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Difference between revisions of "Angelo Viggiani dal Montone"

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| <p>CON: O ''Dottore'', what do you understand about ''tempo'', and what it is? </p>
 
| <p>CON: O ''Dottore'', what do you understand about ''tempo'', and what it is? </p>
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| <p><small>''Definition by the philosophers of “''tempo''”, and its manifestation.''</small></p>
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| rowspan="3" | <p><small>''Definition by the philosophers of “''tempo''”, and its manifestation.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>BOC: It will be difficult to understand it, ''Signor conte''; the philosophers say that ''tempo'' is measured in motion, and in rest, according to earlier and later; and more intelligently, I say to you, that a body which moves itself, moves itself from one place in order to travel to another; the place from whence it departs is one end of that journey, and the motion is the other end; now divide that journey and that path into two equal parts through the middle; the first half toward the end from whence it departs is called the first part; the other half is called the final part; this consideration of the first and second part (that is to say, earlier and later) in the discourse of our spirit, the philosophers call “''tempo''”, where the numbering of the parts of the successive motion is ''tempo''. </p>
 
<p>BOC: It will be difficult to understand it, ''Signor conte''; the philosophers say that ''tempo'' is measured in motion, and in rest, according to earlier and later; and more intelligently, I say to you, that a body which moves itself, moves itself from one place in order to travel to another; the place from whence it departs is one end of that journey, and the motion is the other end; now divide that journey and that path into two equal parts through the middle; the first half toward the end from whence it departs is called the first part; the other half is called the final part; this consideration of the first and second part (that is to say, earlier and later) in the discourse of our spirit, the philosophers call “''tempo''”, where the numbering of the parts of the successive motion is ''tempo''. </p>
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| <p>CON: For what reason is it not recognized during sleep? </p>
 
| <p>CON: For what reason is it not recognized during sleep? </p>
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<p>BOC: Because when the external senses are bound (sleep being nothing other than a binding of all the external senses) we do not comprehend motion, and consequently ''tempo'' is not recognized, which is an occasion inseparable from motion, or to say it better, it is the same motion according to other considerations; whereupon reaching the first instant, the first beginning of the ''tempo'' of sleep, to the last instant, the sleep ends, it not being possible to understand the ''tempo mezo'', </p>
 
<p>BOC: Because when the external senses are bound (sleep being nothing other than a binding of all the external senses) we do not comprehend motion, and consequently ''tempo'' is not recognized, which is an occasion inseparable from motion, or to say it better, it is the same motion according to other considerations; whereupon reaching the first instant, the first beginning of the ''tempo'' of sleep, to the last instant, the sleep ends, it not being possible to understand the ''tempo mezo'', </p>
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<p>except when the imagination works and creates dreams, as in respect of that motion; then is understood ''tempo'', and then the understanding grasps ''tempo'' to the extent of movement in that dream. </p>
 
<p>except when the imagination works and creates dreams, as in respect of that motion; then is understood ''tempo'', and then the understanding grasps ''tempo'' to the extent of movement in that dream. </p>
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<p>ROD: I see that the ''conte'' does not understand well; and therefore in order to give it to him perhaps to understand, speaking chivalrically: you see, ''conte'', the philosophers have proven that prior to a body moving itself it will remain at rest, and ceasing its motion again remains at rest; so that a motion (provided that it be single) will lie in the middle of two rests. </p>
 
<p>ROD: I see that the ''conte'' does not understand well; and therefore in order to give it to him perhaps to understand, speaking chivalrically: you see, ''conte'', the philosophers have proven that prior to a body moving itself it will remain at rest, and ceasing its motion again remains at rest; so that a motion (provided that it be single) will lie in the middle of two rests. </p>
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| <p>BOC: In the Seventh and Eighth Physics Aristotle proved it; Rodomonte speaks the truth. </p>
 
| <p>BOC: In the Seventh and Eighth Physics Aristotle proved it; Rodomonte speaks the truth. </p>
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| <p>ROD: I have heard it said by physicians that the motion of the pulse as well lies in the middle of two rests; is it not so, ''Dottore''? </p>
 
| <p>ROD: I have heard it said by physicians that the motion of the pulse as well lies in the middle of two rests; is it not so, ''Dottore''? </p>
 
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| <p>BOC: So proves Galen, and claims to have endured great labor for a long time in order to discern by touch the motion of the pulse when it lowers and raises, and divides itself into systole and diastole, that is to say into elevation and depression. </p>
 
| <p>BOC: So proves Galen, and claims to have endured great labor for a long time in order to discern by touch the motion of the pulse when it lowers and raises, and divides itself into systole and diastole, that is to say into elevation and depression. </p>
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<p>ROD: All right, it suffices that each motion that is single and continuous lies between the preceding and subsequent rest; look, then, ''conte'': before you throw a ''mandritto'', a ''rovescio'', or a ''punta'', you are in some guard; having finished the blow, you find yourself in another guard; that motion of throwing the blow is a ''tempo'', because that blow is a continuous motion; thus the ''tempo'' that it accompanies is a single ''tempo''; when you rest in guard, having finished that motion, you find yourself once again at rest; it is therefore a ''tempo'', a motion, which instead of calling a “motion”, we call a “''tempo''”, because the one does not abandon the other; and the guard is the rest and the repose in some place and form. In conclusion it is as much to say “''tempo''” and “guard”, as it is to say “motion” and “rest”. Whereby it is necessarily so, that as between two motions there is always a rest, and between two rests there is interposed a motion, apparently between 59 two thrown blows, or two ''tempo''s, or two motions, is found a guard. And between two guards, or rests (as you wish to say) are interposed some blow and ''tempo''. </p>
 
