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Difference between revisions of "Federico Ghisliero"

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{{infobox writer
 
{{infobox writer
 
| name                = [[name::Federico Ghisliero]]
 
| name                = [[name::Federico Ghisliero]]
| image                =  
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| image                = File:Ghisliero portrait.jpg
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| imagesize            = 300px
 
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| nationality          =  
 
| nationality          =  
 
| ethnicity            =  
 
| ethnicity            =  
| citizenship          = Bologna
 
 
| education            =  
 
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| alma_mater          =  
 
| alma_mater          =  
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| signature            =  
 
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| translations        = {{English translation|https://msmallridge.files.wordpress.com/2023/07/ghisliero-1587-rules-of-many-knightly-exercises.pdf}}
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| translations        = {{plainlist|
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| [https://wiktenauer.com/images/3/31/Rules_of_many_knightly_armies_%28Nicola_Boyd%29.pdf English translation]
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| {{English translation|https://msmallridge.files.wordpress.com/2023/07/ghisliero-1587-rules-of-many-knightly-exercises.pdf}}
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}}
 
| below                =  
 
| below                =  
 
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|-  
 
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| class="noline" | <p>''From Parma on April 22. 1587.''</p>
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| <p>''From Parma on April 22. 1587.''</p>
  
 
<p>&emsp;Affectionate Servant</p>
 
<p>&emsp;Affectionate Servant</p>
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<p>&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;Federico Ghisliero.
 
<p>&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;Federico Ghisliero.
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii II (alt).png|2|lbl=+ⅱ<sup>V</sup>.2}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii II (alt).png|2|lbl=+ⅱ<sup>V</sup>.2}}
  
 
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| class="noline" | <p>''The Palace of Your Most Serene Highness in Parma, 22 April 1587.''</p>
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| <p>''The Palace of Your Most Serene Highness in Parma, 22 April 1587.''</p>
  
 
<p>&emsp;The most humble and devoted servant</p>
 
<p>&emsp;The most humble and devoted servant</p>
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<p>&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;Frederico Ghisliero.</p>
 
<p>&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;Frederico Ghisliero.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/13|2|lbl=+ⅳ.2}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/13|2|lbl=+ⅳ.2}}
  
 
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| class="noline" | <p>I should also like you to know that in imagining those things we have a great deal of hope, and good company, in whose such honourable members footsteps we can walk, to force, through the art of fencing and its practice, bend these emotions to our will and claim victory over them.</p>
+
| <p>I should also like you to know that in imagining those things we have a great deal of hope, and good company, in whose such honourable members footsteps we can walk, to force, through the art of fencing and its practice, bend these emotions to our will and claim victory over them.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/19|4|lbl=5.4}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/19|4|lbl=5.4}}
  
 
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|-  
| class="noline" | [[File:Ghisliero 05.jpg|400px|center]]
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| [[File:Ghisliero 05.jpg|400px|center]]
| class="noline" | <p>The second one, when you take one step, then standing in that quiet step, stopping your other foot from moving describe another circle: through this we enter a with traversal<ref>The act or process of passing across, over, or through.</ref> motion to exit the points: it also forms the third, whereas, the fourth state is what we will enter when the attack is made, and when he moves into the fifth step, as this figure shows, it is what he will use to fight the enemy.</p>
+
| <p>The second one, when you take one step, then standing in that quiet step, stopping your other foot from moving describe another circle: through this we enter a with traversal<ref>The act or process of passing across, over, or through.</ref> motion to exit the points: it also forms the third, whereas, the fourth state is what we will enter when the attack is made, and when he moves into the fifth step, as this figure shows, it is what he will use to fight the enemy.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/33|2|lbl=19.2}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/33|2|lbl=19.2}}
  
 
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* The fifth and final one made by the man, while the whole body is stable by and centred on the hand’s wrist,<ref>“''Rascetta'', the wrist of one’s hand. Also a kind of fine silke-rash.” (Florio, 1611)</ref> describes the smallest possible circumference that he can describe; which we use to make holes in the knuckles.
 
* The fifth and final one made by the man, while the whole body is stable by and centred on the hand’s wrist,<ref>“''Rascetta'', the wrist of one’s hand. Also a kind of fine silke-rash.” (Florio, 1611)</ref> describes the smallest possible circumference that he can describe; which we use to make holes in the knuckles.
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|3|lbl=24.3}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|3|lbl=24.3}}
  
 
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| class="noline" | <p>The defending line must be used to bring the line opposite to the center from where it originates: but when it finds itself in the center it must be beaten, and when it is not there it must be helped, so that it may arrive more quickly at its decline through natural motion.</p>
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| <p>The defending line must be used to bring the line opposite to the center from where it originates: but when it finds itself in the center it must be beaten, and when it is not there it must be helped, so that it may arrive more quickly at its decline through natural motion.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/44|2|lbl=30.2}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/44|2|lbl=30.2}}
  
 
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* the third the ''tondo''.<ref>''Tondo'' – horizontal cut</ref>
 
