dusack system, designed for the broad-bladed sabers that spread into German lands from Eastern Europe in the 16th century,[11] combines the old Messer teachings of Johannes Lecküchner and the dusack teachings of Andre Paurenfeyndt with other unknown systems (some have speculated that they might include early Polish or Hungarian saber systems). His rapier system, designed for the lighter single-hand swords spreading north from Iberian and Italian lands, seems again to be a hybrid creation, integrating both the core teachings of the 15th century thrust-centruc Liechtenauer tradition as well as components that are characteristic of the various regional Mediterranean fencing systems (including, perhaps, teachings derived from the treatise of Achille Marozzo). Interestingly, Meyer's rapier teachings in the Rostock seem to represent an attempt to unify these two weapon systems, outlining a method for rapier fencing that includes key elements of his dusack teachings; it is unclear why this method did not appear in his book, but given the dates it may be that they represent his final musings on the weapon, written in the time between the completion of his book in 1570 and his death a year later.

The third section is omitted from the Lund manuscript but present in the Munich and the 1570, and covers dagger, wrestling, and various pole weapons; to this, the Munich adds a short section on armored fencing. His dagger teachings, designed primarily for urban self-defense, seem to be based in part on the writings of Bolognese master Achille Marozzo,[12] but also include much unique content of unknown origin (perhaps the anonymous dagger teachings in his Rostock manuscript). His staff material makes up the bulk of this section, beginning with the short staff, which, like Paurenfeyndt, he uses as a training tool for various pole weapons (and possibly also the greatsword), and then moving on to the halberd before ending with the long staff (representing the pike). As with the dagger, the sources Meyer based his staff teachings on are largely unknown.

To view the sword, dusack, and rapier teachings of the Munich and Lund manuscripts side-by-side and study the overlaps and differences, see Joachim Meyer/Manuscript Comparison.

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Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Dupuis, Olivier. Joachim Meyer, escrimeur libre, bourgeois de Strasbourg (1537 ? - 1571). In Maîtres et techniques de combat. Dijon: AEDEH, 2006.
  2. Naumann, Robert. Serapeum. Vol. 5. T.O. Weigel, 1844. pp 53-59.
  3. According to his wedding certificate.
  4. The influence of Achilles Marozzo's printed treatise is, however, apparent in the rapier illustrations of his 1561 manuscript and the dagger plays in his book.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Van Slambrouck, Christopher. "The Life and Work of Joachim Meyer". Meyer Frei Fechter Guild, 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Though as a prince of the Wittelsbach dynasty, he was addressed by the loftiest titles held by the family: Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Bavaria.
  7. Norling, Roger. "The history of Joachim Meyer’s fencing treatise to Otto von Solms". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  8. Schaer, Alfred. Die altdeutschen fechter und spielleute: Ein beitrag zur deutschen culturgeschichte. K.J. Trübner, 1901. p 76.
  9. Pollock, W. H., Grove, F. C., and Prévost, C. Fencing. London and Bombay: Longmans, Green, and co, 1897. pp 267-268.
  10. Roberts, James. "System vs Syllabus: Meyer’s 1560 and 1570 sidesword texts". Hroarr.com, 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  11. Roger Norling. "The Dussack - a weapon of war". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  12. Norling, Roger. "Meyer and Marozzo dagger comparison". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  13. Up to this point, the text matches the Lund manuscript, folia 6r to 7r.
  14. Note: this translation could be interpreted to mean “so that your half edge slides downward [presumably on his blade], hitting his right shoulder”. Meyer used the words mit Glitschen = to slither, to slide, to glide, to move with sliding.
  15. A number in the margin refers to the illustration in page number 13.
  16. The text starts matching the Lund manuscript again here (beginning on folio 7v), continuing until the Figures.
  17. Note: The Lund also mentions “the figure above” yet that figure does not appear in the Lund! Here it does, and it could be a representation of Meyer himself?
  18. The "l" appears to be written over another letter, perhaps a "b".
  19. Note: here I have included this line for clarity from Dr. Forgeng’s 1568 Lund translation: “Therefore every fighter shall know as has been said above, for when two good fighters come together, whoever thinks quicker triumphs quicker.”
  20. Note: the image shows the opponent on the left in Barrier Guard with point to the ground, hence Meyer’s advice to “take his blade away from the ground”.
