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| [[File:Giganti 21.png|400x400px|center|Figure 21]]
 
| [[File:Giganti 21.png|400x400px|center|Figure 21]]
| <p>[55] '''Method of Parrying the Stoccata that Comes''' at the face from the right side with sword and dagger</p>
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| <p>[55] '''The Method of Parrying the ''Stoccata'' that Comes''' at your face from the right side with sword and dagger</p>
  
<p>To achieve the effect of the present figure, it is necessary to stand in guard as you will learn. I say it is necessary to stand in a just pace, strong, holding the weapons ready to parry and wound, with the dagger toward the guard of the enemy sword and your sword ready to wound where it is most convenient. If you see that your enemy wants to wound you with a thrust to your face, parry with the edge of the dagger and wound the enemy in the right shoulder in the same tempo, so that doing it in one tempo it will be difficult to parry. To make the effect so that he cannot parry, it is not enough to only understand these things, but also necessary to know how to put them into effect. That is, in the same tempo to stand strongly in guard, with the right foot forward, with the left foot strong on the ground supporting all the body, holding the right foot back as in various other lessons in order to increase quickly forward and back according to the occasion, always holding the point of your sword at the face or chest of the enemy, the dagger high in proportion to the enemy sword, inclining the vita back rather than forward, standing with an alert and vigilant eye, with a bold heart, and without one bit of fear of the enemy. If (while you stand in this guard) your enemy comes to throw a thrust or imbroccata at your face, then parrying with the edge of the dagger throw him a stoccata in the same tempo so that you make the effect of the figure. Take heed that you parry strongly and safely, turn your head and vita a little, and while he throws at you, parrying strongly, throw your stoccata in the same tempo. If you were to parry first then throw it would not be possible, since your enemy could withdraw his arm and body and would be in tempo to parry, and your life would be in danger. But if you parry and wound in the same tempo, give him the stoccata under the flank of the sword while he comes forward so you do it justly and in tempo and it is difficult for him to parry. Taking heed that when you have thrown the stoccata you hold your left foot on the ground firmly and strongly and as soon as you have thrown carry your vita backward, returning outside of measure.</p>
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<p>To achieve the effect of the present figure, it is necessary to stand in guard as you will learn. I say it is necessary to stand in a just and strong pace, holding the weapons ready to parry and wound, with the dagger guarding against the enemy sword and your sword ready to wound where it is most convenient. If you see that your enemy wishes to wound you with a thrust to your face, parry with the edge of the dagger and wound the enemy in the right shoulder in the same ''tempo''. Doing so in one ''tempo'', it will be difficult for him to parry. In order to produce the effect that he cannot parry, it is not enough to simply understand these things, but it is also necessary to know how to put them into effect—that is, in the same ''tempo'' to stand strongly in guard with the right foot forward, the left foot strong on the ground supporting all the body, as always holding the right foot back in order to quickly extend forward and backward according to the occasion, always holding the point of your sword toward the face or chest of the enemy, the dagger’s height in proportion to the enemy sword, inclining the ''vita'' back rather than forward, standing with an alert and vigilant eye, a bold heart, and without one bit of fear of the enemy. If (while you stand in this guard) your enemy comes to throw a thrust or ''imbroccata'' at your face, throw a ''stoccata'' at his face, parrying with the dagger in the same ''tempo'' so that you produce the effect of the figure. Be sure that you parry strongly and safely, turn your head and ''vita'' a little, and while he throws at you, parrying strongly, throw your ''stoccata'' in the same ''tempo''. If you were to parry first, then throw, it would not be possible because your enemy could withdraw his arm and body and be in ''tempo'' to parry, and your life would be in danger, but if you parry and wound in the same ''tempo'', you give him the ''stoccata'' under the flank of the sword while he comes forward. It is difficult for him to parry when you do it justly and in ''tempo'', taking care that when you throw the ''stoccata'' you keep your left foot firmly and strongly on the ground, and that you bring your ''vita'' backward as soon as you have thrown, returning outside of measure.</p>
 
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| <p>[56] Having thrown, to return backward safely it is necessary to first bring the head, then the vita backward, then the leg will come by itself. If you were to pull your leg first your head would go forward, your life would be in danger, and you would not be able to return outside of measure. Throwing a long and strong stoccata without knowing how to return backward with the vita is worthless.</p>
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| <p>[56] Having thrown, to return backward safely it is first necessary to bring the head, then the ''vita'' backward, then the leg will come of its own accord. If you were to pull your leg first, your head would go forward, your life would be in danger, and you would not be able to return outside of measure. Throwing a long and strong ''stoccata'' without knowing how to return backward with your life is worthless.</p>
 
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| <p>[57] In order to make the effect of the figure it is necessary to practise, so that when you see that your enemy wants to throw, you throw in that tempo so that your stoccata will arrive before his, although he is first to throw.</p>
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| <p>[57] In order to produce the effect of the figure, it is necessary to practise so that when you see that your enemy wishes to throw, you throw in that ''tempo'' so that your ''stoccata'' arrives before his, even if he is first to throw.</p>
 
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| [[File:Giganti 22.png|400x400px|center|Figure 22]]
 
| [[File:Giganti 22.png|400x400px|center|Figure 22]]
| <p>[58] '''The Proper Method of Parrying the Stoccata''' That Comes Toward Your Left Flank</p>
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| <p>[58] '''The Proper Method of Parrying the ''Stoccata''''' That Comes Toward Your Left Flank</p>
  
