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| class="noline" | <p>'''To the Most Holy Maximillian II, Emperor, etc.'''<br/><br/></p>
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| <p>'''To the Most Holy Maximillian II, Emperor, etc.'''<br/><br/></p>
  
 
<p>'''Not''' many years have passed since my brother, who had served long under the Imperial banner and was always the humble servant of the happy memory of Charles V, composed a treatise on combat, and finishing it, approached death, asking that this, his composition, not be published until the fifteenth year had passed; and that I, at that time a lad, had as soon as that time came, to offer it to Your Most Holy Majesty, at that time King of Bohemia; which prescription of time I must imagine that he made as a result of the infinite valor that was resplendent in Your Imperial Majesty, by which he was well able to foresee that you would have arrived at such highness, that but little more would remain to pass, in order to bring you unto the Monarchy. And I must also believe, that he did thus, knowing that by this time I would be of an age to apprehend military discipline. But being brought to the hour of discharging my obligation to him, which my brother left me, and to the desire to make known to Your Most Holy Majesty the devotion that I pay to you; I come to offer to you this brief treatise in the name of my brother, and with servitude, and in supplication that you give regard, not to the small value of two petty change gifts, but to our spirits which are to you devoted. With which reverently I bow to you, and pray you that joy which I deem universal.</p>
 
<p>'''Not''' many years have passed since my brother, who had served long under the Imperial banner and was always the humble servant of the happy memory of Charles V, composed a treatise on combat, and finishing it, approached death, asking that this, his composition, not be published until the fifteenth year had passed; and that I, at that time a lad, had as soon as that time came, to offer it to Your Most Holy Majesty, at that time King of Bohemia; which prescription of time I must imagine that he made as a result of the infinite valor that was resplendent in Your Imperial Majesty, by which he was well able to foresee that you would have arrived at such highness, that but little more would remain to pass, in order to bring you unto the Monarchy. And I must also believe, that he did thus, knowing that by this time I would be of an age to apprehend military discipline. But being brought to the hour of discharging my obligation to him, which my brother left me, and to the desire to make known to Your Most Holy Majesty the devotion that I pay to you; I come to offer to you this brief treatise in the name of my brother, and with servitude, and in supplication that you give regard, not to the small value of two petty change gifts, but to our spirits which are to you devoted. With which reverently I bow to you, and pray you that joy which I deem universal.</p>
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| class="noline" | <p>'''To the Most Unvanquished and Serene Maximillian, King of Bohemia.'''</p>
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| <p>'''To the Most Unvanquished and Serene Maximillian, King of Bohemia.'''</p>
  
 
<p>'''Many''' have already wearied themselves, Most Unvanquished King, through praising those who, possessing some particular virtue, appear to them deserving of eternal fame, judging a single virtue to be (as is true) most worthy of praise. But if through a single attribute they deserved being thus praised, how then will Your Majesty deserve, in whom appear so many of them, and so perfect? I will not mention the liberality and the renowned magnificence miraculously present in you, knowing the most generous breeding that you bring along from the maternal womb. I will not mention your humanity and magnanimity, knowing that to you nature was a most abundant donor, and speak particularly of so many other infinite virtues you acquire through your own studies, and of most knowledgeable counsels, that in this, your most esteemed age, are a sign of such profound discourse, and judgment. Accordingly, if those ancient excellent writers found themselves in these times, I am certain, that regarding such high wisdom, to you alone they would dedicate their intellects, secure that praising you they would acquire more glory than if they did not give thereof to you; although I maintain it firmly to be not through the lack of elevated wits that, excited by such laudable desire, they will display your clear and worthy merits to the ages that are to come. I am for my part so greatly inspired by the virtuous works of Your Majesty, that (if I might know myself to be in part worthy of it) I would seek to celebrate them with all of my power. But since my faculties are disproportionate to this grave burden, may I at least, in order to show you part of my devotion, present to you this little work, unworthy in and of itself, but made worthy by the name of Your Majesty, supplicating you to accept it as a sign of the servitude already dedicated to you. In the first part of which is treated, how arms are not less worthy than the sciences; then in the second is reasoned which came first, either offense or defense; and in the third and last is chosen a single ''schermo'' composed of offense, and of guards of greater perfection than all others, and done with the ''spada dafilo'' (because it is my intention to discuss thereof), wherein I reduce under several few headings all the perfect art of the sword, it seeming to me that with a most perfect Prince, one must not deal with things imperfect; which I will show to you in facts when in the proper place; where I hope to provide you explanation, recognizing how different it is to express similar things to you in deeds, and in writing; with which I bow to you with every humility, and dedicate myself to you, remaining desirous of your grace, and of your felicity. From Bologna.</p>
 
<p>'''Many''' have already wearied themselves, Most Unvanquished King, through praising those who, possessing some particular virtue, appear to them deserving of eternal fame, judging a single virtue to be (as is true) most worthy of praise. But if through a single attribute they deserved being thus praised, how then will Your Majesty deserve, in whom appear so many of them, and so perfect? I will not mention the liberality and the renowned magnificence miraculously present in you, knowing the most generous breeding that you bring along from the maternal womb. I will not mention your humanity and magnanimity, knowing that to you nature was a most abundant donor, and speak particularly of so many other infinite virtues you acquire through your own studies, and of most knowledgeable counsels, that in this, your most esteemed age, are a sign of such profound discourse, and judgment. Accordingly, if those ancient excellent writers found themselves in these times, I am certain, that regarding such high wisdom, to you alone they would dedicate their intellects, secure that praising you they would acquire more glory than if they did not give thereof to you; although I maintain it firmly to be not through the lack of elevated wits that, excited by such laudable desire, they will display your clear and worthy merits to the ages that are to come. I am for my part so greatly inspired by the virtuous works of Your Majesty, that (if I might know myself to be in part worthy of it) I would seek to celebrate them with all of my power. But since my faculties are disproportionate to this grave burden, may I at least, in order to show you part of my devotion, present to you this little work, unworthy in and of itself, but made worthy by the name of Your Majesty, supplicating you to accept it as a sign of the servitude already dedicated to you. In the first part of which is treated, how arms are not less worthy than the sciences; then in the second is reasoned which came first, either offense or defense; and in the third and last is chosen a single ''schermo'' composed of offense, and of guards of greater perfection than all others, and done with the ''spada dafilo'' (because it is my intention to discuss thereof), wherein I reduce under several few headings all the perfect art of the sword, it seeming to me that with a most perfect Prince, one must not deal with things imperfect; which I will show to you in facts when in the proper place; where I hope to provide you explanation, recognizing how different it is to express similar things to you in deeds, and in writing; with which I bow to you with every humility, and dedicate myself to you, remaining desirous of your grace, and of your felicity. From Bologna.</p>
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<p>'''The intention''' of the author of the present treatise is to demonstrate a ''schermo'' which is particularly his own; and because unto this end are things designated, it is reasonably written in a treatise of a ''schermo'' of the unaccompanied ''spada da filo'', etc., and is divided into three parts, as three in number are the things with which it treats: in the first it disputes the excellence of arms and of letters; in the second, of offense and defense, seeking to determine which came first, and is more natural, and more chivalric; and in the third, it speaks of the same combat, since combat being an action of offense and defense between two knights, it was proper to discourse upon the perfection of chivalry, and of the dignity of offense, and defense, and of the excellence of combat. He teaches combat in the last part, because this proposal being his aim, he must be teaching it in the final place; and discussing in the first part the excellence of the knight, as a thing directed to that aim, and as offense and defense are more universal than not, he follows the order of that doctrine that one is to proceed from the more to the less universal. Discussing of these three things under the form of a dialogue will render facility, because dialogue lends itself to debate, and to teaching, and learning, and he introduces in the first and second parts two of the more excellent of their age in their professions, the Most Illustrious Signor Aluigi Gonzaga, called “Rodomonte,”<ref>Literally, “Braggart”.</ref> and the Most Excellent Messer Lodovico Bocadiferro<ref>Literally, “Iron Mouth”.</ref> Bolognese; because debate of questions of such difficulty required being treated of by worthy personages, and particularly by a valorous and erudite knight; which, for the same reason, they are also introduced in the second part, and in the third part unto them is joined the Most Illustrious Signor Conte d’Agomonte, himself a famous knight as well, and deservedly praised.</p>
 