* the third the ''tondo''.<ref>''Tondo'' – horizontal cut</ref>
  
<p>And all these three natures are divided into ''dritti''<ref>''Dritti'' – straight/forward [forehand cut, or natural cut, sometimes called ''mandritta''] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> and ''roversi'';<ref>''Roversi'' – reverse [backhand or cross-wise cut] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> the ''dritti'' are those which come from the lesser side. And these ''dritti'' and ''roversi'' divide the circle of man into eight equal parts, as can be seen in the figure below.<ref>The division for the cuts on most diagrams usually go through the navel, or heart rather than the groin in most treatise of the period. [note from Henry Fox] [[Gérard Thibault d'Anvers]]’ 1630 treatise ''[[Academie de l'Espée (Gérard Thibault d'Anvers)|Academie de l'Espée]]'' ‘Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 2 – Comparing the ideal figure to a real Figure; Sword Scabbards’ shows the division at the naval (d'Anvers, ''Academie de l'Espée'', 1630) – in the text it is found in the section that begins ''Pour venir à la Pratique de tout ce qui a efté discouru'', or “To come to the Practice of all that has been discussed” (d'Anvers, ''Academie de l'Espée'' – Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 1 – Philosophical Discussion; Construction and Mathematics of the Circle; Concerning the Sword: Proper Length and Introduction explanation of the first plate., 1630). [[Salvator Fabris]], in his 1606 text, ''[[Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris)|Sienza e Pratica d’Arme]]'' also has an illustration in the section ''Discorso sopra laprima guardia formata nel cauare la spada del fodero'' or “Discourse in the first guard formed in pulling the sword from the scabbard” demonstrates the where cuts should be made and these also shows the division at the navel rather than the groin. (Fabris, 1606)</ref>
+
<p>And all these three natures are divided into ''dritti''<ref>''Dritti'' – straight/forward [forehand cut, or natural cut, sometimes called ''mandritta''] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> and ''roversi'';<ref>''Roversi'' – reverse [backhand or cross-wise cut] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> the ''dritti'' are those which come from the lesser side. And these ''dritti'' and ''roversi'' divide the circle of man into eight equal parts, as can be seen in the figure below.<ref>The division for the cuts on most diagrams usually go through the navel, or heart rather than the groin in most treatise of the period. [note from Henry Fox] [[Gérard Thibault d'Anvers]]’ 1630 treatise ''[[Academie de l'Espée (Gérard Thibault d'Anvers)|Academie de l'Espée]]'' ‘Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 2 – Comparing the ideal figure to a real Figure; Sword Scabbards’ shows the division at the naval (d'Anvers, ''Academie de l'Espée'', 1630) – in the text it is found in the section that begins ''Pour venir à la Pratique de tout ce qui a efté discouru'', or “To come to the Practice of all that has been discussed” (d'Anvers, ''Academie de l'Espée'' – Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 1 – Philosophical Discussion; Construction and Mathematics of the Circle; Concerning the Sword: Proper Length and Introduction explanation of the first plate., 1630). [[Salvator Fabris]], in his 1606 text, ''[[Scienza d'Arme (Salvator Fabris)|Sienza e Pratica d’Arme]]'' also has an illustration in the section ''Discorso sopra laprima guardia formata nel cauare la spada del fodero'' or “Discourse in the first guard formed in pulling the sword from the scabbard” demonstrates the where cuts should be made and these also shows the division at the navel rather than the groin. (Fabris, 1606)</ref>
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/46|3|lbl=32a.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/46|3|lbl=32a.3}}
  
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| class="noline" | <p>''Punta riversa'' is that which parts [wounds] as it departs.</p>
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| <p>''Punta riversa'' is that which parts [wounds] as it departs.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|3|lbl=34.3}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|3|lbl=34.3}}
  
 
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| class="noline" | <p>In order to put an end to the seven circumstances, which are involved in all human operations, it remains to know brieflythe end, for which man dies in this action; and this is victory, which being known by itself, there is no need to say any more about it.</p>
+
| <p>In order to put an end to the seven circumstances, which are involved in all human operations, it remains to know brieflythe end, for which man dies in this action; and this is victory, which being known by itself, there is no need to say any more about it.</p>
| class="noline" |  
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|  
 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|5|lbl=40.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/55|1|lbl=41.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|5|lbl=40.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/55|1|lbl=41.1|p=1}}
  
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| class="noline" | <p>And in this way we will consider the line in our operation abstracted from the matter of the sword, when it is not present; but when it is placed in a straight line, then we will consider the line applied to the matter of the sword.</p>
+
| <p>And in this way we will consider the line in our operation abstracted from the matter of the sword, when it is not present; but when it is placed in a straight line, then we will consider the line applied to the matter of the sword.</p>
| class="noline" |  
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{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|6|lbl=42.6|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/57|1|lbl=43.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|6|lbl=42.6|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/57|1|lbl=43.1|p=1}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
| rowspan="3" class="noline" | [[File:Ghisliero 09.jpg|400px|center]]
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| rowspan="3" | [[File:Ghisliero 09.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| <p>In the same way, if a man wishes to gain ground on the right or left side, he must move by carrying the weight in the middle, and then the weight on the right leg, unloading it, and then gathering the missing leg in the first circle. However, he must never be bound to use both legs to move, except when he is walking.</p>
 
| <p>In the same way, if a man wishes to gain ground on the right or left side, he must move by carrying the weight in the middle, and then the weight on the right leg, unloading it, and then gathering the missing leg in the first circle. However, he must never be bound to use both legs to move, except when he is walking.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/70|4|lbl=56.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/70|4|lbl=56.4}}
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| class="noline" | <p>And it should be noted that while we find ourselves with our feet in the first circle, and that we leave the first circle with a leg, and that we enter the second circle, which is set in motion, then we will divide that second circle into four plane trilateral figures, closed, and contained by three straight lines. And considering each of the three circles by itself, each time that a man is placed in one of them, and wishes to enter into one of the others, he will have to return to the first circle, which is made when stationary: and then, according to need, he will go into one of the four said figures; which is demonstrated by the figure which follows.</p>
+
| <p>And it should be noted that while we find ourselves with our feet in the first circle, and that we leave the first circle with a leg, and that we enter the second circle, which is set in motion, then we will divide that second circle into four plane trilateral figures, closed, and contained by three straight lines. And considering each of the three circles by itself, each time that a man is placed in one of them, and wishes to enter into one of the others, he will have to return to the first circle, which is made when stationary: and then, according to need, he will go into one of the four said figures; which is demonstrated by the figure which follows.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/71|2|lbl=57.2}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/71|2|lbl=57.2}}
  
 
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| class="noline" | <p>In the event that our opponent should hold his sword backwards, or in a fury of presence, with his foot straight forward, as some do when they hold their swords together in order to make the ''inquartata'':<ref>''Inquartata'' means quartering step. It is a voiding action of the body which closes the inside line.</ref> or when they are in ''guardia alta in coda lunga e larga''; or with their foot short forward in a ''guardia di falcone''; or in a ''coda lunga'';<ref>“Long and high tail” guard.</ref> And even if it is finally in any kind of proportion, even if it is out of the present; we will always take care to fight with the body; and we will try to move it with our straight sides, since it is (as Aristotle says) natural to all animals.</p>
+
| <p>In the event that our opponent should hold his sword backwards, or in a fury of presence, with his foot straight forward, as some do when they hold their swords together in order to make the ''inquartata'':<ref>''Inquartata'' means quartering step. It is a voiding action of the body which closes the inside line.</ref> or when they are in ''guardia alta in coda lunga e larga''; or with their foot short forward in a ''guardia di falcone''; or in a ''coda lunga'';<ref>“Long and high tail” guard.</ref> And even if it is finally in any kind of proportion, even if it is out of the present; we will always take care to fight with the body; and we will try to move it with our straight sides, since it is (as Aristotle says) natural to all animals.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/89|2|lbl=75.2}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/89|2|lbl=75.2}}
  