<p>In the present figure it is necessary to place yourself like in that above. If your enemy intends to throw at your left flank, stand with your dagger toward the guard of his sword and in the tempo that he throws parry with the edge of the dagger and wound the enemy in the sword shoulder in the same tempo. Nay, throw yours sooner than he throws his stoccata, staying alert with your eye and mind, collected in the vita, and in the tempo you see he wants to throw his throw yours at his shoulder and parry his in that tempo, so that he cannot parry yours because you wound in that tempo he comes forward, as is seen in the figure. The stoccata thrown, return backward outside of measure in the same way as the first figure of sword and dagger.<ref name="f21">Figure 21.</ref></p>
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<p>In the present figure, it is necessary to place yourself like in that above should your enemy intend to throw at your left flank. Stand with your dagger guarding against his sword and, in the ''tempo'' that he throws, parry with the edge of the dagger and wound him in the sword shoulder in the same ''tempo''. In fact, throw your ''stoccata'' quicker than he throws his so that, keeping your eye and mind alert and your ''vita'' withdrawn, in the ''tempo'' you see that he wants to throw his, you throw your own at his shoulder and parry his in that ''tempo''. He will not be able to parry yours because you wound in the ''tempo'' that he comes forward, as seen in the figure. The ''stoccata'' thrown, return backward outside of measure in the same way as in the first figure of sword and dagger.<ref name="f21">Figure 21.</ref></p>
 
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| [[File:Giganti 23.png|400x400px|center|Figure 23]]
 
| [[File:Giganti 23.png|400x400px|center|Figure 23]]
| <p>[59] '''Method of Parrying a Thrust that Comes''' at Your Right Flank with Sword and Dagger</p>
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| <p>[59] '''The Method of Parrying a Thrust that Comes''' at Your Right Flank with Sword and Dagger</p>
  
<p>As you see in this figure, if you are in this same guard described above and your enemy were to come to bind with the sword low in order to wound you in the right flank it would be necessary for you to raise your sword arm and stand in third guard<ref>The guard Giganti refers to here is unclear.</ref> for an imbroccata with the point of your sword toward his face or chest, with the dagger a little low and the arm to the guard of the enemy sword. As the enemy throws the thrust at your flank, parry and throw an imbroccata at the enemy sword shoulder in the same tempo so that you see the effect of the figure. In fact, it would be better when you see your enemy wants to throw the thrust to throw yours forward so that you will more easily wound him. The stoccata or imbroccata given, immediately return backward outside of measure.</p>
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<p>As you see in this figure, if you are in the same guard described above and your enemy comes to bind you with the sword low in order to wound you in the right flank, it is necessary that you raise your sword arm and stand in third guard<ref>The guard Giganti refers to here is unclear.</ref> for an ''imbroccata'' with the point of your sword toward his face or chest, with the dagger a little low and the arm extended to guard against the enemy sword. As the enemy throws the thrust at your flank, parry and throw an ''imbroccata'' at his sword shoulder in the same ''tempo'' so that you see the effect of the figure. Actually, when you see you see that your enemy intends to throw the thrust, it would be better to throw yours earlier so that you wound him more easily. The ''stoccata'', or rather, ''imbroccata'', given, immediately return backward outside of measure.</p>
 
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| <p>[60] These are the four kinds of wounding and parrying stoccata and imbroccata, and they proceed in the same way, that is, parrying and wounding in the same tempo and in carrying the feet always taking care as you throw the stoccata to increase a little with your right foot, keeping the left foot strongly on the ground. Be advised that keeping the left foot on the ground will appear difficult to you at first, but with practice you will succeed easily.</p>
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| <p>[60] These are the four kinds of wounding and parrying with the ''stoccata'' and ''imbroccata'', and they proceed in the same way—that is, parrying and wounding in the same ''tempo'', in carrying the feet always taking care to extend a little with the right foot as you throw the ''stoccata'' and to keep the left strong on the ground. Be advised that keeping the left foot on the ground will seem difficult to you at first, but with practice you will easily succeed.</p>
 
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| [[File:Giganti 24.png|400x400px|center|Figure 24]]
 
| [[File:Giganti 24.png|400x400px|center|Figure 24]]
| <p>[61] '''Method of Parrying the Thrust of Sword''' and Dagger at Your Face</p>
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| <p>[61] '''The Method of Parrying the Thrust of Sword''' and Dagger at Your Face</p>
  
<p>In order to put into effect that which is shown to you by this figure it is necessary that you stand in the same guard, and seeing the enemy coming to throw a stoccata at your face, parrying with the edge of the dagger, to push forward the stoccata at his flank in one tempo so that you make this effect. Be advised, however, when you see the enemy’s thrust at your face, to hold the dagger a little wide from it, giving him occasion to throw at you, and when he throws at you parry with the dagger and turn your head a little in order to pull it away from his sword. In the tempo you parry, wound him with a thrust in the flank that is uncovered and closest to wound. As soon as you have wounded, return backward in the described way.</p>
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<p>In order to put into effect everything that is shown to you by this figure, it is necessary that you stand in the same guard and, seeing the enemy coming to throw a ''stoccata'' at your face, parrying with the edge of your dagger, to push the ''stoccata'' at his flank earlier, in one ''tempo'', so that you produce this effect. Take care, however, when you see the point of your enemy’s sword toward your face, to hold the dagger a little wide from it, giving him occasion to throw at you, and to parry with the dagger and turn your head a little in order to pull it away from his sword when he throws. In the ''tempo'' that you parry, wound him with a thrust in the flank that is uncovered and closest to wound. As soon as you have wounded, return backward in the described way.</p>
 
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| [[File:Giganti 25.png|400x400px|center|Figure 25]]
 
| [[File:Giganti 25.png|400x400px|center|Figure 25]]
| <p>[62] '''Method of Parrying the Cut''' on the Head with Sword and Dagger</p>
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| <p>[62] '''The Method of Parrying the Cut''' on the Head with Sword and Dagger</p>
  