<p>'''The intention''' of the author of the present treatise is to demonstrate a ''schermo'' which is particularly his own; and because unto this end are things designated, it is reasonably written in a treatise of a ''schermo'' of the unaccompanied ''spada da filo'', etc., and is divided into three parts, as three in number are the things with which it treats: in the first it disputes the excellence of arms and of letters; in the second, of offense and defense, seeking to determine which came first, and is more natural, and more chivalric; and in the third, it speaks of the same combat, since combat being an action of offense and defense between two knights, it was proper to discourse upon the perfection of chivalry, and of the dignity of offense, and defense, and of the excellence of combat. He teaches combat in the last part, because this proposal being his aim, he must be teaching it in the final place; and discussing in the first part the excellence of the knight, as a thing directed to that aim, and as offense and defense are more universal than not, he follows the order of that doctrine that one is to proceed from the more to the less universal. Discussing of these three things under the form of a dialogue will render facility, because dialogue lends itself to debate, and to teaching, and learning, and he introduces in the first and second parts two of the more excellent of their age in their professions, the Most Illustrious Signor Aluigi Gonzaga, called “Rodomonte,”<ref>Literally, “Braggart”.</ref> and the Most Excellent Messer Lodovico Bocadiferro<ref>Literally, “Iron Mouth”.</ref> Bolognese; because debate of questions of such difficulty required being treated of by worthy personages, and particularly by a valorous and erudite knight; which, for the same reason, they are also introduced in the second part, and in the third part unto them is joined the Most Illustrious Signor Conte d’Agomonte, himself a famous knight as well, and deservedly praised.</p>
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<p>Since we want to exercise ourselves for half an hour, ''Signor Conte'', </p>
 
<p>Since we want to exercise ourselves for half an hour, ''Signor Conte'', </p>
 
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<p>CON: This is certainly the cause that one day, while exercising with the ''conte'' di Mega, rather moved by the fury of choler, I performed two ''mandritti tondi'', the one after the other without any pause, so that I did not elevate one above the other (and indeed you know, Rodomonte, how hard it would be to do it) whereat the ''conte'' was amazed, saying that he had never been able to do it, although he had studied all of the strokes of the sword. </p>
 
<p>CON: This is certainly the cause that one day, while exercising with the ''conte'' di Mega, rather moved by the fury of choler, I performed two ''mandritti tondi'', the one after the other without any pause, so that I did not elevate one above the other (and indeed you know, Rodomonte, how hard it would be to do it) whereat the ''conte'' was amazed, saying that he had never been able to do it, although he had studied all of the strokes of the sword. </p>
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| rowspan="3" | <p><small>''Why one cannot learn a perfect blow with practice weapons, but only with those which are edged.''</small></p>
 
| rowspan="3" | <p><small>''Why one cannot learn a perfect blow with practice weapons, but only with those which are edged.''</small></p>
  
<p>ROD: I would not say now that you cannot do all those ways of striking, of warding, and of guards, with those weapons, and equally with these, but you will do them imperfectly with those, and most perfectly with these edged ones, because if (for example) you ward a thrust put to you by the enemy, beating aside his sword with a ''mandritto'', so that that thrust did not face your breast, while playing with ''spade da marra'',<ref>It is conspicuous that in every other instance in the present text, (at least, in the sections translated here) Viggiani uses the term “''da giuoco''” (of play/practice) to refer to practice arms. Sydney Anglo (''The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe'' p.324, footnote 102) refers to evidence showing that in late 16th century Spain the ''spada da marra'' was considered to be an Italian equivalent of the ''spada negra'', a blunted weapon with a button, and discusses the significance of the different terms. “''Marra''” in modern Italian is “hoe, fluke of an anchor”, and is given by Florio (''A Worlde of Wordes'', 1598) to mean “a mattock, a spade, a shovell, a rake to mingle sand and lome together, a pickaxe, or such rusticke instrument.” Thus “''spade da marra''” may simply mean “swords of blunt metal”, and represent a standard type of practice weapon. Of possible relevance, “''smarra''” is used to refer to the practice rapier by Marcelli (''Regole della scherma'', 1686) and others, presumably as a linguistic descendent of “''spade da marra''” (Gaugler, ''The History of Fencing'', 1998, p. 92); turning again to Florio, “''smarrare''” is given as “to pare or shave down” and so “''smarra''” may simply derive from the meaning of “a sword whose point has been pared down”, rather than a contraction of “''spada da marra''”. It is intriguing to speculate that the term was originally pejorative, suggesting something akin to “swords like shovels”.</ref> it will suffice you to beat it only a little, indeed, for you to learn the ''schermo''; but if they were spade da filo, you would drive that ''mandritto'' with all of your strength in order to push well aside the enemy’s thrust. Behold that this would be a perfect blow, done with wisdom, and with promptness, unleashed with more length, and thrown with more force, that it would have been with those other arms. How will you fare, ''conte'', if you take perfect arms in your hand, and not stand with all your spirit, and with all your intent judgment? </p>
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<p>ROD: I would not say now that you cannot do all those ways of striking, of warding, and of guards, with those weapons, and equally with these, but you will do them imperfectly with those, and most perfectly with these edged ones, because if (for example) you ward a thrust put to you by the enemy, beating aside his sword with a ''mandritto'', so that that thrust did not face your breast, while playing with ''spade da marra'',<ref>It is conspicuous that in every other instance in the present text, (at least, in the sections translated here) Viggiani uses the term “''da giuoco''” (of play/practice) to refer to practice arms. [[Sydney Anglo]] (''The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe'' p.324, footnote 102) refers to evidence showing that in late 16th century Spain the ''spada da marra'' was considered to be an Italian equivalent of the ''spada negra'', a blunted weapon with a button, and discusses the significance of the different terms. “''Marra''” in modern Italian is “hoe, fluke of an anchor”, and is given by Florio (''A Worlde of Wordes'', 1598) to mean “a mattock, a spade, a shovell, a rake to mingle sand and lome together, a pickaxe, or such rusticke instrument.” Thus “''spade da marra''” may simply mean “swords of blunt metal”, and represent a standard type of practice weapon. Of possible relevance, “''smarra''” is used to refer to the practice rapier by Marcelli (''Regole della scherma'', 1686) and others, presumably as a linguistic descendent of “''spade da marra''” (Gaugler, ''The History of Fencing'', 1998, p. 92); turning again to Florio, “''smarrare''” is given as “to pare or shave down” and so “''smarra''” may simply derive from the meaning of “a sword whose point has been pared down”, rather than a contraction of “''spada da marra''”. It is intriguing to speculate that the term was originally pejorative, suggesting something akin to “swords like shovels”.</ref> it will suffice you to beat it only a little, indeed, for you to learn the ''schermo''; but if they were spade da filo, you would drive that ''mandritto'' with all of your strength in order to push well aside the enemy’s thrust. Behold that this would be a perfect blow, done with wisdom, and with promptness, unleashed with more length, and thrown with more force, that it would have been with those other arms. How will you fare, ''conte'', if you take perfect arms in your hand, and not stand with all your spirit, and with all your intent judgment? </p>
 
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''Prerogatives and praises of the sword.''</small></p>
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| <p><small>''Prerogatives and praises of the sword.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: Of its prerogatives I will leave you to judge, ''conte''. Which is that weapon that can withstand the blows of the sword? What things would you be able to do with any other arm, that you could do with the sword; on the contrary, many parries, and protections, and sorts of strikes you will discover in it, which you cannot easily find in any others; from which it is to be recognized that all of the art consists perfectly in the sword; </p>
 