 
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| class="noline" | <p>In the other, the attacks [wounding blows] are allowed to pass through empty spaces [voids]; and as soon as the sword passes through the rays of our vision with the strong attacks [wounding blows], which we find more effective, it attacks itself after a while in weak motion.</p>
+
| <p>In the other, the attacks [wounding blows] are allowed to pass through empty spaces [voids]; and as soon as the sword passes through the rays of our vision with the strong attacks [wounding blows], which we find more effective, it attacks itself after a while in weak motion.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/93|2|lbl=79.2}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/93|2|lbl=79.2}}
  
 
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| class="noline" | <p>In the same way, all attacks that come from the left side, with the growth of the short foot, are ''mezzo riverso''<ref>''Mezzo riverso'' means a half-reversed cut.</ref> cut, which slashes towards the ground; and so, with the advance of the right foot, the enemy is wounded.</p>
+
| <p>In the same way, all attacks that come from the left side, with the growth of the short foot, are ''mezzo riverso''<ref>''Mezzo riverso'' means a half-reversed cut.</ref> cut, which slashes towards the ground; and so, with the advance of the right foot, the enemy is wounded.</p>
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{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/94|4|lbl=80.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/95|1|lbl=81.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/94|4|lbl=80.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/95|1|lbl=81.1|p=1}}
  
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| class="noline" | [[File:Ghisliero 15.jpg|400px|center]]
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| [[File:Ghisliero 15.jpg|400px|center]]
| class="noline" | <p>In retreating with the right foot one makes a semi-circle with the sword; and this is placed under the crossed arm; which is kept extended, and prone to the defence; and in that strike, which is made with the right foot, one gains with the hind hand a foot of ground, to deceive the enemy; and the body is kept above the right leg to distance it from the enemy. And if one is attacked by the right, because the body is the one that first moves to the front, it does not matter that the weight is in that position. And the posture is this, which follows below.</p>
+
| <p>In retreating with the right foot one makes a semi-circle with the sword; and this is placed under the crossed arm; which is kept extended, and prone to the defence; and in that strike, which is made with the right foot, one gains with the hind hand a foot of ground, to deceive the enemy; and the body is kept above the right leg to distance it from the enemy. And if one is attacked by the right, because the body is the one that first moves to the front, it does not matter that the weight is in that position. And the posture is this, which follows below.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/105|3|lbl=91.3}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/105|3|lbl=91.3}}
  
 
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| class="noline" | <p>So if our enemy tries to dominate us with the sword or the dagger (because our hands, which are our bulwarks, are mobile) we will not allow it. On the contrary, we will continuously dominate our opponent’s sword and dagger so that our body will not be wounded.</p>
+
| <p>So if our enemy tries to dominate us with the sword or the dagger (because our hands, which are our bulwarks, are mobile) we will not allow it. On the contrary, we will continuously dominate our opponent’s sword and dagger so that our body will not be wounded.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/111|4|lbl=97.4}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/111|4|lbl=97.4}}
  
 
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| class="noline" | <p>''The end of the Theory.''</p>
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| <p>''The end of the Theory.''</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/122|5|lbl=108.5}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/122|5|lbl=108.5}}
  
 
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| class="noline" | <p>The following figure shows very well the effect of the enemy and the effect of our posture.</p>
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| <p>The following figure shows very well the effect of the enemy and the effect of our posture.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/137|3|lbl=123.3}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/137|3|lbl=123.3}}
  
 
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| class="noline" | <p>By putting this resolutely and swiftly, the enemy becomes occupied in defence and moreover he loses his counsel and his spirit, and consequently his strength. From this it is clearly seen that he will put himself in defence or will use some kind of involuntary attack - which are attacks made by necessity. Since we will be the one who forces him to act against his will we will easily resist [his attack] and this all the more so the more they are seen to be weak and imperfect.</p>
+
| <p>By putting this resolutely and swiftly, the enemy becomes occupied in defence and moreover he loses his counsel and his spirit, and consequently his strength. From this it is clearly seen that he will put himself in defence or will use some kind of involuntary attack - which are attacks made by necessity. Since we will be the one who forces him to act against his will we will easily resist [his attack] and this all the more so the more they are seen to be weak and imperfect.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/146|2|lbl=132.2}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/146|2|lbl=132.2}}
  
 
|}
 
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|-  
 
|-  
| class="noline" |  
+
|  
| class="noline" | <p>Whenever we agree with our posture, if the enemy withdraws (which is mostly the case), we will lower our weapons and begin the fight again in the same way: and if we seem to be on our guard, we will reduce the enemy as much as we can, putting him in need.</p>
+
| <p>Whenever we agree with our posture, if the enemy withdraws (which is mostly the case), we will lower our weapons and begin the fight again in the same way: and if we seem to be on our guard, we will reduce the enemy as much as we can, putting him in need.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/149|4|lbl=135.4}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/149|4|lbl=135.4}}
  
 
|}
 
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|-  
 
|-  
| class="noline" |  
+
|  
| class="noline" | <p>If, by pulling on an attack, we come to half a sword, we will free ours; if we hold it inward, we will pull it upward, piercing the attack: and with our left hand we will catch the opposite sword in its hilt. But if we have it on the other side, we will take it out from underneath, drawing it into the angle formed by the two swords with our left arm crossed in defense; and we will attack with the point of the sword’s fist<ref>‘A reference to the ‘sword fist’ is made in [[Antonio Manciolino]]’s Opera Nova where it states “Of the narrow iron gate guard. The sixth guard is called “porta di ferro stretta”. In which the body must be arranged diagonally in such fashion that the right shoulder (as is said above) faces the enemy, but both the arms must be stretched out to encounter the enemy, so that the sword arm is extended straight down in the defense of the right knee, and so that the sword fist be near and centered on the aforesaid knee.” (Wiktenauer, 2022) It is then clear that ‘sword’s fist’ means the hand holding the hilt of the sword.</ref> upwards.</p>
+
| <p>If, by pulling on an attack, we come to half a sword, we will free ours; if we hold it inward, we will pull it upward, piercing the attack: and with our left hand we will catch the opposite sword in its hilt. But if we have it on the other side, we will take it out from underneath, drawing it into the angle formed by the two swords with our left arm crossed in defense; and we will attack with the point of the sword’s fist<ref>‘A reference to the ‘sword fist’ is made in [[Antonio Manciolino]]’s Opera Nova where it states “Of the narrow iron gate guard. The sixth guard is called “porta di ferro stretta”. In which the body must be arranged diagonally in such fashion that the right shoulder (as is said above) faces the enemy, but both the arms must be stretched out to encounter the enemy, so that the sword arm is extended straight down in the defense of the right knee, and so that the sword fist be near and centered on the aforesaid knee.” (Wiktenauer, 2022) It is then clear that ‘sword’s fist’ means the hand holding the hilt of the sword.</ref> upwards.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/150|2|lbl=136.2}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/150|2|lbl=136.2}}
  