<p>As you see, one learns from this figure to parry the cuts with the dagger that come at the top of your head. It is necessary to place oneself in the guard of the first lesson,<ref>First lesson of sword and dagger – Figure 21.</ref> and if your enemy comes throwing you a cut on the head meet it with your dagger edge, in that same tempo throwing the thrust to the enemy’s face and increasing forward a little with your right foot. Do these three things together so that you see the effect of the figure. For a great cut that comes it would be better to kill it so that it does not have half the strength. While your enemy lifts the sword to throw the cut, throw your stoccata at his face so that he will need to withdraw his head a little backward. He will clamp his eyes and you will take the strength of the cut. To make this effect, it is necessary to be bold, to not be afraid of the sword or of the enemy, to understand parrying with the dagger well, and to understand how to throw a straight and long stoccata well. Watch that you do not parry the cut with the flat of the dagger, as a strong cut would cast the dagger from your hand and wound you on the head. If you parry with the edge holding the arm extended there will be no danger. Having thrown the thrust return backward outside of measure, as above.</p>
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<p>As you see, from this figure one learns to parry cuts that come at the top of the head with the dagger. It is necessary to position oneself in the guard of the first lesson<ref name="f21"/> and, if your enemy comes throwing a cut upon your head, to meet it with your dagger edge and in the same ''tempo'' throw a thrust at the enemy’s face, extending forward a little with your right foot. Do these three things together so that you see the effect of the figure. For a great cut, it would be better to kill it so that it does not have half the strength. While your enemy lifts the sword to throw the cut, throw your ''stoccata'' at his face so that he must draw his head back a little and clamp his eyes shut, and you will remove the strength of the cut. To produce this effect, it is necessary to be bold and unafraid of the sword or the enemy, to understand parrying with the dagger well, and to understand how to throw a straight and long ''stoccata'' well. Watch that you do not parry the cut with the flat of the dagger, as a strong cut would cast it from your hand and wound you on the head. If you parry with the edge, holding the arm extended, there will be no danger.69 Having thrown the thrust, return backward outside of measure, as above.</p>
 
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:Giganti 26.png|400x400px|center|Figure 26]]
 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Giganti 26.png|400x400px|center|Figure 26]]
| <p>[63] '''Method of Parrying a Riverso''' with the Dagger</p>
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| <p>[63] '''The Method of Parrying a ''Riverso''''' with the Dagger</p>
  
<p>As you see, one learns from this figure how to parry a riverso that comes at your face. It is necessary to place oneself in guard of the first lesson<ref name="f21"/> with the dagger high and strong, and when you see the riverso come go to meet it with the edge of the dagger. In the same tempo increase a little with your right foot, throwing the stoccata at his uncovered flank so that you see the effect of the figure.</p>
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<p>As you see, from this figure one learns how to parry a riverso that comes at the face. It is necessary to place oneself in the guard of the first lesson<ref name="f21"/> with the dagger high and strong. When you see the riverso coming, go to meet it with the edge of the dagger and, in the same ''tempo'', extend a little with the right foot, throwing the ''stoccata'' at his uncovered flank so that you see the effect of the figure.</p>
 
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| <p>[64] Be aware that all six of these figures<ref name="f21-6">Figures 21-26.</ref> are of one manner, but it is necessary to parry and wound in one tempo. If you were to delay an instant from parrying to wounding, you would not create the effect. To create the effect it is necessary to exercise, to practise, and the stoccata given, to immediately return backward outside of measure.</p>
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| <p>[64] Be aware that all six of these figures<ref name="f21-6">Figures 21–26.</ref> are one and the same method. It is necessary to parry and wound in one ''tempo'', however. If you were to delay an instant from parrying to wounding, you would not produce the effect. In order to produce the effect, it is necessary to drill and practise, and, the ''stoccata'' given, to immediately return backward outside of measure.</p>
 
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| <p>[65] Be advised that these six lessons are the most important and the most beautiful that are found in fencing, but it is necessary to perform them well holding the dagger strongly, and when you see the sword come against you, with the thrust as with the cut, go to meet it with the dagger and in that same tempo throw the stoccata where the enemy is uncovered.</p>
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| <p>[65] Be advised that these six lessons are the most important and beautiful in fencing, but it is necessary to perform them well, to hold the dagger strongly, and when you see the sword come against you, with the thrust as with the cut, to meet it with the dagger and in the same ''tempo'' throw the ''stoccata'' where the enemy is uncovered.</p>
 
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| <p>[66] '''Thrust Thrown at the Chest with the Sword''' and Dagger<br/><br/></p>
 
| <p>[66] '''Thrust Thrown at the Chest with the Sword''' and Dagger<br/><br/></p>
  