<p>ROD: Of its prerogatives I will leave you to judge, ''conte''. Which is that weapon that can withstand the blows of the sword? What things would you be able to do with any other arm, that you could do with the sword; on the contrary, many parries, and protections, and sorts of strikes you will discover in it, which you cannot easily find in any others; from which it is to be recognized that all of the art consists perfectly in the sword; </p>
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| rowspan="3" | <p>ROD: You do not know, ''conte'', of how much importance the edge of the sword is, and if the enemy then beats back your sword toward your face, it is not a defect of the sword, but of you, that you do not know the art, or that you have too little strength in you; it was indeed safer, but also less able to offend.</p>
 
| rowspan="3" | <p>ROD: You do not know, ''conte'', of how much importance the edge of the sword is, and if the enemy then beats back your sword toward your face, it is not a defect of the sword, but of you, that you do not know the art, or that you have too little strength in you; it was indeed safer, but also less able to offend.</p>
 
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| rowspan="9" | <p>ROD: I cannot describe it to you, ''conte'', but open your eyes well, and pay diligent attention to my wrist, and foremost to the dexterity of the manner of resettling it. Do you see how I do it? Similar actions are to be demonstrated, and to be learned, more and better in proof, and with the sense of sight, than with words; and whoever wanted to express them in words would be in need of that which I know well-- all the muscles of the hand, and the fingers; and I will tell you, that you need to do such and such motion, with this and that muscle, and relax the hand thus, and grip it thus; and he would serve in the role of a good doctor, and a professor of anatomy; because another would not understand it; do these two successive ''mandritti tondi'' of yours a bit, ''conte''. </p>
 
| rowspan="9" | <p>ROD: I cannot describe it to you, ''conte'', but open your eyes well, and pay diligent attention to my wrist, and foremost to the dexterity of the manner of resettling it. Do you see how I do it? Similar actions are to be demonstrated, and to be learned, more and better in proof, and with the sense of sight, than with words; and whoever wanted to express them in words would be in need of that which I know well-- all the muscles of the hand, and the fingers; and I will tell you, that you need to do such and such motion, with this and that muscle, and relax the hand thus, and grip it thus; and he would serve in the role of a good doctor, and a professor of anatomy; because another would not understand it; do these two successive ''mandritti tondi'' of yours a bit, ''conte''. </p>
 
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| rowspan="2" class="noline" | <p><small>''Which is the true and the false edge.''</small></p>
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| rowspan="2" | <p><small>''Which is the true and the false edge.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: You know well what is the true and the false edge, that having the double-edged sword by your hip, that edge which is facing more toward the ground is called the true edge, and that which is toward your upper body, facing the sky, is called the false; </p>
 
<p>ROD: You know well what is the true and the false edge, that having the double-edged sword by your hip, that edge which is facing more toward the ground is called the true edge, and that which is toward your upper body, facing the sky, is called the false; </p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''Why they are called the true and the false edge.''</small></p>
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| <p><small>''Why they are called the true and the false edge.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>and the reason is this: that throwing a ''mandritto'', or a ''rovescio'', the sword always falls naturally with that edge. I say therefore that there are no other types of strikes than these said three, that can not be classified as one of them; because all those blows that initiate from the right side of the body, </p>
 
<p>and the reason is this: that throwing a ''mandritto'', or a ''rovescio'', the sword always falls naturally with that edge. I say therefore that there are no other types of strikes than these said three, that can not be classified as one of them; because all those blows that initiate from the right side of the body, </p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''Which are called ''mandritti.</small></p>
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| <p><small>''Which are called ''mandritti.</small></p>
  
 
<p>both with the right forward and with the left, are all to be called ''mandritti'', having their origin from the right side, whether from top to bottom, or bottom to top; and these blows have their endings on the left side. See you, ''conte'', that the ''tondo mandritto'', as well as the ''sgualembrato'', together with the ''falso dritto'', should be included under the name of “''dritto''”;</p>
 
<p>both with the right forward and with the left, are all to be called ''mandritti'', having their origin from the right side, whether from top to bottom, or bottom to top; and these blows have their endings on the left side. See you, ''conte'', that the ''tondo mandritto'', as well as the ''sgualembrato'', together with the ''falso dritto'', should be included under the name of “''dritto''”;</p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''Three types of strikes derived from three dimensions of continuous quantity.''</small></p>
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| <p><small>''Three types of strikes derived from three dimensions of continuous quantity.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: You maintain that I do not know that obvious argument, ''conte'', for although the ''fendenti'' descend or ascend through a straight line, it appears possible to denominate them as being more from the right than the left side; and in addition, there is this more forceful argument: that there are three dimensions: height, width, and depth; it appears that the ''mandritti'' and ''rovesci'' terminate in width; the thrust of the point, and its withdrawal, terminate in depth; it is accordingly just that the ''fendenti'', and those that you call ''montanti'', terminate in height; and that as these differences of position are varied, thus are these blows also varied; </p>
 
<p>ROD: You maintain that I do not know that obvious argument, ''conte'', for although the ''fendenti'' descend or ascend through a straight line, it appears possible to denominate them as being more from the right than the left side; and in addition, there is this more forceful argument: that there are three dimensions: height, width, and depth; it appears that the ''mandritti'' and ''rovesci'' terminate in width; the thrust of the point, and its withdrawal, terminate in depth; it is accordingly just that the ''fendenti'', and those that you call ''montanti'', terminate in height; and that as these differences of position are varied, thus are these blows also varied; </p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''There are only three kinds of strikes, considering those had by the sword at the hip.''</small></p>
+
| <p><small>''There are only three kinds of strikes, considering those had by the sword at the hip.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: I will explain it: if you find for yourself your sword at your hip, laying hand to sword teaches you the ''mandritto'', moving your hand from your right, located on the grip of the sword, toward your left side; unsheathing the sword teaches you the ''rovescio'', drawing it from the left to the right side. Seeing that you have fury, make it to be that the point of your sword is aimed at the breast or the face of your enemy; whereupon from putting your hand to your sword, and drawing it, and setting yourself in place against your enemy, you derive these three natural blows; from here you cannot, ''conte'', derive the high to low ''fendente'', or the low to high.</p>
 
<p>ROD: I will explain it: if you find for yourself your sword at your hip, laying hand to sword teaches you the ''mandritto'', moving your hand from your right, located on the grip of the sword, toward your left side; unsheathing the sword teaches you the ''rovescio'', drawing it from the left to the right side. Seeing that you have fury, make it to be that the point of your sword is aimed at the breast or the face of your enemy; whereupon from putting your hand to your sword, and drawing it, and setting yourself in place against your enemy, you derive these three natural blows; from here you cannot, ''conte'', derive the high to low ''fendente'', or the low to high.</p>
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| rowspan="3" | <p>CON: No, no, let us follow the common way: you know what I want from you, Rodomonte: that you make me something like a tree of all these general and particular blows, and make of them an orderly division.</p>
 
| rowspan="3" | <p>CON: No, no, let us follow the common way: you know what I want from you, Rodomonte: that you make me something like a tree of all these general and particular blows, and make of them an orderly division.</p>
 
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''Division of the family of strikes into types according to their differences.''</small></p>
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| <p><small>''Division of the family of strikes into types according to their differences.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>I am happy to do this welcome thing for you; accordingly I tell you that the first family will be the strike. The strike can be of two sorts, either the cut or the thrust. The cut is either with the true edge of the sword or with the false edge. </p>
 