<p>ROD: All right, it suffices that each motion that is single and continuous lies between the preceding and subsequent rest; look, then, ''conte'': before you throw a ''mandritto'', a ''rovescio'', or a ''punta'', you are in some guard; having finished the blow, you find yourself in another guard; that motion of throwing the blow is a ''tempo'', because that blow is a continuous motion; thus the ''tempo'' that it accompanies is a single ''tempo''; when you rest in guard, having finished that motion, you find yourself once again at rest; it is therefore a ''tempo'', a motion, which instead of calling a “motion”, we call a “''tempo''”, because the one does not abandon the other; and the guard is the rest and the repose in some place and form. In conclusion it is as much to say “''tempo''” and “guard”, as it is to say “motion” and “rest”. Whereby it is necessarily so, that as between two motions there is always a rest, and between two rests there is interposed a motion, apparently between 59 two thrown blows, or two ''tempo''s, or two motions, is found a guard. And between two guards, or rests (as you wish to say) are interposed some blow and ''tempo''. </p>
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Revision as of 06:06, 25 November 2023

Angelo Viggiani dal Montone
Died 1552
Bologna (?)
Relative(s) Battista Viggiani (brother)
Occupation Fencing master
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Lo Schermo (1575)
Manuscript(s) Cod. 10723 (1567)
Translations Traduction française

Angelo Viggiani dal Montone (Viziani, Angelus Viggianus; d. 1552) was a 16th century Italian fencing master. Little is known about this master's life, but he was Bolognese by birth and might also have been connected to the court of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.[1]

In 1551, Viggiani completed a treatise on warfare, including fencing with the side sword, but died shortly thereafter. His brother Battista preserved the treatise and recorded in his introduction that Viggiani had asked him not to release it for at least fifteen years.[1] Accordingly, a presentation manuscript of the treatise was completed in 1567 as a gift for Maximilian II (1527-1576), Holy Roman Emperor. It was ultimately published in 1575 under the title Lo Schermo d'Angelo Viggiani.

Treatise

Note: This article includes a very early (2002) draft of Jherek Swanger's translation. An extensively-revised version of the translation was released in print in 2017 as The Fencing Method of Angelo Viggiani: Lo Schermo, Part III. It can be purchased at the following link in softcover.

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Unspecified service to Charles is mentioned in his brother's dedication on page 3.
  2. Literally, “Braggart”.
  3. Literally, “Iron Mouth”.
  4. It is conspicuous that in every other instance in the present text, (at least, in the sections translated here) Viggiani uses the term “da giuoco” (of play/practice) to refer to practice arms. Sydney Anglo (The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe p.324, footnote 102) refers to evidence showing that in late 16th century Spain the spada da marra was considered to be an Italian equivalent of the spada negra, a blunted weapon with a button, and discusses the significance of the different terms. “Marra” in modern Italian is “hoe, fluke of an anchor”, and is given by Florio (A Worlde of Wordes, 1598) to mean “a mattock, a spade, a shovell, a rake to mingle sand and lome together, a pickaxe, or such rusticke instrument.” Thus “spade da marra” may simply mean “swords of blunt metal”, and represent a standard type of practice weapon. Of possible relevance, “smarra” is used to refer to the practice rapier by Marcelli (Regole della scherma, 1686) and others, presumably as a linguistic descendent of “spade da marra” (Gaugler, The History of Fencing, 1998, p. 92); turning again to Florio, “smarrare” is given as “to pare or shave down” and so “smarra” may simply derive from the meaning of “a sword whose point has been pared down”, rather than a contraction of “spada da marra”. It is intriguing to speculate that the term was originally pejorative, suggesting something akin to “swords like shovels”.
  5. Psalm 45:3.
  6. The word for which I substitute the phrase “dull edge” is, in the original, “costa”; the relevant meaning given in Florio is “the back of a knife”. Viggiani uses it to refer, first, to a dull false edge (as in a backsword); and second, to a dull portion of either the false, or, more likely, both edges (as an extended ricasso). I am unaware of a discrete word in English that could stand in adequate stead.
  7. Psalm 149:6-7.
  8. This is almost certainly an error in the original. The text reads “se nascerà la punta dalle parti dritte, chiamerassi punta rovescia”. This is, of course, the complete opposite of what is meant by “punta rovescia”, and Viggiani immediately contradicts this statement on pg. 56V, endnote immediately following.
  9. Here the correct definition (contrary to the preceding endnote) is given: “Se si ferirà con la punta, o nascerà dalle parti diritte, & chiamerassi punta diritta, o dalle parti stanche, & chiamerassi punta rovescia…
  10. "C" is upside down.
  11. Interpreting this maneuver is problematic. It may refer to the practice of arresting a fendente by meeting it at the agent’s hand, hilt, or at worst, forte; yet no mention is made of the patient closing distance to do so, creating the impression of simply putting a hand or forearm in harm’s way rather than take the blow in the head. The relevant passage in the original is “…il suo braccio stanco tien cura, & custodia della testa in pigliare il colpo con la mano, o in ritener co’l braccio la forza sua…
  12. A braccio is a unit of length of approximately 60 centimeters. The specified distance is therefore about 30 cm, or one foot.
  13. This is, of course, in full, “guardia larga, offensiva, imperfetta”.