<p>The first quality that one who delights in making a profession of arms must have is the knowledge of how to approach to bind the enemy, give a stoccata to him, and return in guard outside of measure. To do this it is necessary to have understanding of the counterguards and know how to throw the stoccata where you see the enemy is uncovered. If he were a little uncovered in the chest it would be necessary to approach to bind him slowly, with the sword low, holding the point toward the enemy’s chest with the dagger to the guard of his sword, and when you are at measure throw the sword first, then the vita, and after the foot so that you see the effect of this figure. This is because if you throw the sword arm and then the vita you will give him the stoccata in the chest and he will not perceive it. Otherwise, if you were to move the vita first and then throw the stoccata, since he could see it and be able to parry and respond in the same tempo you would then be in danger. Having thrown the stoccata, immediately retreat outside of measure, standing in guard with your weapons ready to parry and wound because the enemy seeing himself wounded will become disconcerted enough to throw either a thrust or cut at you. You will then parry and wound in one tempo as described in the first six figures. <ref name="f21-6"/> The importance of this figure consists (after having thrown) in knowing how to return outside of measure. In order to return safely it is necessary (as has been said above) to carry your head back first so that the vita will come, and the leg, because if you were to pull your leg first you would be in danger either of falling or of your enemy wounding you since your head would go forward. This one of the principal things that you learn.</p>
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<p>The first quality that someone who delights in the profession of arms must have is the knowledge of how to approach to bind the enemy, give a ''stoccata'' to him, and return to guard outside of measure. To do this, it is necessary to understand the counterguards and to know how to throw the ''stoccata'' where you see your enemy is uncovered. If his chest were slightly uncovered, it would be necessary to approach slowly to bind him, with the sword low, holding the point toward the enemy’s chest, the dagger guarding against his sword. When you are at measure, throw the sword first, then the ''vita'', and after the foot so that you see the effect of this figure. This is because if you throw the sword arm and then the ''vita'' you will give him the ''stoccata'' in the chest and he will not perceive it. Otherwise, if you were to move the ''vita'' first and then throw the ''stoccata'', you would be in danger, since he could see it and be able to parry and respond in the same ''tempo''. Having thrown the ''stoccata'', immediately pull yourself back outside of measure, standing in guard with your weapons ready to parry and wound because the enemy, seeing himself wounded, will disconcertedly throw either a thrust or cut at you. You will then parry and wound in one ''tempo'' as described in the first six figures.<ref name="f21-6"/></p>
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<p>The importance of this figure consists in (after having thrown) knowing how to return outside of measure. In order to do so safely, it is necessary (as has been said above) to bring your head back first so that the ''vita'' will come, and the leg, because if you were to pull your leg first, you would be in danger of either falling or your enemy wounding you, since your head would go forward. This is one of the principal things that you should learn.</p>
 
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| [[File:Giganti 28.png|400x400px|center|Figure 28]]
 
| [[File:Giganti 28.png|400x400px|center|Figure 28]]
| <p>[67] '''Throwing the Stoccata While the Enemy''' Moves<br/><br/></p>
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| <p>[67] '''Throwing the ''Stoccata'' While the Enemy''' Moves<br/><br/></p>
  
<p>In fencing the principal things are understanding measure and tempo, which we discuss in this figure. When you have the sword in hand so that you go against your enemy, go to bind him with an alert eye, with the weapons ready to parry and wound. In that tempo take heed of whether he wants to be the first to wound or not. If you see that he wants to be first give a tempo to him so that he throws and meanwhile you, going to the parry, throw at him in the same tempo as above. But if you see that he is timid and stays in guard in order to wait approach him little by little to bind on the side where he is uncovered, and when you are at measure, holding the dagger forward to the guard of his sword, first throw the point, then the vita, and after the foot, always holding the dagger forward, so that if the enemy throws in that same tempo you are able to parry so that he does not produce an incontro and strike both of you. Having thrown, return backward outside of measure in the described way. It is necessary when you approach to bind him that he do one of these three things: either he throws, stays firm in order to parry, or he moves himself to one side or another in order to take himself outside. Therefore, it is necessary whether he throws or stays firm when you are at measure that you do it in the way described in the present lesson, but if he were to move himself, either withdrawing himself or here, there, or in whichever way, throw the stoccata at him strongly and quickly while his foot is moving, because while he moves you can wound him there in the tempo that you throw. Then return outside of measure as usual.</p>
+
<p>The principal things in fencing are the recognition of measure and ''tempo'', which we discuss in this figure. As soon you have the sword in hand when you go against your enemy, go to bind him with your eyes alert and the weapons ready to parry and wound. In that ''tempo'', take heed of whether he wishes to be the first to wound or not. If you see that he wants to be firstgive him a ''tempo'' so that he throws and throw at him while parrying in the same ''tempo'', as above. If you see that he fears you and stands in guard in order to wait, however, approach him little by little to bind on the side where he is uncovered and when you are at measure, holding the dagger forward to guard against his sword, first throw the point, then the ''vita'', and after the foot, always holding the dagger forward so that if the enemy were to throw in the same ''tempo'' you are able to parry and he does not produce an ''incontro'', striking you both. Having thrown, return backward outside of measure in the described way. When you approach to bind him, it is necessary that he does one of three things: Either he throws, stands solidly in order to parry, or moves to one side or another in order to take himself outside of measure. If he throws or holds firm when you are at measure, it is therefore necessary to perform it in the way described in the present lesson. If he were to move, though, either withdrawing, or here, or there, or in any way he wishes, throw the ''stoccata'' at him strongly and quickly while his foot is in the air<ref>The original text uses the words “in varia”, or “in varying”. This is likely an error in the text which should read “in aria”, or “in the air”, and has been corrected here.</ref> because while he moves, he cannot wound you in the ''tempo'' that you throw. Then return outside of measure as usual.</p>
 
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| <p>[68] '''Thrust Thrown Over the Dagger'''</p>
 
| <p>[68] '''Thrust Thrown Over the Dagger'''</p>
  
<p>To give a stoccata to someone who holds the dagger low it is necessary (as one sees in this figure) to approach him to bind on the side of the dagger, and when you are at measure first throw the sword, and then the vita, raising your wrist a little so that you make the effect. Then return backward in the way described in Figure ……<ref>The figure number is missing in both the 1606 and 1628 printings. Jakob de Zeter’s 1619 German/French version also omits a figure reference. The anonymous notes in the Vienna copy state that it is the 21st figure.</ref></p>
+
<p>In order to strike someone who holds the dagger low with a ''stoccata'', it is necessary (as seen in this figure) to approach to bind him on the dagger side, and when you are at measure first throw the sword, then the ''vita'', raising your wrist a little as you see in the figure in order to produce the effect. Then, return backward in the way described in Figure [21]<ref>The figure number is missing in both the 1606 and 1628 printings. Jakob de Zeter’s 1619 German/French version also omits a figure reference. The anonymous notes in the Vienna copy state that it is the 21st figure.</ref></p>
 