<p>I am happy to do this welcome thing for you; accordingly I tell you that the first family will be the strike. The strike can be of two sorts, either the cut or the thrust. The cut is either with the true edge of the sword or with the false edge. </p>
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| class="noline" | <p><br/></p>
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<p>The blows with the true edge are of two types, ''mandritto'' and ''rovescio''; the ''mandritto'' can be ''tondo, fendente'', and ''sgualembrato'', depending on how the edge falls; if simply from high to low, it will be called “''fendente discendente dritto''”; if it rises from low to high, it will be called “''fendente ascendente dritto''”; if the true edge cut goes from the right to the left side, it will be called “''mandritto tondo''”; if it should go ''sgualembro'', that is, that it begins high and ends low, and simultaneously from the right to the left side, they will call it “''mandritto sgualembrato''”; if, on the other hand, it goes from low to high, it will be a “''sgualembrato ascendente''”, which, however, is composed of the ''tondo'' and of the ''fendente''.</p>
 
<p>The blows with the true edge are of two types, ''mandritto'' and ''rovescio''; the ''mandritto'' can be ''tondo, fendente'', and ''sgualembrato'', depending on how the edge falls; if simply from high to low, it will be called “''fendente discendente dritto''”; if it rises from low to high, it will be called “''fendente ascendente dritto''”; if the true edge cut goes from the right to the left side, it will be called “''mandritto tondo''”; if it should go ''sgualembro'', that is, that it begins high and ends low, and simultaneously from the right to the left side, they will call it “''mandritto sgualembrato''”; if, on the other hand, it goes from low to high, it will be a “''sgualembrato ascendente''”, which, however, is composed of the ''tondo'' and of the ''fendente''.</p>
| class="noline" | <p><br/></p>
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|-  
 
|-  
| class="noline" | <p><small>''There are as many types of strikes with the true edge as there are with the false.''</small></p>
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| <p><small>''There are as many types of strikes with the true edge as there are with the false.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>These are the types of the ''mandritto''. The ''rovescio'' has as many other types, and not more; and if one would strike with the false edge, there are born therefrom as many kinds of strikes as with the true edge, except that you need to add the designation of “''falso''” to all the particular names, saying “''falso mandritto''”, “''falso rovescio''”, “''falso mandritto tondo''”, “''falso mandritto sgualembrato''”, “''falso fendente''”, and thus with all the others from side to side, adding to each this designation of “''falso''”. </p>
 
<p>These are the types of the ''mandritto''. The ''rovescio'' has as many other types, and not more; and if one would strike with the false edge, there are born therefrom as many kinds of strikes as with the true edge, except that you need to add the designation of “''falso''” to all the particular names, saying “''falso mandritto''”, “''falso rovescio''”, “''falso mandritto tondo''”, “''falso mandritto sgualembrato''”, “''falso fendente''”, and thus with all the others from side to side, adding to each this designation of “''falso''”. </p>
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| rowspan="3" | <p>CON: And I maintain the exact opposite. Because it seems to me that the ''mandritto'' is more noble, more natural, and more proper, and after that its opposite, the ''rovescio'', and finally the ''punta''; and for what reason do you assign your order? </p>
 
| rowspan="3" | <p>CON: And I maintain the exact opposite. Because it seems to me that the ''mandritto'' is more noble, more natural, and more proper, and after that its opposite, the ''rovescio'', and finally the ''punta''; and for what reason do you assign your order? </p>
 
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<p>ROD: For the same reason, for being of greater offense; you see, this ''mandritto'' that I deliver to you, offends you in principle, but goes falling every time, and taking less distance from the body. Behold, how my arm goes falling just now; but, I ask of you, regard this ''rovescio'' a bit, how on the contrary it goes on an entirely rising path; don’t you see how much the arm and the shoulder lengthen themselves just now, completely elevating themselves, continuously augmenting the strike, and doing greater effect? </p>
 
<p>ROD: For the same reason, for being of greater offense; you see, this ''mandritto'' that I deliver to you, offends you in principle, but goes falling every time, and taking less distance from the body. Behold, how my arm goes falling just now; but, I ask of you, regard this ''rovescio'' a bit, how on the contrary it goes on an entirely rising path; don’t you see how much the arm and the shoulder lengthen themselves just now, completely elevating themselves, continuously augmenting the strike, and doing greater effect? </p>
| class="noline" | <p><br/></p>
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| rowspan="5" | <p>CON: Can you not settle yourself with your right foot and with your right side advanced, more exposed to the enemy, and thus with the left foot and with the left side? And can you not form all those guards named by our Masters, and by the common school, and “''guardia da entrare''”, and “''guardia di testa''”, and “''guardia stretta''”, and “''guardia larga''”, and “''becca cesa''”, and all the others? </p>
 
| rowspan="5" | <p>CON: Can you not settle yourself with your right foot and with your right side advanced, more exposed to the enemy, and thus with the left foot and with the left side? And can you not form all those guards named by our Masters, and by the common school, and “''guardia da entrare''”, and “''guardia di testa''”, and “''guardia stretta''”, and “''guardia larga''”, and “''becca cesa''”, and all the others? </p>
 
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| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/144|3|lbl=60r.3}}
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''There can be nearly an infinity of guards.''</small></p>
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| <p><small>''There can be nearly an infinity of guards.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: I can; rather there are an infinity of guards, ''conte'', as there can be an infinity of settlements and positions; and it is true that each increment of space that you move the sword from high to low, or from low to high, from the forward to the rear, and the contrary, and from the right side to the left, and the contrary, and each little bit that you retire your foot from place to place, and in sum every infinitesimal movement forms diverse guards, which movements are without number or end. These Masters have, rather, placed names to those more necessary in order to have a way to be able to teach to their disciples with more facility, and having taken such names from some similarity or effect, from which whomever has well considered the semblances of the animals perhaps may have been able more appropriately to say “guard of the Unicorn”, “guard of the Lion”, and other such; but I, who am not a Master of a school, to you, who are not now my disciple, do not intend to give you to understand today all our exercises entirely for practice, but I will select only a ''schermo'' (as I said) with which, coming to blows with your enemy, or assaulted by him, or assaulting him, you can perfectly and preparedly strike him mortal wounds, and make a most secure defense from his; </p>
 
<p>ROD: I can; rather there are an infinity of guards, ''conte'', as there can be an infinity of settlements and positions; and it is true that each increment of space that you move the sword from high to low, or from low to high, from the forward to the rear, and the contrary, and from the right side to the left, and the contrary, and each little bit that you retire your foot from place to place, and in sum every infinitesimal movement forms diverse guards, which movements are without number or end. These Masters have, rather, placed names to those more necessary in order to have a way to be able to teach to their disciples with more facility, and having taken such names from some similarity or effect, from which whomever has well considered the semblances of the animals perhaps may have been able more appropriately to say “guard of the Unicorn”, “guard of the Lion”, and other such; but I, who am not a Master of a school, to you, who are not now my disciple, do not intend to give you to understand today all our exercises entirely for practice, but I will select only a ''schermo'' (as I said) with which, coming to blows with your enemy, or assaulted by him, or assaulting him, you can perfectly and preparedly strike him mortal wounds, and make a most secure defense from his; </p>
| class="noline" | <p><br/></p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''Advantage in the stepping from the perspective of the enemy.''</small></p>
+
| <p><small>''Advantage in the stepping from the perspective of the enemy.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: Briefly I tell you that when the enemy, in stepping, lifts his left foot in order to move a step, that he is then a bit discommoded, and then you can strike him with ease, and again change guard without fear, because he is intent on the other; and this is from the perspective of the enemy.</p>
 