 
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|-  
 
|-  
| class="noline" |  
+
|  
| class="noline" | <p>If, however, he should try with his left foot to strike our sword with his cloak, we shall return with our left foot to the centre, and go out to the first of the four guards we have proposed; and with that fist we shall attack with the point or the cut, or above, passing the point and entering the face.</p>
+
| <p>If, however, he should try with his left foot to strike our sword with his cloak, we shall return with our left foot to the centre, and go out to the first of the four guards we have proposed; and with that fist we shall attack with the point or the cut, or above, passing the point and entering the face.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/157|3|lbl=142.3}}
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|-
 
|-
| rowspan="4" class="noline" | [[File:Ghisliero p150.jpg|400px|center]]
+
| rowspan="4" | [[File:Ghisliero p150.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| <p>When we have stopped our opponent with our left foot in front and the buckler has been placed in front of us, we will, in our natural right hand, once we have arrived at a distance, and with our body in a dark position, seek out the enemy, moving away from his sword, and with our circles we will move the sword around the buckler, and then, arriving at the plane of our shoulder, we will throw our points upwards; and if he raises his buckler, we will do so below.</p>
 
| <p>When we have stopped our opponent with our left foot in front and the buckler has been placed in front of us, we will, in our natural right hand, once we have arrived at a distance, and with our body in a dark position, seek out the enemy, moving away from his sword, and with our circles we will move the sword around the buckler, and then, arriving at the plane of our shoulder, we will throw our points upwards; and if he raises his buckler, we will do so below.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/164|1|lbl=150.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/164|1|lbl=150.1}}
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|-  
 
|-  
| class="noline" | <p>For the sake of greater intelligence I have placed this figure here so that one may see the effect of the lines when they cut into the buckler.</p>
+
| <p>For the sake of greater intelligence I have placed this figure here so that one may see the effect of the lines when they cut into the buckler.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/164|3|lbl=150.3}}
+
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/164|3|lbl=150.3}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| class="noline" | <p><br/><br/><br/></p>
+
| <p><br/><br/><br/></p>
| class="noline" |  
+
|  
  
 
|}
 
|}
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|-  
 
|-  
| class="noline" |  
+
|  
| class="noline" | <p>The right hand will allow all cuts to pass through, and will wound after the time of the slash; or it will help him to decline, and will attack backwards: it will also be able to parry covered, and will make all the same attacks, that we have said, that are made before the tempo.</p>
+
| <p>The right hand will allow all cuts to pass through, and will wound after the time of the slash; or it will help him to decline, and will attack backwards: it will also be able to parry covered, and will make all the same attacks, that we have said, that are made before the tempo.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/166|2|lbl=152.2}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/166|2|lbl=152.2}}
  
 
|}
 
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|-  
 
|-  
| class="noline" |  
+
|  
| class="noline" | <p>The sixth operation is that when the Cavalier has departed from the field, and the battle is over, and he finds himself stationary with his pike in the pendicular, he will start up with his left foot; and then, with his right foot following it, he will place the ''calce'' of his pike in the same position: and after he has taken about five or six steps, stretched out in the proper manner, he will lower his pike and put it on his shoulder, and follow his course.</p>
+
| <p>The sixth operation is that when the Cavalier has departed from the field, and the battle is over, and he finds himself stationary with his pike in the pendicular, he will start up with his left foot; and then, with his right foot following it, he will place the ''calce'' of his pike in the same position: and after he has taken about five or six steps, stretched out in the proper manner, he will lower his pike and put it on his shoulder, and follow his course.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/177|3|lbl=163.3}}
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/177|3|lbl=163.3}}
  
 
|}
 
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|-  
 
|-  
| class="noline" |  
+
|  
| class="noline" | <p>The Cavalier will then always retreat with his body in perspective, and with the steps mentioned above, but he will brandish his ''stocco''; which, once he has reached his godfather, he will immediately re-sheathe, to give way to the other combatants.</p>
+
| <p>The Cavalier will then always retreat with his body in perspective, and with the steps mentioned above, but he will brandish his ''stocco''; which, once he has reached his godfather, he will immediately re-sheathe, to give way to the other combatants.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/184|2|lbl=170.2}}
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|-  
 
|-  
| class="noline" |  
+
|  
| class="noline" | <p>I have not wished to treat here of certain vain ''leuate'',<ref>The name of a march upon a drum and trumpet in a time of war.</ref> which can sometimes be made by galloping: for the invention of this belongs to the Maintainers: for, when they proceed with the reasons and rules which I have stated above, they will be able to make them themselves, and compose them in their own way for the Cavaliers: who will at least endeavour to keep as far as possible on the side of the truth.</p>
+
| <p>I have not wished to treat here of certain vain ''leuate'',<ref>The name of a march upon a drum and trumpet in a time of war.</ref> which can sometimes be made by galloping: for the invention of this belongs to the Maintainers: for, when they proceed with the reasons and rules which I have stated above, they will be able to make them themselves, and compose them in their own way for the Cavaliers: who will at least endeavour to keep as far as possible on the side of the truth.</p>
| class="noline" |  
+
|  
 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/185|4|lbl=171.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/186|1|lbl=172.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/185|4|lbl=171.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/186|1|lbl=172.1|p=1}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
| class="noline" |  
+
|  
| class="noline" | <p>And if the horse should pass against him, it will be necessary to make a cut in the bridle.</p>
+
| <p>And if the horse should pass against him, it will be necessary to make a cut in the bridle.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/189|4|lbl=175.4}}
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|-  
 
|-  
| class="noline" |  
+
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| class="noline" | <p>If the Cavalier finds himself on a horse which is not sufficient for the blow, he may resolve to flee the encounter, and meet the enemy, who will then come to meet him on the parade; and putting his horse to flight, he will have to put his right arm out in a straight line, and in force: and in so doing he will always find the opposite party, who will have his arm out of force: and from this point he will easily be able to drop his sword or ''stocco''.</p>
+
| <p>If the Cavalier finds himself on a horse which is not sufficient for the blow, he may resolve to flee the encounter, and meet the enemy, who will then come to meet him on the parade; and putting his horse to flight, he will have to put his right arm out in a straight line, and in force: and in so doing he will always find the opposite party, who will have his arm out of force: and from this point he will easily be able to drop his sword or ''stocco''.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/193|2|lbl=179.2}}
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| class="noline" |  
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| class="noline" | <p>'''The End.'''</p>
+
| <p>'''The End.'''</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/204|3|lbl=190.3}}
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  | work        = Translation
 