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| <p>[69] It is very difficult to defend oneself from one who is practised at first throwing the sword, then the vita, and after this quickly returning backward in the way described in lesson [27],<ref>The figure number is missing in both the 1606 and 1628 printings. Jakob de Zeter’s 1619 German/French version refers to Figure 27.</ref> who understands approaching to bind with tempo, and when he is at measure throwing where the enemy is uncovered, since it is necessary that he<ref name="the enemy"/> is uncovered somewhere, as the sword and dagger cannot cover everything and where he is uncovered it is necessary to approach him to bind in the described way.</p>
+
| <p>[69] It is very difficult to defend against someone who is practised at first throwing the sword, then the ''vita'', afterwards quickly returning backward in the way described in lesson [27],<ref>The figure number is missing in both the 1606 and 1628 printings. Jakob de Zeter’s 1619 German/French version refers to Figure 27.</ref> who knows how to approach to bind with ''tempo'', throwing where the enemy is uncovered when at measure. This is because he is necessarily uncovered somewhere, as the sword and dagger cannot cover everything, and it is necessary to approach to bind him in the described way where he is uncovered.</p>
 
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| <p>[70] </p>
 
| <p>[70] </p>
  
<p>Many are the guards that can be made, because every method of holding the sword is a guard, as has been said, and all the guards are good to one who understands tempo and measure. In war one who knows how to make guards with artifice will always deceive the enemy.</p>
+
<p>Many are the guards that can be made, because every method of holding the sword is a guard, as has been said, and all the guards are good to someone who recognizes ''tempo'' and measure. In battle, someone who knows how to make guards with artifice will always deceive the enemy.</p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
  
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| <p>[71] '''Artificial Guard Uncovering''' the Left Side</p>
 
| <p>[71] '''Artificial Guard Uncovering''' the Left Side</p>
  
<p>The artificial guards are infinite, but I will only place three of them in my first book, which for those who understand will be a light and road to making as many guards as they wish.</p>
+
<p>The artificial guards are infinite, but I will only place three of them in this, my first book, so that it will be a light and path for the learned to make as many guards as they wish.</p>
 
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| <p>[72] The proper and first method of standing in artificial guard is this: uncovering a part of the body while the other parts are completely covered, so that the enemy cannot wound you if not in one part alone, as you see in this figure where all of the left shoulder is uncovered. This is done so the enemy will intend to wound you in the uncovered part, and when he sets out to wound he will be in danger, since as he aims to throw at you either with a thrust or cut you can parry and wound him in the same tempo, increasing with the foot so that it accompanies the sword while you parry. As soon as the stoccata is thrown return outside of measure as above.</p>
+
| <p>[72] The proper and first method of standing in guard with artifice is this: Uncovering one part of the body while the others are completely covered so that the enemy can only wound you in one part alone, as you see in this figure where the entire left shoulder is uncovered. This is done so that the enemy will attempt to wound you in the uncovered part, and when he sets out to do so he will be in danger, since when he attempts to throw either a thrust or cut you can parry and wound him in the same ''tempo'', extending with the foot so that it accompanies the sword while you parry. As soon as the ''stoccata'' is thrown, return outside of measure as above.</p>
 
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| <p>[73] These artificial guards are for studious men that understand tempo and measure and have practised well, because many things can be done in these guards. Most of all in this first one can approach to bind the enemy, and when you are at measure, that same enemy waiting, it is possible to wound him in the part that is uncovered. If he throws you are able to do many things, such as parry and wound in one tempo, parry and make a feint, a pass, or all that you know how to do in other guards in which you are practised. If your enemy standing in guard throws disconcerted you parry and wound in one tempo, or rather, disconcerted, and return immediately backward out of measure. This guard deceives many of those that know and do not know playing at weapons. Seeing you uncovered, he will throw at that uncovered part, and you easily parrying and wounding in the way described above in the first lessons of sword and dagger will strike him safely and easily.</p>
+
| <p>[73] These artificial guards are for experienced and studious men who understand ''tempo'' and measure, because many things can be done in these guards. In this first especially, it is possible to approach to bind the enemy and, when at measure, that same enemy waiting, wound him where he is uncovered. If he throws, you can do many things, such as parry and wound in one ''tempo'', parry and perform a feint, a pass, or anything that you know how to do in other guards and with which you are practised. If your enemy, standing in guard, were to throw disconcertedly, parry and wound in one ''tempo'', or instead discordantly, and return immediately backward out of measure. This guard deceives many of those that know and do not know playing at arms because, seeing you uncovered, he will throw at that uncovered part and you, easily parrying and wounding in the way described above in the first lessons of sword and dagger, will strike him safely and easily.</p>
 
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| <p>[74] '''Artificial Guard Uncovering the Right Side'''</p>
 
| <p>[74] '''Artificial Guard Uncovering the Right Side'''</p>
  
<p>This is another artificial guard, as you see, that uncovers all the right side, and the rest of the vita is completely covered so that the enemy cannot wound if not in your uncovered right shoulder. However, you can parry with the sword or dagger as you like and wound with a firm foot or else pass with your foot, as is convenient.</p>
+
<p>This is another artificial guard which, as you see, is completely uncovered on the right side. The rest of the ''vita'' is entirely covered so that the enemy cannot wound anywhere but your uncovered right shoulder. However, you can parry with the sword or dagger as you wish and wound with a firm foot, or instead pass with your foot, as is convenient.</p>
 