<p>ROD: Briefly I tell you that when the enemy, in stepping, lifts his left foot in order to move a step, that he is then a bit discommoded, and then you can strike him with ease, and again change guard without fear, because he is intent on the other; and this is from the perspective of the enemy.</p>
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| rowspan="2" | <p>CON: I rest very satisfied by such as you have said to me concerning wherein may lie the advantage in placing oneself in guard while striking and stepping; now I wish to know what ''tempo'' is, and what is signified to us by saying a “''tempo''” and a “''mezo tempo''”. </p>
 
| rowspan="2" | <p>CON: I rest very satisfied by such as you have said to me concerning wherein may lie the advantage in placing oneself in guard while striking and stepping; now I wish to know what ''tempo'' is, and what is signified to us by saying a “''tempo''” and a “''mezo tempo''”. </p>
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| rowspan="2" class="noline" | <p>ROD: It is a great controversy among the philosophers, in viewing the nature of ''tempo'', and it is difficult to comprehend, and better to inquire about it of Bocadiferro, now that we come to it. </p>
+
| rowspan="2" | <p>ROD: It is a great controversy among the philosophers, in viewing the nature of ''tempo'', and it is difficult to comprehend, and better to inquire about it of Bocadiferro, now that we come to it. </p>
 
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| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/150|4|lbl=63r.4}}
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''Why during sleep ''tempo'' is not recognized.''</small></p>
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| <p><small>''Why during sleep ''tempo'' is not recognized.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>BOC: Because when the external senses are bound (sleep being nothing other than a binding of all the external senses) we do not comprehend motion, and consequently ''tempo'' is not recognized, which is an occasion inseparable from motion, or to say it better, it is the same motion according to other considerations; whereupon reaching the first instant, the first beginning of the ''tempo'' of sleep, to the last instant, the sleep ends, it not being possible to understand the ''tempo mezo'', </p>
 
<p>BOC: Because when the external senses are bound (sleep being nothing other than a binding of all the external senses) we do not comprehend motion, and consequently ''tempo'' is not recognized, which is an occasion inseparable from motion, or to say it better, it is the same motion according to other considerations; whereupon reaching the first instant, the first beginning of the ''tempo'' of sleep, to the last instant, the sleep ends, it not being possible to understand the ''tempo mezo'', </p>
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| rowspan="3" |  
 
| rowspan="3" |  
| class="noline" | <p><small>''Between two blows lies a guard, and between two guards, a blow.''</small></p>
+
| <p><small>''Between two blows lies a guard, and between two guards, a blow.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: All right, it suffices that each motion that is single and continuous lies between the preceding and subsequent rest; look, then, ''conte'': before you throw a ''mandritto'', a ''rovescio'', or a ''punta'', you are in some guard; having finished the blow, you find yourself in another guard; that motion of throwing the blow is a ''tempo'', because that blow is a continuous motion; thus the ''tempo'' that it accompanies is a single ''tempo''; when you rest in guard, having finished that motion, you find yourself once again at rest; it is therefore a ''tempo'', a motion, which instead of calling a “motion”, we call a “''tempo''”, because the one does not abandon the other; and the guard is the rest and the repose in some place and form. In conclusion it is as much to say “''tempo''” and “guard”, as it is to say “motion” and “rest”. Whereby it is necessarily so, that as between two motions there is always a rest, and between two rests there is interposed a motion, apparently between 59 two thrown blows, or two ''tempo''s, or two motions, is found a guard. And between two guards, or rests (as you wish to say) are interposed some blow and ''tempo''. </p>
 
<p>ROD: All right, it suffices that each motion that is single and continuous lies between the preceding and subsequent rest; look, then, ''conte'': before you throw a ''mandritto'', a ''rovescio'', or a ''punta'', you are in some guard; having finished the blow, you find yourself in another guard; that motion of throwing the blow is a ''tempo'', because that blow is a continuous motion; thus the ''tempo'' that it accompanies is a single ''tempo''; when you rest in guard, having finished that motion, you find yourself once again at rest; it is therefore a ''tempo'', a motion, which instead of calling a “motion”, we call a “''tempo''”, because the one does not abandon the other; and the guard is the rest and the repose in some place and form. In conclusion it is as much to say “''tempo''” and “guard”, as it is to say “motion” and “rest”. Whereby it is necessarily so, that as between two motions there is always a rest, and between two rests there is interposed a motion, apparently between 59 two thrown blows, or two ''tempo''s, or two motions, is found a guard. And between two guards, or rests (as you wish to say) are interposed some blow and ''tempo''. </p>
| class="noline" | <p><br/></p>
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| <p><br/></p>
  
 
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| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/152|f1|lbl=-}}
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|-  
 
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''What is a full ''tempo'' and ''mezo tempo'' in striking.''</small></p>
+
| <p><small>''What is a full ''tempo'' and ''mezo tempo'' in striking.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>Thus a full ''tempo'' is a full perfect blow, because that would be a perfect motion and ''tempo''. And a ''mezo tempo'' would then be (as you said) a ''mezo rovescio'', a ''mezo mandritto''. And every bit of movement of the body is called a ''mezo tempo''; and if you see it said sometimes that one strikes in ''mezo tempo'', do not believe nevertheless that this is always true; because now one strikes with a full blow, in full ''tempo'', and now one strikes with a half blow, in ''mezo tempo''; </p>
 
<p>Thus a full ''tempo'' is a full perfect blow, because that would be a perfect motion and ''tempo''. And a ''mezo tempo'' would then be (as you said) a ''mezo rovescio'', a ''mezo mandritto''. And every bit of movement of the body is called a ''mezo tempo''; and if you see it said sometimes that one strikes in ''mezo tempo'', do not believe nevertheless that this is always true; because now one strikes with a full blow, in full ''tempo'', and now one strikes with a half blow, in ''mezo tempo''; </p>
| class="noline" | <p><br/></p>
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| <p><br/></p>
  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.10723 93v.jpg|2|lbl=93v.2}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.10723 93v.jpg|2|lbl=93v.2}}
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| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/153|f1|lbl=-}}
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| <p>ROD: This is a fairly fitting example; but we give the principal place to my ''schermo'', beginning with the first guard. </p>
 
| <p>ROD: This is a fairly fitting example; but we give the principal place to my ''schermo'', beginning with the first guard. </p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Cod.10723 94r.jpg|8|lbl=94r.8}}
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 94r.jpg|8|lbl=94r.8}}
 
| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/153|4|lbl=64v.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/153|4|lbl=64v.4}}
  
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|  
 
|  
 
| <p>BOC: And I will silence myself, and will watch you, reserving for myself however the liberty to be able to ask of you at times some thing that I desire to know. </p>
 
| <p>BOC: And I will silence myself, and will watch you, reserving for myself however the liberty to be able to ask of you at times some thing that I desire to know. </p>
| class="noline" |  
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| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/153|5|lbl=64v.5}}
 
| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/153|5|lbl=64v.5}}
  
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| <p>CON: That is well reasoned, and we likewise will look to you for that (as you know more than we) when such occasions occur. But speak of the first guard, Rodomonte. </p>
 
| <p>CON: That is well reasoned, and we likewise will look to you for that (as you know more than we) when such occasions occur. But speak of the first guard, Rodomonte. </p>
| class="noline" |  
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| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/153|6|lbl=64v.6}}
 
| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/153|6|lbl=64v.6}}
  
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| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/153|f2|lbl=-}}
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| rowspan="7" class="noline" | <p><small>''Advice that all the guards be done with the right foot, and with the right side, toward the enemy.''</small></p>
+
| rowspan="7" | <p><small>''Advice that all the guards be done with the right foot, and with the right side, toward the enemy.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: The ''rovescio'', but you are advised that all seven guards must be done with the right foot and the right side advance toward the enemy; because they are less mortal and have greater strength and faculty than the left, as much in the offending as well as in the defending. Watch, therefore, ''conte'', now I hold this sword at my left hip; if I wish to avail myself of it, and use it against you, either to offend you or to defend myself, it will be necessary that I put my right hand here at the hilt of the sword, in order to draw it forth, </p>
 