  21. 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Torn page on left.
  22. 22.0 22.1 Torn page on right.
  23. To help illuminate the connections to Liechtenauer's teachings, I've added the verse numbers used in the Johannes Liechtenauer article and the various glosses to Kevin's translation. I've also added a few footnotes, and included my initials to distinguish them from Kevin's notes. Note all the verses in this section are found in Christian Egenolff's 1531 edition of Andre Paurenfeyndt's treatise—except the "First Rhyme", verses 17-20. ~Michael Chidester
  24. Note: the interpretation here is a generalized summary found in the 1570 at Ⅰ.45v—46r
  25. These two lines are a paraphrase of verse 77 of Liechtenauer's Zedel. ~MCC
  26. This rhyming section is reminiscent of the eight-line Indes poem found in several of the 15th century glosses (despite not being part of Liechtenauer's Zedel), but only the last two lines are the same. ~MCC
  27. This rhyme found in Egenolph's 1531 Frankfurt edition of Pauernfeindt, page 4v.
  28. Unclear.
  29. This rhyme found in Egenolph's 1531 Frankfurt edition of Pauernfeindt, page 7r.
  30. Note: gesechen = may be gesehen ENHG
  31. Unclear.
  32. This is a reference to Liechtenauer verses 56 and 79. ~MCC
  33. Liechtenauer verse 57. ~MCC
  34. This is the fourth of Paurnfeyndt's Twelve Rules for the Beginner Fencer, found on page 4r of Egenolff 1531. This is particularly odd because the first line comes from Egenolff, but the second line seems to be from Liechtenauer verse 11, which the rule was based on. The version in the fourth rule is Der darff sich kunst nit frewen. ~MCC
  35. The above text appears somewhat synonymous with pages 44-45 of the Lund Dussack section, except that in the Lund Meyer says there are 12 cuts and yet here he says there are 16.
  36. This text also appears in the Lund pg 45, yet there Meyer gave an alternate name to the Watch guard as Luginslandt, here he does not mention Luginslandt. Additionally, Meyer does not include the Blind Cut in the Lund, yet here he does and it also appears in 1570 Dussack. In addition, here Meyer names the Slice and the Bow as guards. Yet in the 1560 he lists them with the guards but says they are the two parrys. Here he gives a separate paragraph about these two.
  37. Above text also appears in Lund 47v.1.
  38. The translation for this paragraph is incomplete. The missing part says something like "thus trap his hand as is drawn here, step behind him, and". ~MCC
  39. Lund 57v.1 Zornhau.
  40. The first paragraph “A good attack from the Steer” is synonymous in the 1560 57v.2. Last two paragraphs here are not found there.
  41. Unclear.
  42. Found in Lund 60v.1.
  43. Abrauschen = to shoot off.
  44. The second rule omits this sentence found in the Lund, “so that your Dussack comes onto your left shoulder”, and rather Meyer says here, “lift simultaneously your body together with the Dussack to your left side”. Then the Lund synonymously says “turn your body well after your Dussack upon your left side”.
  45. These two paragraphs found in Lund 61v.1 and 62r.1; with above noted differences.
  46. The 4th rule and other paragraph synonymous with Lund 62r.2, 62r.3
  47. The Counter to the Bow is synonymous with Lund 62v.1, except that here Meyer added the target of striking besides his parry to the face, ad also changed last line to read: “This technique often works as has been shown previously in the Bow”, while in the Lund he says “This technique often works as has been shown previously in the Bow and Change.” So he omitted the word Wechsel or Changer here.
  48. It refers to the picture set at the page with the number 31.
  49. Found in Lund 63r.1 63r.2 63r.3.
  50. Above paragraph “Breaking in over the Bow” is found in Lund 63v.1. Here Meyer added schenkel (thigh), also he added another line to the next; “zum gesicht das dein versatzung hoch pleibt” The third paragraph here is not found in the Lund.
  51. First paragraph here found as last and separate para in 63v.1 Lund. Meyer changed words here on the last line of the second paragraph from hand to haft, “so that your haft remains high”.