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| <p>[75] In this guard you can do many feints. These guards are good with those desirous to wound, who do not have patience to wait to throw with tempo and measure, and who as they see the enemy uncovered come toward him without considering that which he could still do, often finding themselves in danger. They are still good with those that know much, since you see your own work better. Making a feint at you, you will be able to parry it better than standing in a narrow guard, and the resolute thrusts are parried more easily still by carrying the vita back, and parrying, turning the body, according to how quick and long the thrusts will be.</p>
+
| <p>[75] In this guard you can perform many feints. These guards are good with those desirous to wound, who do not have the patience to wait to throw with ''tempo'' and measure, and who, when they see the enemy uncovered, come upon him without considering what he is yet able to do, often finding themselves in danger. They are also good with those who know much, since you see your actions better. This is because, him performing a feint at you, you will be able to parry it better than standing in a narrow guard, and the resolute thrusts are defended against even more easily by bringing the ''vita'' back or parrying, turning the ''vita'', according to how quick and long the thrusts are.</p>
 
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| <p>[76] '''Artificial Guard Uncovering the Chest'''</p>
 
| <p>[76] '''Artificial Guard Uncovering the Chest'''</p>
  
<p>In this other guard, where the chest is uncovered, it is<ref>The chest is uncovered.</ref> because your enemy cannot wound you either on the side of the sword or on that of the dagger, because coming in order to wound you he will throw at your rib cage, that being the only thing uncovered. While he throws, parry and wound in the same tempo, either in the right shoulder or the face, these being closest to you. You can also perform feints in this guard, pass with your foot, and all that you have learned in the other guards. It is also good with the choleric, who throw resolutely and do not perform feints. With those that have tempo and measure and know well how to throw a resolute thrust and a feint it is not to be used. Instead, bind with the weapons and seek to cover the enemy sword with yours outside of measure where you can parry and wound safely according to the occasion.</p>
+
<p>The chest is uncovered in this other guard so that your enemy cannot wound you on either the side of the sword or that of the dagger, because coming to wound you he will throw at your ribcage, that being the only thing uncovered. While he throws, parry and wound in the same ''tempo'', either in the right shoulder or the face, these being closest to you. In this guard you can also perform feints, pass with your foot, or anything that you have learned in other guards. It is also good with the choleric, who throw resolutely and do not perform feints. It is not to be used with those who have ''tempo'' and measure and know well how to throw a resolute thrust and a feint. Instead, bind with the weapons and seek to cover the enemy’s sword with yours outside of measure, where you can safely parry and wound according to the occasion.</p>
 
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:Giganti 33.png|400x400px|center|Figure 33]]
 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Giganti 33.png|400x400px|center|Figure 33]]
| <p>[77] '''Feint with Sword and Dagger''' in Order to Wound Over the Dagger</p>
+
| <p>[77] '''The Feint with Sword and Dagger''' in Order to Wound Over the Dagger</p>
  
<p>Just as the understanding of tempo and measure are the principal foundation of fencing, so the disengage and feint are the ornament of it. The disengage consists entirely in the wrist. The feint is showing the doing of one thing and not doing it. It is not possible to do the feint without the disengage.</p>
+
<p>Just as the understanding of ''tempo'' and measure is the principal foundation of fencing, so the disengage and feint are its ornament. The disengage consists entirely in the wrist. The feint is showing the doing of one thing and not doing it. It is not possible to perform the feint without the disengage.</p>
 
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| <p>[79] I cannot discuss the feint without including the disengage. The feint is a deadly deception, almost irreparable to persons of valour and professors of this science, and hardly to those without understanding. This is done in this way. At times in order to give a stoccata over the dagger in the chest or face of the enemy it is necessary to do it like so: bind him with the sword low under the dagger, holding your dagger to the guard of his sword. When you find yourself at measure, throw a resolute stoccata and then return backward, and if you run at him nothing else will happen, but if he parries, return to bind and when you are at measure, throw the thrust without extending your step, standing with the vita firm underneath the dagger. And while the enemy goes to parry it, in his lowering of the dagger raise the point of the sword with a turn of your hand then, extending your step and vita, wound him either in the chest or face, which he will certainly not perceive, as you see in the figure. To have the effect it needs to be done with great speed so that he will not know if it is resolute or a feint. Be advised that in approaching with the point of the sword over the enemy’s dagger you must proceed with the disengage so that it has disengaged and wounded in the same tempo. Then return outside of measure, as above, securing yourself from the enemy’s sword.</p>
+
| <p>[79] I cannot discuss the feint without including the disengage. The feint is a deadly deception, almost unstoppable to persons of valour and experts of this science, dropping the “almost” with those of no understanding. It is performed in this way: At times, in order to strike with a ''stoccata'' over the dagger in the chest or face of the enemy, it is necessary to bind him with the sword low under the dagger, keeping your dagger guarding against his sword, and when you are at measure, throw a resolute ''stoccata'' and then return backward. Nothing more is required if you rush at him, but if he parries, bind him again and when you are at measure throw the thrust without extending your step, staying with the ''vita'' firm underneath the dagger. While the enemy moves to parry it, in his lowering of the dagger raise the point of your sword with a turn of your wrist and then, extending your step and ''vita'', wound him in the chest or face, which he will certainly not perceive, as you see in the figure. To have the effect it needs to be done with great speed so that he will not know if it is resolute or feigned. Be advised that in going with the point of the sword above the enemy’s dagger you must advance with the disengage so that you have disengaged and wounded in the same ''tempo''. Then, return outside of measure, as above, securing yourself from the enemy’s sword.</p>
 