  | work        = Translation
 
  | authors    = [[translator::Nicola Boyd]]
 
  | authors    = [[translator::Nicola Boyd]]
  | source link =  
+
  | source link = https://wiktenauer.com/images/3/31/Rules_of_many_knightly_armies_%28Nicola_Boyd%29.pdf
  | source title= ''[[:media:Rules of many knightly armies (Nicola Boyd).pdf|Rules of many knightly armies]]''
+
  | source title= ''Rules of many knightly armies''
 
  | license    = noncommercial
 
  | license    = noncommercial
 
}}
 
}}

Latest revision as of 09:32, 19 June 2025

Federico Ghisliero
Died 1619
Turino
Occupation Soldier
Influences
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (1587)
Manuscript(s) M.A.M. Ghisliero MS (1585)
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations

Federico Ghisliero (Ghislieri; d. 1619) was a Bolognese soldier and fencer. Little is know about his early life, but he came from a Bolognese family and studied fencing under Silvio Piccolomini.[1] He lead a long military career that included serving under the famous commander Alessandro, Duke of Parma, in Flanders in 1582. He was also a friend of Galileo Galilei and a prolific writer, though unfortunately most of his writings were destroyed in a fire at the University of Turin in 1904.[2]

In 1587, he published a fencing treatise called Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii ("Rules for Many Knightly Exercises"); two versions of the book exist, and it's unclear which was created first. One is dedicated to Antonio Pio Bonello, a well-known soldier and distant relative of Ghisliero, and the other to Ranuccio Farnese, who was 18 years old at the time and Alessandro's heir.[2]

Ghisliero's treatise is notable for his use of geometry in relation to fencing, using concentric circles centered on where the fencer has placed most of their weight (often, but not always, the back foot), and sometimes including multiple versions of each figure in an illustration to show the progression of the movements he describes. He also seems to be the first author to reference the Vitruvian Man in a fencing treatise.[3] However, his treatise is unique in that it was printed without any illustrations at all, and they had to be drawn in by hand. It's unclear whether this indicates that he intended to have printing plates made but was unable to do so, or that his plan from the start was to have the books vary based on how much art each buyer was willing to pay for.

Ghisliero died in Turino in 1619.[2]

Treatise

The illustrations in this presentation are based on the copy in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, but a few have been modified by Michael Chidester to include additional details present in the Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna's copy in order to offer a single point of reference for the descriptions in the text. The unmodified illustrations can be viewed in the gallery on the treatise page.

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

  • Anglo, Sydney (1994). "Sixteenth-century Italian drawings in Federico Ghisliero's Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii." Apollo 140(393): 29-36.
  • Gotti, Roberto (2023). "The Dynamic Sphere: Thesis on the Third State of the Vitruvian Man." Martial Culture and Historical Martial Arts in Europe and Asia: 93-147. Ed. by Daniel Jaquet; Hing Chao; Loretta Kim. Springer.