  52. Durcken Zug = this may mean Turkish Cut. A slice using a drawing motion, usually with a curved blade.
  53. Kniebugen = crook of knee, bend of knee.
  54. These descriptions differ in wording from the Lund.
  55. Apicem id from Latin: Apex Cut or a Scalp Cut; as also used in the Lund.
  56. Possible translation of anckell: “back of head”, as the image clearly shows a strike there.
  57. Curious typographical sign.
  58. Unclear.
  59. Note: The first paragraph of Two Constrainers appears in Lund 55v.1, but it does not include second paragraph found here from left steer.
  60. This paragraph is from Lund 56r.1, but is titled there: "a Good Stuck from the Constrainer"; here Meyer calls it an “Example”.
  61. The Rose Cut's first paragraph above is found in the Lund 56r.2, but the 2nd paragraph here is not found in Lund.
  62. Feler hau description here is mostly synonymous with the Lund 50r.1, but here Meyer ends with “how it is reported in the Boch hau”, which is not found in the Lund.
  63. Synonymous with Lund 56v.3.
  64. Synonymous with Lund 57r.1.
  65. Synonymous with Lund 57r.2.
  66. Unclear.
  67. Arbeit im einlauffen from Lund 60r.2; last 3 lines do not appear in Lund. Item etc.
  68. The isolated “s” seems a mistake and not the beginning of an unfinished word.
  69. The Drivings also appear in Lund 64v.1 – 65r.1.
  70. Note this line is missing from 6th driving here, but found in Lund 65r.1: sonderlich einem starcken zum schlachtschwert, "particularly for someone who is strong with a Battlesword".
  71. Note: The handwriting appears closer together with less spacing between sentences and words, so that maybe the author had a lot to share and yet was bound to limit the page space used? Appears Crammed together more.
  72. Unclear.
  73. Unclear.
  74. This paragraph here is from Lund 76v.1.
  75. These paragraphs found in Lund 77v.1 and 78v.1. These paragraphs found in Lund Rapier prior to this poem: Drei Lauffende Stich auss dem linken Pflug von einer seitten.
  76. Paragraph found in Lund 78v.2.
  77. From Lund 79r.1.
  78. Unclear.
  79. Gleich einer Rinder = like a Rinde or Looping technique.
  80. Found in Lund 81v.2, 82r.1, and 82r.2; changed Last line of first para 81v.2, added “den undern in obern”, the lower into the upper. 82r.1 paragraph title ox and plow different: den ochsen und pflug ineinander stechen to new Den ochsen und pflug zusamen stechen. The Ox and Plow thrusting into one another, changed to Thrusting the Ox and Plow together.
  81. This paragraph found in Lund pg 81 but without para title as above and no image. Angehest changed to mogest; several other changes with word additions. Part of paragraph titled: A Deceiving.
  82. 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 82.5 82.6 Section of translation missing. ~MCC
  83. Handwriting appears to change here, first use of umlauted a and also the lower case g are different here, overall may be a new penman. Definitely a different person's handwriting!
  84. Second and third paragraphs here are from Lund 72v.1, 72v.2 and titled there as Change.
  85. Note: This is found in Lund 73v.3.
  86. Sprungsweise translates to “by leaping” “by skipping” drei schrit = 3 steps.
  87. In the last Stuck, Meyer actually gives units of measurement i.e., 3 schrit, a shritt is an obsolete unit of measurement roughly equal to 75 cm or 29.5 inches, so that 3 schritt would equal roughly 90 inches or 7.5 feet. Meyer also uses 2 shoe lengths, and then actually uses the word Klaffter which was: “derived from the span of a man's outstretched arms and was traditionally about 1.80 meters or 5.9 feet” (Wikipedia).
  88. Unclear.
  89. Unclear.
  90. Kelen = throat, Ancken = back of neck/head.
  91. Uchsen = armpit (grimms), Koll = Head.
  92. Ancken = back of head/neck.
  93. Offenern Schulen- this word is synonymous with the Fechtschulen, “Offenen” basically means public or Open schools. See Wassmansdorff, many original examples.
  94. Genick=neck, fingerlössen=finger severing, Mauss=ball of the hand below thumb.. Schlöff=may be Swiss variation of schläfe or temple.
  95. Ceci fait suite à la page de gauche
  96. 96.0 96.1 96.2 orig. dolchen; all instances of "dagger" in this document are dolchen excepy when footnoted.