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| [[File:Giganti 34.png|400x400px|center|Figure 34]]
 
| [[File:Giganti 34.png|400x400px|center|Figure 34]]
| <p>[80] '''Feint With Sword and Dagger''' in Order to Wound in the Chest</p>
+
| <p>[80] '''The Feint With Sword and Dagger''' in Order to Wound in the Chest</p>
  
<p>This feint is no different from the last, except that wounds over the dagger and this underneath. One does this with the same rule as the other. In this you have to hold the sword high, and when you have the enemy close throw a thrust at him over the dagger, raising your sword arm a little more. This method of wounding is called “Cutting the Dagger’s Throat”.<ref>''“Scannare”'' – to slaughter or cut the throat of.</ref> If he does not parry nothing else will happen, but if he parries, you must present the point to him, not more or less, standing with your pace and foot firm, and while he goes to the parry, running with the point of the sword under the hilt of the dagger, turning your wrist and extending your pace, wound him in the chest so that he will not perceive it. Then return backward outside of measure, securing yourself as above.</p>
+
<p>This feint is no different from the last, except that wounds over the dagger and this underneath. It is done with the same rule as the other. In this, you must hold the sword high and, when you have bound the enemy, throw a thrust at him over the dagger, raising your sword arm a little more. This method of wounding is called “Cutting the Dagger’s Throat”.<ref>''Scannare''—to slaughter or cut the throat of. </ref> No more is required if he does not parry, but if he does, you must present the point to him, no more or less, standing with your pace and foot firm, and while attempts to parry, running with the point of the sword under the hilt of the dagger, turning your wrist and extending your pace, wound him in the chest, which he will not perceive. Then, return backward outside of measure, securing yourself as above.</p>
 
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| [[File:Giganti 35.png|400x400px|center|Figure 35]]
 
| [[File:Giganti 35.png|400x400px|center|Figure 35]]
| <p>[81] '''Feint with Sword and Dagger at the Face''' Disengaging the sword over the point of the dagger<br/><br/></p>
+
| <p>[81] '''The Feint with Sword and Dagger at the Face''' ''Disengaging the sword over the point of the dagger''<br/><br/></p>
  
<p>To give a stoccata at the outset to your enemy’s face, it is necessary to do this feint which, just as it is the most difficult, is yet the most beautiful. It is necessary therefore to bind the enemy from the sword side, holding the point to his face from the right side, in order to wait for if he wants to wound, or rather if he wants to stand in guard in order to parry. If he is in guard, feint a thrust at his face and as he goes with the dagger to obedience turn the point of the sword over the enemy dagger with your wrist and wound him so that he will not perceive it, since in parrying he will completely uncover himself. The thrust being given, do as above.</p>
+
<p>To strike your enemy’s face with a ''stoccata'' at the onset, it is necessary to perform this feint which, as it is the most difficult, thus it is also the most beautiful. It is therefore necessary to bind the enemy on the sword side, holding the point toward his face on the right side, in order to see if he wants to wound or if he instead wishes to stand in guard in order to parry. If he is in guard, feign a thrust at his face, and as he goes into obedience with the dagger, turn the point of the sword over the enemy’s dagger with your wrist and wound him, which he will not perceive, since in parrying he will completely uncover himself. Having struck with the thrust, do as above.</p>
 
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| [[File:Giganti 36.png|400x400px|center|Figure 36]]
 
| [[File:Giganti 36.png|400x400px|center|Figure 36]]
| <p>[82] '''Parrying the Long Stoccata with the Sword by Bringing''' the vita back</p>
+
| <p>[82] '''Parrying the Long ''Stoccata'' with the Sword by Bringing''' the ''vita'' back</p>
  
<p>It is such a necessity to be good at parrying that I hold that understanding parrying well is the most important thing in this profession. Now I want to teach you three ways to defend yourself from long stoccate. Stand in guard in the above way with the sword and vita forward, holding the chest a little uncovered, and stand either at measure or outside of measure, but not inside the measure. Being at measure when you see the stoccata being thrown at you, carry your vita backward and parry with the sword as you see in the figure. In the same tempo (because throwing yourself backward you escape from the thrust of the enemy’s sword, a little far, so that it does not reach you), dropping down with the vita he puts himself into disorder and it will be difficult for him to parry, whence you can lengthen your step, wounding him, and escape from him as above, taking care to stand strongly over your feet while you parry or return backward.</p>
+
<p>It is such a necessity to be good at parrying that I hold knowing how to do so well to be the most important thing in this profession. Now I wish to teach you three ways to defend yourself from long ''stoccate''. Stand in guard in the above way with the sword and ''vita'' forward, keeping the chest slightly uncovered, and stand either at measure or outside of measure, but not inside measure. Being at measure, when you see the ''stoccata'' being thrown at you, bring your ''vita'' backward and parry with the sword as you see in the figure. In the same ''tempo'' (because, pulling yourself backward, you escape away from the thrust of the enemy’s sword slightly so that it does not reach you), he puts himself into disorder falling downward with his ''vita'' and it will be difficult for him to parry, whence you can lengthen your step to wound him and escape from him as above, taking care to stand strongly over your feet while you parry or return backward.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/95|1|lbl=51}}
 
| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/95|1|lbl=51}}
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|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Giganti 37.png|400x400px|center|Figure 37]]
 
| [[File:Giganti 37.png|400x400px|center|Figure 37]]
| <p>[83] '''Parrying With The Dagger,''' Bringing The Vita Back<br/><br/></p>
+
| <p>[83] '''Parrying with the Dagger,''' Bringing the ''Vita'' Back<br/><br/></p>
  