References

  1. Mentioned on p. +ⅱ of his dedication to Ranuccio and again on p. 94.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Anglo 1994, p. 30.
  3. See pp. 7-9. See also Gotti 2023, pp. 130-133.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Cavagliereschi is Corsican for "chivalrous", while the Italian is "knightly".
  5. La gratia is Catalan for "grace".
  6. Ghisliero is telling his reader that he is a soldier not a civilian swordsman, so it will have a different perspective to others, hence his later comments on siege craft. [note from Henry Fox]
  7. This and the previous paragraph are commending the work to the patron, justifying the work’s existence and its purpose, common in treatises of the period. [note from Henry Fox]
  8. It was common to refer to “ancients” in the justification of the art of swordsmanship. [note from Henry Fox]
  9. When ‘this art’ or ‘the art’ is referenced it means the art of fencing. [More expansively the ars militari (military arts) or for the more classical, the Arts of Mars, of which swordsmanship falls within.] [note from Henry Fox]
  10. Further justification by demonstration of the benefits to those who practice the art in question, also common, especially referring to defense of the person and the realm. [note from Henry Fox]
  11. The version dedicated to Antonino instead reads "...for the instruction of the Most Illustrious Lord Antonio Pio Bonello".
  12. Cavalier – cavaliere – knights – so indicating the noble nature of the art which he is presenting. [note from Henry Fox]
  13. The Humours.
  14. Means sad.
  15. Means calm.
  16. Means optimistic.
  17. Means bad-tempered.
  18. Hot-tempered.
  19. Moti has a number of meanings in modern Italian aside from "motion", including "motorcycle, bike, watercraft, riot, scooter".
  20. The use of square brackets [] shows the insertion of the translator to aid in clarity of meaning throughout the document.
  21. Contextually, transportar is in modern Italian trasporto and has been translated such.
  22. Where the word operante which means the operator or the person taking action or more simply the will is used elsewhere, I translate it to fencer as operator has the wrong connotations in English for what Ghisliaro appears to wish to convey.
  23. This is an application of Aristotle’s Causes, in some ways more easily explained due to the application of the sword (though this could be my fencer’s brain), especially as it develops. Ghisliero uses seven rather than four as Aristotle does, or at least using the same method of explanation. [Henry Fox]
  24. The spelling of secóda is seconda in modern Italian. This shortening of words through the removal of ‘n’ is common in documents of the period.
  25. Public roads means the location is a public road.
  26. Of Vitruvius’ Ten Books on Architecture. [This same book is referenced in Thibault] [note from Henry Fox]
  27. Or capacity.
  28. Flavius Vegetius Renatus' On Roman Military Matters is likely the text to which he is referring. Which was a fourth century commentary on the training of Roman legions harking back to older methods. [note from Henry Fox]
  29. Onde is Catalan. It is dove in Italian. Both mean ‘where’ in English.
  30. A second century book written by a Roman in the Attica region which encompasses the city of Athens.
  31. Dodrans is a Latin contraction of de-quadrans which means “a whole unit less a quarter” or three-quarters.
  32. Referencing the ‘ancients’ for authority was commonly used by authors of the time to demonstrate their comprehensive knowledge of the subject. It is intended to add gravitas to the treatise.
  33. All’hora is Catalan. Modern Italian is al tempo.
  34. The Elder.
  35. Scriue is Catalan. Modern Italian is lui scrive.
  36. Scurzo, does not translate appropriately from Italian. As with a number of words in Ghisliero’s treatise, it is likely a Catalase word or a unique spelling. Analysis of other treaties such as Jarod Kirby’s Italian Rapier Combat (Kirby, 2004) shows the following two definitions, on page 14 of the text, of a similar sound word that is contextually a more likely approximation of what scurzo means; “Scanso, A voidance, any evasive manoeuvre that moves the body of the direct line” and “Scanso del pie dritto, A voidance made by moving the right foot slightly off the direct line while turning the body.” So for the purposes of this translation, scurzo will mean in this text the middle stance as shown in Figure 3, i.e. a partial voiding stance halfway between perspective and profile.
  37. "Perspective" means front facing forward.
  38. Also could be interpreted as "figure".
  39. George Silver’s theory of the time for the hand and foot from his 1599 text Paradoxes of Defense mirrors this framework. [note from Henry Fox] (Silver, 1599)
  40. Et is Latin for ‘and’ in English and e in Italian.
  41. This is not an exact translation – it is the best approximation based on context.
  42. Balancia translates into ‘balance’.
  43. Membro translates to ‘member’, but in English a better word is limb.
  44. ò á mano manca la fontanella directly translates to something like ‘the hand missing the fontanelle’. This made no contextual sense, so it has been translated to ‘from the fountain of the body’ as fonta can mean ‘source’ in modern Italian. In the it states that “Fontánella, a little fountaine. Also a fontanell or cauterie [something to cauterise wounds], or rowling [turning round about, whirling or turning round], used also for the chiefe vein of a man’s body.” (Florio, 1611)
  45. ‘Perspective’ is forward facing as can be seen in Figure 3.
  46. No good translation found, contextually translating spatio to ‘space’.
  47. Polykleitos's Doryphoros is an early example of this position called contrapposto. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykleitos for examples of sculptures with this stance. (Wikipeadia, 2021)
  48. Polykleitos wrote a lost treatise called ‘Artistic canons of body proportions’ in 5th Century Greece which provided a reference for standard body proportions. For more information https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_canons_of_body_proportions (Wikipeadia, 2021)
  49. The act or process of passing across, over, or through.
  50. Aristotle’s fifth book of the Physica, which considers how motion occurs. “Book V classifies four species of movement, depending on where the opposites are located. Movement categories include quantity (e.g. a change in dimensions, from great to small), quality (as for colours: from pale to dark), place (local movements generally go from up downwards and vice versa), or, more controversially, substance. In fact, substances do not have opposites, so it is inappropriate to say that something properly becomes, from not-man, man: generation and corruption are not kinesis in the full sense.” (Aristotle, Physica (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007) “Generally things which come to be, come to be in different ways: (1) by change of shape, as a statue; (2) by addition, as things which grow; (3) by taking away, as the Hermes from the stone; (4) by putting together, as a house; (5) by alteration, as things which ‘turn’ in respect of their material substance.” Book 1, Physica, Aristotle (Aristotle, Physica (Book 1), (384-322 BC) 2007)
  51. Change of shape.
  52. By addition or by growing.
  53. Also taking away or removing.
  54. Putting things together or building.
  55. Change of material substance or alteration of its substance.
  56. “Three kinds of motion - qualitative, quantitative, and local” Book 5, Physica, Aristotle (Aristotle, Physica (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007)
  57. This same concept is present in Chapter 5 ‘Of tempo’ in Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli’s 1610 publication Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma and can be translated into the actions of the fencer undertaking the correct movements - from ward (stillness) to attack or defence (movement) to ward (stillness) again. It propounds that the fencer should always end an action in a ward. The same concept is raised in Angelo Viggiani dal Montone’s 1551 (published 1575) text Lo Schermo d'Angelo Viggiani (Montone, 1575) and Antonio Manciolino’s 1531 Opera Nova (Manciolino, 1531).
  58. "Violence" in this instance means outside force or against nature. The same concepts of natural and violent actions are used in Iberian swordsmanship, and they take higher guards to take advantage of this principle. [note from Henry Fox]
  59. Springimento is likely Springáre means ‘yarke, kicke or winze’ (Florio, 1611). Which likely means in context a preparation or a marshalling of position prior to deployment.