<p>ROD: The ''rovescio'', but you are advised that all seven guards must be done with the right foot and the right side advance toward the enemy; because they are less mortal and have greater strength and faculty than the left, as much in the offending as well as in the defending. Watch, therefore, ''conte'', now I hold this sword at my left hip; if I wish to avail myself of it, and use it against you, either to offend you or to defend myself, it will be necessary that I put my right hand here at the hilt of the sword, in order to draw it forth, </p>
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| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/154|f1|lbl=-}}
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 94v.jpg|9|lbl=94v.9}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 94v.jpg|9|lbl=94v.9}}
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/154|2|lbl=65r.2}}
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 94v.jpg|10|lbl=94v.10}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 94v.jpg|10|lbl=94v.10}}
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 94v.jpg|11|lbl=94v.11}}
 
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| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/154|3|lbl=65r.3}}
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| rowspan="5" | <p>CON: Do you see whether I do it, too? Look, I draw my sword, and here’s the ''rovescio''; I’m standing with my right side and with my right foot advanced toward you. </p>
 
| rowspan="5" | <p>CON: Do you see whether I do it, too? Look, I draw my sword, and here’s the ''rovescio''; I’m standing with my right side and with my right foot advanced toward you. </p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 95r.jpg|2|lbl=95r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 95r.jpg|2|lbl=95r.2}}
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/156|1|lbl=66r.1}}
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 95r.jpg|4|lbl=95r.4}}
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/156|2|lbl=66r.2}}
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{{section|Page:Cod.10723 95r.jpg|7|lbl=95r.7}}
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/156|f1|lbl=-}}
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| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/156|f1|lbl=-}}
  
 
{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/156|4|lbl=66r.4}}
 
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 95r.jpg|8|lbl=95r.8}}
 
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{{section|Page:Cod.10723 95r.jpg|9|lbl=95r.9|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.10723 96r.jpg|1|lbl=96r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.10723 95r.jpg|9|lbl=95r.9|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.10723 96r.jpg|1|lbl=96r.1|p=1}}
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/156|5|lbl=66r.5}}
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| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/156|5|lbl=66r.5}}
  
 
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 96r.jpg|2|lbl=96r.2}}
 
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| rowspan="3" | <p>CON: I’m watching, but I cannot settle this right leg with the body well, and if I lift the heel of my left foot, I cannot support myself on it well, nor have my right leg extended and somewhat raised. </p>
 
| rowspan="3" | <p>CON: I’m watching, but I cannot settle this right leg with the body well, and if I lift the heel of my left foot, I cannot support myself on it well, nor have my right leg extended and somewhat raised. </p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 96r.jpg|4|lbl=96r.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 96r.jpg|4|lbl=96r.4}}
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/156|7|lbl=66r.7}}
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| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/156|7|lbl=66r.7}}
  
 
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{{section|Page:Cod.10723 96r.jpg|5|lbl=96r.5|p=1}}<ref>This is the same as the statement from Rodomonte two paragraphs down in the printed book.</ref>
 
{{section|Page:Cod.10723 96r.jpg|5|lbl=96r.5|p=1}}<ref>This is the same as the statement from Rodomonte two paragraphs down in the printed book.</ref>
| class="noline" |  
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| rowspan="6" | <p>ROD: I would not know how to do it otherwise; it seems that nature forms such a figure finding yourself in that place with your right side forward, and wanting to throw that ''rovescio'' quite high, as much as can be done, without pivoting or turning the hand; but do it several times, paying attention to all the particulars of which I have told you. </p>
 
| rowspan="6" | <p>ROD: I would not know how to do it otherwise; it seems that nature forms such a figure finding yourself in that place with your right side forward, and wanting to throw that ''rovescio'' quite high, as much as can be done, without pivoting or turning the hand; but do it several times, paying attention to all the particulars of which I have told you. </p>
 
| <p><br/><br/><br/><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/><br/><br/><br/></p>
| class="noline" |  
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/156|9|lbl=66r.9|p=1}}<ref>This is the same as the statement from Rodomonte two paragraphs up in the manuscript.</ref>
 
{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/156|9|lbl=66r.9|p=1}}<ref>This is the same as the statement from Rodomonte two paragraphs up in the manuscript.</ref>
  
 
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 97r.jpg|2|lbl=97r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 97r.jpg|2|lbl=97r.2}}
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 97r.jpg|3|lbl=97r.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 97r.jpg|3|lbl=97r.3}}
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 97r.jpg|5|lbl=97r.5}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 97r.jpg|5|lbl=97r.5}}
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| rowspan="3" | <p>ROD: Lift the heel of your left foot a bit more, and extend your right leg. </p>
 
| rowspan="3" | <p>ROD: Lift the heel of your left foot a bit more, and extend your right leg. </p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 97r.jpg|8|lbl=97r.8}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 97r.jpg|8|lbl=97r.8}}
| class="noline" |  
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/156|12|lbl=66r.12|p=1}} {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/157|1|lbl=66v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/156|12|lbl=66r.12|p=1}} {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/157|1|lbl=66v.1|p=1}}
  
 
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| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/157|f1|lbl=-}}
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/157|4|lbl=66v.4}}
 
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| rowspan="3" | <p>ROD: You would induce less terror thereby; because his left arm holds the care and safekeeping of head in taking the blow with his hand, or in restraining its force with his arm;<ref>Interpreting this maneuver is problematic. It may refer to the practice of arresting a ''fendente'' by meeting it at the agent’s hand, hilt, or at worst, forte; yet no mention is made of the patient closing distance to do so, creating the impression of simply putting a hand or forearm in harm’s way rather than take the blow in the head. The relevant passage in the original is “''…il suo braccio stanco tien cura, & custodia della testa in pigliare il colpo con la mano, o in ritener co’l braccio la forza sua…''”</ref> thus the point is always more perfect and offensive than the edge. </p>
 
| rowspan="3" | <p>ROD: You would induce less terror thereby; because his left arm holds the care and safekeeping of head in taking the blow with his hand, or in restraining its force with his arm;<ref>Interpreting this maneuver is problematic. It may refer to the practice of arresting a ''fendente'' by meeting it at the agent’s hand, hilt, or at worst, forte; yet no mention is made of the patient closing distance to do so, creating the impression of simply putting a hand or forearm in harm’s way rather than take the blow in the head. The relevant passage in the original is “''…il suo braccio stanco tien cura, & custodia della testa in pigliare il colpo con la mano, o in ritener co’l braccio la forza sua…''”</ref> thus the point is always more perfect and offensive than the edge. </p>
 
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| <p>CON: Thus we make use only of the strike of the point in the Roman fashion, and not of the edge, as much in close range as in far. </p>
 
| <p>CON: Thus we make use only of the strike of the point in the Roman fashion, and not of the edge, as much in close range as in far. </p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''Third guard, called “''guardia alta offensiva imperfetta''”.''</small></p>
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| <p><small>''Third guard, called “''guardia alta offensiva imperfetta''”.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: Willingly; do the ''rovescio'' from low to high in drawing forth your sword so that it goes so high that the point of the sword looks to the sky, and that your wrist makes a half turn, in such fashion that the true edge faces up toward the sky, and the false, together with the point of your sword, faces toward the right side of your body over your right shoulder, and the pommel of your sword faces me, making all of those turns of the body, the hand, and the feet, of which I taught you in the other guard. This will be our third guard, called “''guardia alta, offensiva, imperfetta''”. </p>
 
<p>ROD: Willingly; do the ''rovescio'' from low to high in drawing forth your sword so that it goes so high that the point of the sword looks to the sky, and that your wrist makes a half turn, in such fashion that the true edge faces up toward the sky, and the false, together with the point of your sword, faces toward the right side of your body over your right shoulder, and the pommel of your sword faces me, making all of those turns of the body, the hand, and the feet, of which I taught you in the other guard. This will be our third guard, called “''guardia alta, offensiva, imperfetta''”. </p>
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| rowspan="2" | <p>CON: The Principe Guglielmo, his son. Now here I would like, ''Dottore'', that you fixate yourself to contemplate this noble young man, full of holy and Catholic zeal, entirely ardent of charity against poverty, wholly given over to pondering things abstract and remote from the common science of others. And without doubt you will judge that this must turn out to be a most clear example of virtue, of goodness, of generosity, and of humanity above all others. But tell me, Rodomonte, now that we have seen the seven guards, don’t you wish to teach me the ''schermo'' you proposed to me?</p>
 
| rowspan="2" | <p>CON: The Principe Guglielmo, his son. Now here I would like, ''Dottore'', that you fixate yourself to contemplate this noble young man, full of holy and Catholic zeal, entirely ardent of charity against poverty, wholly given over to pondering things abstract and remote from the common science of others. And without doubt you will judge that this must turn out to be a most clear example of virtue, of goodness, of generosity, and of humanity above all others. But tell me, Rodomonte, now that we have seen the seven guards, don’t you wish to teach me the ''schermo'' you proposed to me?</p>
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/181|10|lbl=78v.10|p=1}} {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/182|1|lbl=79r.1|p=1}}
 