  97. orig. ararmschirleinn
  98. orig. stichen, "thrust"/"stab" (context dependent); instances of stabbing that use other verbs will be footnoted.
  99. orig. Armschiene - seemingly a part of the armour
  100. orig. geordinirtt
  101. orig. schießen; see here
  102. orig. findt
  103. orig. spis
  104. orig. schwertt
  105. orig. sebell
  106. 106.0 106.1 orig. kempff degen; it can mean either “combat sword” or “combat dagger” (Source 1, Source 2). See here for a painting with kempffdegen in its caption
  107. 107.0 107.1 orig. Anngreiffen; "attacking" or "grappling"; cf. angreifen
  108. orig. zimlich
  109. alt. "endure"
  110. Ittem has many potential meanings: "further", "likewise", "the same as", and also simply as a means of 'bullet-pointing' numerous items. I've found that "likewise" works as an apt translation most of the time, but for clarity I will leave it untranslated. See this article.
  111. orig. noch eines Idenn woll gefalen
  112. orig. Reren; cf. Rohre/Röhre
  113. orig. lest
  114. orig. Schranckenn
  115. orig. dringen/thringen; refers to pressing one's point into an opponent['s armour/mail], cf. modern sense of "pushing through a crowd". See this glossary for more information
  116. orig. donerschlag; a strike with the hilt of the longsword while holding the blade
  117. orig. vnnd las Inn vorverthobenn; messy ink makes it difficult to transcribe; possible alt. "and read above beforehand"
  118. A blunt strike, as opposed to a cut or slice. See here.
  119. orig. versezen; alt. "parrying"
  120. Unclear.
  121. orig. ansezen; most likely means "pinned", "planted" (in the sense of placing your weapon or hand against an opponent, in a grappling sense); alt. "attacking" (cf. modern ansetzen). See this glossary for more information
  122. orig. erlang
  123. see nachreissen
  124. 124.0 124.1 124.2 124.3 124.4 124.5 124.6 orig. stehenn; often coupled with ansezen in this section; alt. "stand against"
  125. orig. uchsen
  126. orig. Gelenck. Refers to joints in armour, but also body parts - in the context of armoured fencing, it is most likely referring to the joints in the armour
  127. orig. greifest
  128. 128.0 128.1 128.2 128.3 orig. brich
  129. orig. anbrichen
  130. 130.00 130.01 130.02 130.03 130.04 130.05 130.06 130.07 130.08 130.09 130.10 130.11 orig. stos
  131. orig. goch
  132. 132.0 132.1 132.2 132.3 132.4 132.5 132.6 orig. schlag
  133. 133.0 133.1 133.2 see absetzen
  134. orig. drissel; cf. thrissel
  135. orig. schlag dein beidt vnder dein Recht achsell. From interpretation, the word schlag here doesn't make much sense: it's possible that beidt was intended to be said or written as bindt, as in "put your grip under your right shoulder".
  136. orig. Achsell
  137. 137.0 137.1 see Ringen
  138. 138.0 138.1 see arbeiten
  139. 139.0 139.1 139.2 139.3 139.4 139.5 orig. streich, cf. schlag
  140. 140.0 140.1 140.2 140.3 140.4 140.5 140.6 140.7 orig. inndes
  141. alt. "attacks"
  142. orig. last Er dür die seitten
  143. 143.0 143.1 orig. Ring; alt. lists
  144. orig. vergesezsten
  145. 145.0 145.1 145.2 see abzucken
  146. orig. fies
  147. 147.0 147.1 see gleich
  148. unclear transcription; possibly nim, ergo "take the weight"
  149. Unclear.
  150. orig. zwerchs
  151. 151.0 151.1 orig. degen; see kempffdegen
  152. orig. hawen. A cut or slice, as opposed to a blunt strike. See see here.