  60. Fighting at the barriers was a form of tournament bout usually performed by armoured combatants in which: a fence, a barrier, was imposed between fencers, combatants fought over the fence, and blows below the waist did not count as tournament points. [note by Henry Fox]
  61. Bases mean "legs". I have used "legs" wherever relevant in the translation.
  62. Lacertoi, the arme from the elbow to the pitch of the shoulder. Also the brawne of sinnewes or muskles of a mans armes or legges. Also a Lizard. Also a Muskle because it is like a Lizard. Also a certain disease in a harse amongs the muskles and sinnuewes. Also a fish that grunteth as a Hog. Some have taken it also for a makrell fish.” (Florio, 1611) Thus lacertoi will be translated as the arm from the elbow to the shoulder joint.
  63. Keeping the elbow near the body.
  64. Rascetta, the wrist of one’s hand. Also a kind of fine silke-rash.” (Florio, 1611)
  65. Direct translation is ‘good blade’.
  66. Costa “the back of a knife or weapon.” (Florio, 1611) There isn’t a common English equivalent which is a single word.
  67. This is consistent with Giacomo di Grassi’s treatise Ragione di adoprar sicuramente l'Arme (Grassi, 1570) which states that there is more power existing at the circumference of a circle than there is closer to the centre. [note from Henry Fox]
  68. Debole refers to the half of the blade from tip of the blade to one third down towards the hilt.
  69. Forte refers to the first third of the blade from the hilt to towards the tip.
  70. Placing the edge over the debole like this is the basis of the Italian gaining stringere of the sword, or the Spanish atajo. It's used to close and control the line to prevent the opponent from hitting us. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí]
  71. Here Ghisliero’s methods conforms to common Italian approaches of defence to: always counter an opponent’s attacks with consideration for returning the attack, always attack with concern for defence, and not attack unless secure against the opponent’s attack. [note from Henry Fox]
  72. Justifications for use of the cut seem to be relatively rare in fencing treatise of the time. Ghisliero’s justifications may even be unique. [note from Henry Fox]
  73. The same justification for the thrust is given for the thrust being used by the legionary with the gladius, remaining more covered and it being more deadly than the cut. [note from Henry Fox]
  74. Fendente means vertical cut.
  75. Traversale – transversal or diagonal cut [sometimes squalembrato for downward or falso if rising] [note from Henry Fox]
  76. Tondo – horizontal cut
  77. Dritti – straight/forward [forehand cut, or natural cut, sometimes called mandritta] [note from Henry Fox]
  78. Roversi – reverse [backhand or cross-wise cut] [note from Henry Fox]
  79. The division for the cuts on most diagrams usually go through the navel, or heart rather than the groin in most treatise of the period. [note from Henry Fox] Gérard Thibault d'Anvers’ 1630 treatise Academie de l'Espée ‘Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 2 – Comparing the ideal figure to a real Figure; Sword Scabbards’ shows the division at the naval (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée, 1630) – in the text it is found in the section that begins Pour venir à la Pratique de tout ce qui a efté discouru, or “To come to the Practice of all that has been discussed” (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée – Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 1 – Philosophical Discussion; Construction and Mathematics of the Circle; Concerning the Sword: Proper Length and Introduction explanation of the first plate., 1630). Salvator Fabris, in his 1606 text, Sienza e Pratica d’Arme also has an illustration in the section Discorso sopra laprima guardia formata nel cauare la spada del fodero or “Discourse in the first guard formed in pulling the sword from the scabbard” demonstrates the where cuts should be made and these also shows the division at the navel rather than the groin. (Fabris, 1606)
  80. Diritto ridoppiato literally means right redoubled or a falso traversale meaning a diagonal rising cut.
  81. Stramazzóne means a circular cut where the hand is the centre of rotation for the cut. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí] Florio describes it as ‘Stramazzóne, a downe-right blow. Also a rap, a cuffe or wherret on the cheeke.” (Florio, 1611)
  82. Molinello, or Molinelli means a circular cut. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí] As an aside, the Molinello for flags described in Francesco Fernando Alfieri’s 1638 treatise La Bandiera “The molinello is delightful. To perform it comfortably, you should have the standard in your right hand. You complete a full turn above the head, then throw it up in the air, catching it around the middle of the standard as the figure shows. The molinello is then turned towards the rear foot. After several rotations, as the hand becomes fatigued, you should grip the butt of the flag with your other hand and repeat the same lesson, again throwing it in the air as described above.” (Alferi, 1638)
  83. ‘World’ is translated from the word Mondo which means “the world, the universe. Also, a Mound or Globe, as Princes hold in their hands. Also, cleane, cleansed, pure, neate, spotlesse, purged. Also, pared, pilled. Also, winnowed, &c. Also, as we say, a world, a multitude or great quantitie.’ (Florio, 1611)
  84. Fendente tondo means the upper half of the circle as shown in figure 6B. When speaking of the reverses, he is speaking of the lower half of the circle in figure 6B.
  85. Segáre, to sawe. Also to part, to cut or devide through the middle.’ (Florio, 1611)
  86. Riversa’ [singular] t de’roversi, which means ‘to turn around, a reversion, reverting, reverse or a backblow. A powering down or overwhelmed’ – in short the riversa is a back-hand. (Florio, 1611) Note how even the cut from the wrist is aided by motion of the body, no doubt using the feet to move the body as the cut is made as well, all in their correct motion, to affect the cut. [Note from Henry Fox]
  87. Imbroccata means a descending thrust. Stoccata, means a violent thrust ascending or rising. Punta riversa means a reverse thrust with the point of the sword.
  88. Auentáta, a hurling, looke Auentáre.” (Florio, 1611) “Auentáre, to hurle, to fling, to dart or cast with violence. Also, to leape or seaze greedily upon, to souse downe as a hawke, also to fill or puff with winde.” (Florio 1611 Dictionary). Therefore imbroccata aventata or imbroccata aventate means to violently attack using a thrust of the rapier over the dagger.
  89. The first two lines on the page are printed, but the second two needed to be drawn in by the artist.
  90. Here the page numbers jump from 35 to 38, correcting the error of having two 32s and 33s
  91. This is the reason that the direct thrust from the shoulder in a straight line is the longest and most preferable and the reason to learn to thrust straight rather than aiming up toward the head. [Note by Henry Fox]
  92. 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 92.5 There is a gap in the text here for a circle to be drawn in.
  93. The effect of these causes is the fencer hitting their opponent using the technique. Poor technique means the fencer misses and/or dies.
  94. The material causes are the movements of the fencer’s body and sword.
  95. The formal cause is how the fencer uses the movements of the material cause.
  96. The factual cause is the fencer, with their measurements and proportions, and their ability to perform the material causes.
  97. The final cause is the actual technique the fencer is trying to achieve.
  98. Measure also often called distance. The measure of something is fluid due to the fencer’s, and their opponent’s, relative proportions in each combat and other considerations regarding weaponry. “The Spanish attempt to make it more certain by using proportionality, measuring against the length of the individual.” [note by Henry Fox] Gérard Thibault d'Anvers 1628 treatise Academie de l'Espée (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée, 1630) “…the Distances and Instances (i.e. steps in the process of fighting) to be observed in training (which are the basic foundations and support for all the following parts) proceed from the proportions of Man, therefore without this same awareness, they cannot be duly comprehended, nor practiced with confidence. And the same goes for the Steps and Approaches, short and long, required by the variety of positions in the performance of these Exercises. From which it is apparent that one must begin with a good knowledge of the proportion of limbs and body parts, that one may at least be able to make some reasonable judgement on the reach of each movement, proportionally to the limb, or limbs, on which the movement depends, and from which it must be continued, ended, turned, returned, released, bound, or changed in a thousand different ways.” (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée - – Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 1 –Philosophical Discussion; Construction and Mathematics of the Circle; Concerning the Sword: Proper Length and Introduction explanation of the first plate., 1630)