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''Who knows how to do the ''punta sopramano'' well, knows that which matters more in employing one’s hands, either suddenly or thoughtfully.''</small></p>
+
| <p><small>''Who knows how to do the ''punta sopramano'' well, knows that which matters more in employing one’s hands, either suddenly or thoughtfully.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: I tell you, ''conte'', that whoever will want to know well how to use the ''schermo'' to offend, and defend himself, will need to know how to do that ''punta sopramano'' well, with all those turns of the body, and of the hands, and of the feet, as I have shown you, and with all those gestures, and with that refined bodily grace, to such extent that he does it with great facility. And if he does this, he can indeed claim to have that understanding, which is of greater need in employing one’s hands, either suddenly, or thoughtfully. </p>
 
<p>ROD: I tell you, ''conte'', that whoever will want to know well how to use the ''schermo'' to offend, and defend himself, will need to know how to do that ''punta sopramano'' well, with all those turns of the body, and of the hands, and of the feet, as I have shown you, and with all those gestures, and with that refined bodily grace, to such extent that he does it with great facility. And if he does this, he can indeed claim to have that understanding, which is of greater need in employing one’s hands, either suddenly, or thoughtfully. </p>
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|-  
 
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''Way of doing the proposed ''schermo.</small></p>
+
| <p><small>''Way of doing the proposed ''schermo.</small></p>
  
 
<p>And so that you can understand this safe ''schermo'' of ours well, behold, I repeat, and say,</p>
 
<p>And so that you can understand this safe ''schermo'' of ours well, behold, I repeat, and say,</p>
| class="noline" | <p><br/></p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.10723 111r.jpg|2|lbl=111r.2}}
 
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''How from ''guardia alta, offensiva, perfetta'' one must execute the ''punta sopramano.</small></p>
+
| <p><small>''How from ''guardia alta, offensiva, perfetta'' one must execute the ''punta sopramano.</small></p>
  
 
<p>that finding yourself with your right foot forward in ''guardia alta, offensiva, perfetta'', and with your weight on your left side, </p>
 
<p>that finding yourself with your right foot forward in ''guardia alta, offensiva, perfetta'', and with your weight on your left side, </p>
| class="noline" | <p><br/><br/></p>
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| class="noline" | <p>ROD: In order that you be able to put all the strength of your body to your service; but when you have in mind to do the ''punta sopramano'', make the right foot move itself, and go forward a big step, and immediately make the left arm begin to descend, and the right shoulder to propel the arm forward, dropping with the point from high to low, taking aim at my chest, without making any turn of your hand, pushing it so far forward and so long as you are able.</p>
+
| <p>ROD: In order that you be able to put all the strength of your body to your service; but when you have in mind to do the ''punta sopramano'', make the right foot move itself, and go forward a big step, and immediately make the left arm begin to descend, and the right shoulder to propel the arm forward, dropping with the point from high to low, taking aim at my chest, without making any turn of your hand, pushing it so far forward and so long as you are able.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.10723 111r.jpg|6|lbl=111r.6|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.10723 111v.jpg|1|lbl=111v.1|p=1}}
 
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''How from the punta sopramano one must go into guardia difensiva, larga, imperfetta.''</small></p>
+
| <p><small>''How from the punta sopramano one must go into guardia difensiva, larga, imperfetta.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>In this ''tempo'' the heel of the left foot will follow the right, not moving, however, the point of the left foot from its place, then turning the wrist of the sword hand together with the true edge toward the left side, and immediately descending down to the ground, withdrawing the right foot somewhat back, and making the point of your sword draw a line on the ground and travel behind you on the left side, and after the right foot finally is a span from the left foot, the right shoulder then will find itself very low, and the left arm will be behind, and high, and extended forth toward the left side; the feet remain even, but the point of the right foot will point out toward the right side, and the point of the left foot out toward the left side, your shoulders will be looking at the enemy more than your forward side, and your weight will be placed on your left side; thereby you will find yourself in this ''guardia difensiva, larga, imperfetta''. </p>
 
<p>In this ''tempo'' the heel of the left foot will follow the right, not moving, however, the point of the left foot from its place, then turning the wrist of the sword hand together with the true edge toward the left side, and immediately descending down to the ground, withdrawing the right foot somewhat back, and making the point of your sword draw a line on the ground and travel behind you on the left side, and after the right foot finally is a span from the left foot, the right shoulder then will find itself very low, and the left arm will be behind, and high, and extended forth toward the left side; the feet remain even, but the point of the right foot will point out toward the right side, and the point of the left foot out toward the left side, your shoulders will be looking at the enemy more than your forward side, and your weight will be placed on your left side; thereby you will find yourself in this ''guardia difensiva, larga, imperfetta''. </p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''Advisement that one not rest much in some defensive guard in this ''schermo.</small></p>
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<p>But I advise you well, ''conte'', that you not make a long stay in one of the defensive guards, low, or wide, or narrow that it may be; but make your right hand turn the point of the sword somewhat to the rear by the outside on your left. </p>
 
<p>But I advise you well, ''conte'', that you not make a long stay in one of the defensive guards, low, or wide, or narrow that it may be; but make your right hand turn the point of the sword somewhat to the rear by the outside on your left. </p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''How one must do the ''rovescio tondo'' from the ''guardia difensiva, larga, imperfetta.</small></p>
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| <p><small>''How one must do the ''rovescio tondo'' from the ''guardia difensiva, larga, imperfetta.</small></p>
  
 
<p>And traveling from low to high as far as your left shoulder, the true edge will turn toward me, and the false edge will face your left shoulder; and here you must unite all the strength of your body together with both arms somewhat bent and pulled in, from which you can immediately deliver a ''rovescio'', almost ''tondo''; but do not uncouple the right arm from the strength of the body, and make the ''rovescio'' go no higher than your shoulders, the point not be higher than the pommel, nor the true edge higher than the false, but the flat of the sword to face toward the sky; the right leg along with the foot does not move, but the left turns somewhat on the point of the foot with the heel lifted up a bit from the ground; </p>
 
<p>And traveling from low to high as far as your left shoulder, the true edge will turn toward me, and the false edge will face your left shoulder; and here you must unite all the strength of your body together with both arms somewhat bent and pulled in, from which you can immediately deliver a ''rovescio'', almost ''tondo''; but do not uncouple the right arm from the strength of the body, and make the ''rovescio'' go no higher than your shoulders, the point not be higher than the pommel, nor the true edge higher than the false, but the flat of the sword to face toward the sky; the right leg along with the foot does not move, but the left turns somewhat on the point of the foot with the heel lifted up a bit from the ground; </p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''How from the ''rovescio tondo'' one turns into ''guardia alta, offensiva, perfetta.</small></p>
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| <p><small>''How from the ''rovescio tondo'' one turns into ''guardia alta, offensiva, perfetta.</small></p>
  
 
<p>the ''rovescio'' does not have to pass through the ''guardia alta, offensiva, perfetta'', rather, stop in the said guard, and the right arm must be bent, going with the elbow back as far as you can to the outside on the right side, and the right hand is not higher than the right shoulder, and the point of the sword aims at my face, the left shoulder remains somewhat ahead of the right, and the left arm will be in front of your chest with your hand toward your right side. And place your weight on your left side, in order to have your right leg free and agile.</p>
 