  153. 153.0 153.1 153.2 orig. bickell; most likely referring to the artificial, "mason's hammer", pickaxe shape of the crossguard in armoured fencing
  154. orig. klos
  155. orig. Stuck
  156. orig. knefftiglich, interpreted as krefftiglich
  157. orig. verfelen - described earlier in 1561 as a feint whereby you wait for your opponent to react to a strike, then change the direction of the strike
  158. orig. entgehenn
  159. orig. faren/auffaren; cf. fahren
  160. originally transcribed as knefftiglich, but krefftiglich (lit. "powerfully") seems more likely, in my opinion
  161. orig. gerecht; possible mistranscription/misspelling of gemecht, lit. "groin" or "genitals"
  162. 162.0 162.1 162.2 orig. las dein bindt fahren, lit. "let your grip drive"; alt. "release your grip and drive"
  163. Possibly "hauberk"(?).
  164. 164.0 164.1 orig. ausnemen; alt. "take out [the blade with a parry]"; "deflect"(?)
  165. orig. verzoblen; cf. verzögern
  166. lit. oben hutt; contrast Oberhutt
  167. orig. heutt; possible verb form of hutt
  168. orig. überwegest
  169. 169.0 169.1 orig. schlagen. Probably means "place" in this context.
  170. orig. sez; no accompanying adposition but I assume he means ansezen
  171. listen
  172. orig. Bundtschlag, lit. "grip strike"
  173. orig. fertt
  174. orig. wie nechst
  175. orig. oder Aber fus gesicht, lit. or but foot face, possible alt. "or his foot or face"
  176. orig. wendt
  177. orig. Reüb
  178. orig. geschmidt, lit. smithed. Possibly misspelling of Geschmeidt, which means "jewellery" - perhaps slang for gemecht ("genitals)".
  179. orig. steßen
  180. orig. abgewünnen
  181. Note that he uses the word degen but seems to refer to the aforementioned "threefold" dagger, which he referred to using the word dolchen.
  182. orig. feder
  183. orig. spietzen
  184. Reference in the left margin to picture on page 61.
  185. orig. auf dz schlos am Rucken; alt. "clasp of the back"
  186. orig. Wappenrock
  187. Unclear whether die refers to the dagger or the heart, here
  188. orig. kurz halbenn; alt. "short edge"
  189. orig. concordiren
  190. This word overwrites an initial die.
  191. The first 10 lines of this paragraph are shorter of 30% than the last four, as if there is a left place here for a picture or a diagram.
  192. The second letter looks a bit like a “b” but it is nonsense. It can be also considered like a small capital “e”.
  193. The first letter corrected from “w” by cancelling the first bow of the letter.
  194. The first letter could also read as an “l", but “b” seems more probable here.
  195. The first letter corrected from “b” by overwriting.
  196. The ink is a bit blurred, particularly in the beginning of the word which results in an ambiguous reading; stucken would be more plausible in this context but does not fit with the appearance of the first couple of letters at all.
  197. The writer first wrote hawst but the “s” has been cancelled afterwards.
  198. Recte: und.
  199. The writer first wrote arms but the final “s” has been cancelled afterwards.
  200. The letter “s” has ben cancelled just before the word den.
  201. Above the letter “i” a large circle is drawn as it is used to mark the letter “u”.
  202. Doubling of the word seitten, considered as a mistake and corrected here as the first finished a line.
  203. Setzen has been written afterwards just under ver- and looks like a catchword; however, the following page does not start with the same word. It could be a mistake of the scribe.
  204. An abbreviation sign at the end of the word tends to signify that it should be expanded to hawen, but it has been cancelled.
  205. The “h” is writen above a “e”.
  206. Unclear reading. The word has been corrected, possibly from zu, which, however, cannot be definitely affirmed.
  207. The words und oder after this word are cancelled.
  208. At this place is a sign that commonly indicates a line break or an end of a paragraph. Here, however, the following text continues in the same line.
  209. The first letter appears to be a cancelled “t”; however the reading remains ambiguous.
  210. The end of this word, sicht is inserted below the line at the right, like a catchword. However, the following written page, fol. 23r, does not start with the same word. Could be a mistake by the scribe or a clue for a missing page.
  211. After this word a large circle is drawn and its only meaning seems to complete the line to the right and avoid a big default in the right alignment.