  99. Approximately 46 to 50 inches or 117cm to 127cm.
  100. Approximately 69 to 75 inches or 175cm to 191cm.
  101. Distance can be measured by Time, and Time measured by Distance so in effect one is the other, and every action toward or away from an opponent is measured in both Time and Distance; he seems to say much the same thing further along. [note by Henry Fox]
  102. Aristotelian motion is the consideration of “a stillness and motion” and is used by Capo Ferro as a method of reading the opponent in Chapter 5 ‘Of Tempo’ (Cagli’, 1610) [note by Henry Fox]
  103. Obligatory motion is the beginning of second intention. The fencer moves in a particular way so that the opponent has to do something in response, and then the fencer can follow on with their plan. [Note by Henry Fox]
  104. I will start using tempo from this point on instead of time when describing time as a measure of distance, to differentiate between it and the common use of the word time. Following Ghisliero’s explanation of tempo, it will be easier to use tempo to encapsulate this meaning.
  105. Sometimes extended to botta lunga, depending on the author [note by Henry Fox].
  106. “Attack into preparation” is what it is called in modern nomenclature, catching the opponent while they are preparing to act. [note by Henry Fox]
  107. An action in half-time, because the action is in motion, thus not completed, interrupted. [note by Henry Fox]
  108. This is an important note; the sword is extended and the fencer is covered by the extension of the sword in a straight line. [note from Henry Fox]
  109. Strongest third of the blade from the hilt toward the middle.
  110. Strongest third of the blade from the hilt toward the middle.
  111. Note the positions of the weapons relative to one another. This is consistent with the Aristotelian and the Iberian approaches. [note from Henry Fox]
  112. The position of the hand and blade position in this initial stage is vital to the techniques that will follow. [note from Henry Fox]
  113. This appears to be discussing taking the line or stringeri.
  114. A “reversed thrust” in this instance.
  115. in presentia’ means the sword is on the line of engagement. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí]
  116. This explains the advantages of Ghisliero’s guard position, demonstrating that the guard is the foundation of a fencing system. [note by Henry Fox]
  117. Punta scavizzata means hollow point.
  118. Gobba means hump or hunchback.
  119. Puinta riversa is a spelling variation from punta riversa.
  120. Incapocchiato does not translate, it suggests the word incapacitate. Incapocchiársi means ‘to become a doult or logger-head, to take a foolish conceite’ (Florio 1611) It might also mean encompassing in modern Italian.
  121. Guardia di falcone means "falcon’s guard". This is what the Bolognese authors call guardia alta. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí]
  122. Coda longa, & larga or coda lunga e larga means "long and broad tail guard".
  123. scanso del corpo means void the body. Basically, these are the body turns we use to take the body off the line of engagement. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí]
  124. Inquartata means quartering step. It is a voiding action of the body which closes the inside line.
  125. “Long and high tail” guard.
  126. The sequence of the combatant should always be ward – blow – ward, or stillness – motion – stillness, it is a common and practical method in quite a few treatises. [note from Henry Fox]
  127. Examine di Grassi’s (Grassi, 1570) diagram of the thrust and movement of the arm for an example of this motion. [note from Henry Fox]
  128. Nature means their passions.
  129. Parate – parade – often later used, especially in smallsword in place of ‘parry’. [note from Henry Fox]
  130. Mezzo mandritto means a half-leg cut.
  131. Mezzo riverso means a half-reversed cut.
  132. Garatusa is Spanish for thrust. In fencing it is a technique composed of nine movements, and the participation of two and three angles, that they make to [through, from] both parts [locations, sides], from the outside and from the inside, arrojando the sword with force to the sides, and from there they return to raise it [the sword] to wound with a thrust in the face or chest. It is not safe [sure]. (Ghost Sparrow Publications, 2021)
  133. Polykleitos's Doryphoros is an early example of this position called contrapposto. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykleitos for examples of sculptures with this stance. (Wikipeadia, 2021)
  134. Pili (pilum or pila) was the javelin of which the Romans were armed with two along with their sword. [note by Henry Fox]
  135. Cortina means a long wall running level from one bulwark to another.
  136. A strada coperta is a close walk or passage made on the top of a counter-scarpe in which the besieged may cover themselves from the enemies (Florio 1610)
  137. Archibuseria likely is an alternative spelling of archibugiera, which are a wall with slits, in a fortress, through which a weapon can be fired.
  138. Riverso traversale means a transverse or diagonal blow during retreat. “It’s equivalent to a riversa squalembrato or falso manco, depending on whether ascending or descending.” [note from Henry Fox]
  139. Imbroccata aventata means a hurling or forceful thrust given over the dagger.
  140. Gabionate fortifications or fences made of Gabions – cages or baskets full of earth set with ordinance to hide and defend Cannoniers. (Florio 1611)
  141. Trincerone means a large, well-equipped trench.
  142. No translation of this word is available.
  143. Manca means missing, and probably means back or voided leg.
  144. This probably means that the sword has mechanical advantage in a thrusting position.
  145. Corda means rope or cord, but in this context means the diameter of the circle.
  146. ‘A reference to the ‘sword fist’ is made in Antonio Manciolino’s Opera Nova where it states “Of the narrow iron gate guard. The sixth guard is called “porta di ferro stretta”. In which the body must be arranged diagonally in such fashion that the right shoulder (as is said above) faces the enemy, but both the arms must be stretched out to encounter the enemy, so that the sword arm is extended straight down in the defense of the right knee, and so that the sword fist be near and centered on the aforesaid knee.” (Wiktenauer, 2022) It is then clear that ‘sword’s fist’ means the hand holding the hilt of the sword.
  147. Cappa means both cloak and cape (there is no differentiation in Italian). I will use cloak for the purpose of consistency. The Spanish cloak or cape is short compared with what we normally consider to be a cloak. It is usually worn anywhere from below the shoulder blade length to the hip.
  148. Stringeremo appears to mean the same as stringere or a drawing close posture. Most commonly used as stringere la spada where using the stronger part of the sword you engage with the weaker part of the opponent’s sword and take the line or advantage so the point of the opponent’s sword can no longer strike you.
  149. Ghisliero assumes all fencers are right hand dominant in this treatise and writes as such.
  150. Piombo means the part made of lead or can mean to plummet down.
  151. Cálce means, a ventplate of a tilting staffe or place to hold it by. (Florio 1611)
  152. Passeggio means a walk or turn in a walking.
  153. Scalzo means bare-footed or unshod. (Florio 1611)
  154. Render pane per focaccia is a proverb which means ‘give bread for cake’ or to render like for like. p105 (Macadam, 1924)
  155. Stocco, means a short or arming-sword, a tuck. Also a short bat or truncheon. (Florio 1611)
  156. Cétro means ‘a Scepter, a mace of dignity.’ (Florio 1611)
  157. I think he is describing a downward bind here and I also think ‘blow’ should be noted here as ‘beat’.
  158. The name of a march upon a drum and trumpet in a time of war.
  159. Conscia is Latin and means partner or accomplice, which in this case appears to mean the horse. (DictZone, 2022)
  160. It is uncertain how an Albanian, which might also be a Stratioti in this case, would hold the lance.
  161. Stradiotto means ‘the kind of soldiers that Venitians use, like our Carbines, Freebooters or bootie-halers.’ Stratioti ‘An estradiot was a fighter of the mercenary light cavalry units who fought on European battlefields during the first half of the sixteenth century.’ (https://educalingo.com/en/dic-fr/stradiot accessed 17/10/2021)