<p>the ''rovescio'' does not have to pass through the ''guardia alta, offensiva, perfetta'', rather, stop in the said guard, and the right arm must be bent, going with the elbow back as far as you can to the outside on the right side, and the right hand is not higher than the right shoulder, and the point of the sword aims at my face, the left shoulder remains somewhat ahead of the right, and the left arm will be in front of your chest with your hand toward your right side. And place your weight on your left side, in order to have your right leg free and agile.</p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''How, having done the ''schermo'' once in order to address the enemy, one must then repeat it in order to strike.''</small></p>
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| <p><small>''How, having done the ''schermo'' once in order to address the enemy, one must then repeat it in order to strike.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>And wanting from the said ''guardia alta, offensiva, perfetta'', to do again the above said thrust, you must lift your sword hand up somewhat high, and turn the true edge toward the sky, and the point will then be lower than your hand; and immediately, with your right foot forward, take a big step toward me, and in the same ''tempo'', drop that point from high to low toward my chest.</p>
 
<p>And wanting from the said ''guardia alta, offensiva, perfetta'', to do again the above said thrust, you must lift your sword hand up somewhat high, and turn the true edge toward the sky, and the point will then be lower than your hand; and immediately, with your right foot forward, take a big step toward me, and in the same ''tempo'', drop that point from high to low toward my chest.</p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''What entirely comprises this ''schermo.</small></p>
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<p>ROD: If we live, ''conte'', we will see this ''Signore'' the chief of all the knights and ''Signori'', he being blessed with valor, virtue, and knowledge.</p>
 
<p>ROD: If we live, ''conte'', we will see this ''Signore'' the chief of all the knights and ''Signori'', he being blessed with valor, virtue, and knowledge.</p>
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| rowspan="3" | <p>ROD: But during all that, couldn’t my sword finish falling, and offend you indeed in your upper body, in the ''tempo'' in which you drop to my leg? See? </p>
 
| rowspan="3" | <p>ROD: But during all that, couldn’t my sword finish falling, and offend you indeed in your upper body, in the ''tempo'' in which you drop to my leg? See? </p>
 
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<p>ROD: The ''Dottore'' speaks truly; I believe that this happens for one of two reasons: the first is that the man blessed in this art is wanting in courage, or in choleric temperament; the other is, that many times the man, through excessive courage and art, is sensed to make an error, as a result of which he is overcome and vanquished. It may also be said that fortune may be the cause of this; she, as the enemy of virtue, cannot endure that one who is virtuous advances himself with aid other than hers, fearing that the people will abandon her and thereby have recourse to virtue. </p>
 
<p>ROD: The ''Dottore'' speaks truly; I believe that this happens for one of two reasons: the first is that the man blessed in this art is wanting in courage, or in choleric temperament; the other is, that many times the man, through excessive courage and art, is sensed to make an error, as a result of which he is overcome and vanquished. It may also be said that fortune may be the cause of this; she, as the enemy of virtue, cannot endure that one who is virtuous advances himself with aid other than hers, fearing that the people will abandon her and thereby have recourse to virtue. </p>
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Latest revision as of 21:44, 15 June 2025

Angelo Viggiani dal Montone
Died 1552
Bologna (?)
Relative(s) Battista Viggiani (brother)
Occupation Fencing master
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Lo Schermo (1575)
Manuscript(s) Cod. 10723 (1567)
Translations Traduction française

Angelo Viggiani dal Montone (Viziani, Angelus Viggianus; d. 1552) was a 16th century Italian fencing master. Little is known about this master's life, but he was Bolognese by birth and might also have been connected to the court of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.[1]

In 1551, Viggiani completed a treatise on warfare, including fencing with the side sword, but died shortly thereafter. His brother Battista preserved the treatise and recorded in his introduction that Viggiani had asked him not to release it for at least fifteen years.[1] Accordingly, a presentation manuscript of the treatise was completed in 1567 as a gift for Maximilian II (1527-1576), Holy Roman Emperor. It was ultimately published in 1575 under the title Lo Schermo d'Angelo Viggiani.

Treatise

As the older text, the 1567 presentation manuscript is used to structure the treatise on this page. Viggiani's printed book includes side notes that indicate the topic discussed in a particular region of each page; because we can't display them that way on this site, they're added into the text at the beginning of the paragraph they describe.

Note: This article includes a very early (2002) draft of Jherek Swanger's translation. An extensively-revised version of the translation was released in print in 2017 as The Fencing Method of Angelo Viggiani: Lo Schermo, Part III. It can be purchased at the following link in softcover.

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Unspecified service to Charles is mentioned in his brother's dedication on page 3.
  2. Literally, “Braggart”.
  3. Literally, “Iron Mouth”.
  4. It is conspicuous that in every other instance in the present text, (at least, in the sections translated here) Viggiani uses the term “da giuoco” (of play/practice) to refer to practice arms. Sydney Anglo (The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe p.324, footnote 102) refers to evidence showing that in late 16th century Spain the spada da marra was considered to be an Italian equivalent of the spada negra, a blunted weapon with a button, and discusses the significance of the different terms. “Marra” in modern Italian is “hoe, fluke of an anchor”, and is given by Florio (A Worlde of Wordes, 1598) to mean “a mattock, a spade, a shovell, a rake to mingle sand and lome together, a pickaxe, or such rusticke instrument.” Thus “spade da marra” may simply mean “swords of blunt metal”, and represent a standard type of practice weapon. Of possible relevance, “smarra” is used to refer to the practice rapier by Marcelli (Regole della scherma, 1686) and others, presumably as a linguistic descendent of “spade da marra” (Gaugler, The History of Fencing, 1998, p. 92); turning again to Florio, “smarrare” is given as “to pare or shave down” and so “smarra” may simply derive from the meaning of “a sword whose point has been pared down”, rather than a contraction of “spada da marra”. It is intriguing to speculate that the term was originally pejorative, suggesting something akin to “swords like shovels”.
  5. Psalm 45:3.
  6. The word for which I substitute the phrase “dull edge” is, in the original, “costa”; the relevant meaning given in Florio is “the back of a knife”. Viggiani uses it to refer, first, to a dull false edge (as in a backsword); and second, to a dull portion of either the false, or, more likely, both edges (as an extended ricasso). I am unaware of a discrete word in English that could stand in adequate stead.
  7. Psalm 149:6-7.
  8. This is almost certainly an error in the original. The text reads “se nascerà la punta dalle parti dritte, chiamerassi punta rovescia”. This is, of course, the complete opposite of what is meant by “punta rovescia”, and Viggiani immediately contradicts this statement on pg. 56V, endnote immediately following.
  9. Here the correct definition (contrary to the preceding endnote) is given: “Se si ferirà con la punta, o nascerà dalle parti diritte, & chiamerassi punta diritta, o dalle parti stanche, & chiamerassi punta rovescia…
  10. "C" is upside down.
  11. This is the same as the statement from Rodomonte two paragraphs down in the printed book.
  12. This is the same as the statement from Rodomonte two paragraphs up in the manuscript.
  13. Interpreting this maneuver is problematic. It may refer to the practice of arresting a fendente by meeting it at the agent’s hand, hilt, or at worst, forte; yet no mention is made of the patient closing distance to do so, creating the impression of simply putting a hand or forearm in harm’s way rather than take the blow in the head. The relevant passage in the original is “…il suo braccio stanco tien cura, & custodia della testa in pigliare il colpo con la mano, o in ritener co’l braccio la forza sua…
  14. A braccio is a unit of length of approximately 60 centimeters. The specified distance is therefore about 30 cm, or one foot.
  15. This is, of course, in full, “guardia larga, offensiva, imperfetta”.
  16. Misnumbered 73.