  212. The letter “d” is cancelled just before the “b” of this word.
  213. The initial letter “b” is written above another letter, maybe a “g”.
  214. This first two letters are written above the letter “k”.
  215. A letter “b” or “l” has been written after this word but has ben cancelled.
  216. The first letter seems to superscribe an initial “I”.
  217. The writer firstly wrote an “m” as a final letter and subsequently cancelled the last leg to get an “n”.
  218. The final letter “t” is written above the line, in replacement for a previously cancelled letter.
  219. This word is written above a previous one, which is unreadable now.
  220. The first letters are difficult to make out due to a (water?) damage.
  221. The first letter of this word has been written above another, now illegible one.
  222. A letter “h” was written in the second position to begin with but cancelled afterwards.
  223. The first letter is curiously composed, but seems to have been readen as a "v".
  224. The second letter has been canceled and corrected by "o" above the line.
  225. The original text is derholhalben derhalben, which seems to be an unnecessary repetition.
  226. Doubling of the word handt, a probable mistake as the first is written a the end of the line. Same mistake as 17r.
  227. Doubling of the words den andern, probable mistake, only it is conserved here.
  228. A lone letter "h" is writen here, perhaps a beginning for “hew”, which was finally written after the digit “4”. Corrected in this edition.
  229. This sentence can be found in the printed book: « und merck wann du zur rechten undern Blöß schlechst, es sey flech, lang oder kurtz » (plate XXIXv from the 1570 edition)
  230. The third letter “h” was cancelled by overwriting it with an “l”.
  231. The letter “a” is crossed out in the beginning of the word.
  232. The first letter was first written in lower case but was corrected with an upper-case letter.
  233. Unclear reading. It appears as if the scribe first intended to write “halber” but noticed his error in the middle of the word. The reverse may be true also.
  234. The "R." has been inserted at the end of the line afterwards.
  235. Right of this place a large blank space remains until the end of the line.
  236. The written put a "n" between sch and enckel and canceled it.
  237. Linck and seitten are reversed in the manuscript but superscribed with “1” and “2” respectively in order to indicate the correct order.
  238. Corrected from Im, the first stroke of the “m” has been cancelled.
  239. Spitz uber- is clearly copied twice, this is probably an eye-skip.
  240. Correction done on sticht by canceling the last letter.
  241. This entire paragraph is justified on the right by a vertical line, unique in the manuscript.
  242. Corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  243. Corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  244. The "st" ligature is inverted.
  245. Typo, should be "wolt, könne".
  246. Originally printed "abzutzest", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  247. Originally printed "verhauren", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  248. The "t" is inverted.
  249. Ⅲ.47v indicates that this was printed "erbangen" and needed to be corrected to "erlangen", but that's not true in any copy available for consult.
  250. Originally printed "mim", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  251. Originally printed "Higur", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  252. Originally printed "Fellen", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  253. Originally printed "gem" (with an inverted g), but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  254. Originally printed "allo", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  255. Originally printed "Atm", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  256. The first 't' is inverted.
  257. Terminal 'e' is inverted.
  258. Originally printed "bleiden", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  259. Originally printed "klnie", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  260. Originally printed "duch", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  261. The second "e" is inverted.
  262. Originally printed "fein", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  263. Originally printed "behendig ich", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  264. Misnumbered 87r.
  265. 265.00 265.01 265.02 265.03 265.04 265.05 265.06 265.07 265.08 265.09 265.10 265.11 265.12 265.13 265.14 265.15 265.16 265.17 265.18 265.19 265.20 265.21 265.22 265.23 265.24 265.25 265.26 265.27 265.28 265.29 265.30 265.31 indes
  266. palm up
  267. Illegible deletion.
  268. oberhauw
  269. ‘right’ is originally written, ‘left’ is written above it
  270. short edge
  271. “Degen”, lit. dagger, could either refer to a sword or dagger.
  272. short edge
  273. Unleserliche Streichung. Illegible deletion.
  274. Unleserliche gestrichen Einfügung oberhalb der Zeile. Crossed out illegible insertion above the line.
  275. Die Schlaufe des »h« trägt ein Diärese. The loop of the “h” carries a diaeresis.
  276. Korrigiert aus »mitelhauw«. Corrected from “mitelhauw”.
  277. Leicht unleserlich. Slightly illegible.
  278. Überschriebens »vom«. Overwritten “vom”.
  279. Inserted by means of a special mark.
  280. Word inserted next to the text.
  281. Inserted nest to the text.
  282. Zwei Worte am Seitenrand nachgetragen. Two words inserted at the margin.
  283. Wort am Seitenrand nachgetragen. Word inserted at the margin.