<p>Stand in the same guard as above, with the vita forward with artifice, holding the dagger to the guard of the enemy’s sword. When you are at measure and you see that he throws the thrust at you, parry with the dagger in the same tempo and bring the vita back with a withdrawal of your forward leg and the sword holding ready to wound, as you see in the figure where standing with the feet strong and the sword free you can do many things before he returns to guard, since throwing long and falling with his vita he will give you opportunity to do them.</p>
+
<p>Stand in the same guard as above, with the ''vita'' artificially forward, keeping the dagger guarding against the enemy’s sword. When you are at measure and you see him throw the thrust at you, in the same ''tempo'' parry with the dagger and bring the ''vita'' back with a withdrawal of your forward leg, keeping the sword ready to wound, as you see in the figure. Standing with the feet strong and the sword free, you can do many things before he returns to guard, since he gives you an opportunity to do them by throwing long and falling with his ''vita''.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf|105|lbl=85}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf|105|lbl=85}}
 
| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/97|1|lbl=52}}
 
| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/97|1|lbl=52}}
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|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Giganti 38.png|400x400px|center|Figure 38]]
 
| [[File:Giganti 38.png|400x400px|center|Figure 38]]
| <p>[84] '''Parrying with the Dagger, Carrying the Vita Back,''' and wounding with the sword in the same tempo</p>
+
| <p>[84] '''Parrying with the Dagger, Carrying the ''Vita'' Back,''' ''and wounding with the sword in the same tempo''</p>
  
<p>In the previous two figures one parried with the dagger, carrying the vita backward and then wounding. These show two tempi: one in the parrying and the other in the wounding. With this other figure you are shown how to parry and wounds in one tempo. The reason for this carrying back of the vita is that you disconcert the enemy and better see your work. Now, therefore, put yourself in the same guard as above, with sword, dagger, and vita forward, leaning your body. When you are at measure forgo throwing, and when he throws at you you must do three things in one tempo. That is, parrying with the dagger, bringing the vita backward, and pulling your front foot even with the rear, ending up curved with the body, your arm lengthened, and throwing the thrust at his chest. This method of parrying and wounding so deceives the enemy that it is impossible for him to defend himself. After this return outside of measure and secure yourself as has been said.</p>
+
<p>Given that the previous two figures parried with the dagger, bringing the ''vita'' backward and then wounding, they show two ''tempi'': One in parrying and the other in wounding. Therefore, I show you how to parry and wound in one ''tempo'' with this other figure of mine. The reason for bringing back the ''vita'' is that you disconcert the enemy and see your action better. Now then, place yourself in the same sword and dagger guard as above, with the ''vita'' bending your body forward. Forgo throwing when you are at measure, and when he throws at you it is necessary to do three things in one ''tempo''—that is, parrying with the dagger, bringing the ''vita'' backward while pulling your front foot even with the rear, ending up curved with the body, and extending your arm, throwing the thrust at his chest. This method of parrying and wounding so deceives the enemy that it is impossible for him to defend himself. After this, return outside of measure and secure yourself as has been said.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf|107|lbl=87}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf|107|lbl=87}}
 
| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/99|1|lbl=53}}
 
| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/99|1|lbl=53}}
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| <p>[85] '''The Thrust at the Face Parrying with the Sword'''<br/><br/></p>
 
| <p>[85] '''The Thrust at the Face Parrying with the Sword'''<br/><br/></p>
  
<p>Demonstrated in this figure is a very useful thrust of the firm foot, beautiful to those that know how to put it into work and who practise it. It is done in this way. If your enemy wishes to throw an imbroccata at your face, or rather a straight thrust, parrying with your sword straighten the point in the same tempo to the enemy’s face so that, you throwing in the same tempo that he does, he will not be able to parry with the dagger in the same tempo, because if he attempts to parry with the dagger he will bash into his sword with it and you will end up with the point in his face.</p>
+
<p>Demonstrated in this figure is a thrust of the firm foot that is very useful and beautiful to those that know how to employ it and practise doing so. It is done in this way: If your enemy attempts to throw an ''imbroccata'' at your face, or a straight thrust instead, parrying with your sword, direct the point to the enemy’s face in the same ''tempo'' so that, you throwing in the same ''tempo'' that he does, he will not be able to parry with the dagger in the same ''tempo''. If he wishes to parry with the dagger, he will bash it into his sword and end up with the thrust in his face.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf/109|1|lbl=89}}
 
| {{section|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf/109|1|lbl=89}}
 
| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/101|1|lbl=54}}
 
| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/101|1|lbl=54}}
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|  
 
|  
| <p>[86] This lesson only teaches how to wound him in the face - if you wished to throw at his chest he would be able to parry it with the dagger. If you want to do it more artificially so that you deceive even the knowledgeable, it is necessary to uncover your left side and hold the dagger low, giving the enemy occasion to throw either at your face or over the dagger, so that he believes you will parry with the dagger. In the same tempo you will parry with the forte of your sword and increase with your right foot, holding the point of your sword toward his face. If he attempts to parry he bumps into his own sword and cannot parry or wound, as in the figure. The thrust thrown, return backward outside of measure as above.</p>
+
| <p>[86] This lesson only teaches how to wound him in the face—if you attempted to throw at his chest, he would be able to parry it with the dagger. To perform it with greater artifice so that you deceive even the knowledgeable, it is necessary to uncover your left side and hold the dagger low, giving the enemy an opportunity so that he throws either at your face or over the dagger, which he will believe you will parry with the dagger. In the same ''tempo'', parry with the ''forte'' of your sword and extend with your right foot, keeping the point of your sword toward his face, because if he attempts to parry, he bumps into his own sword and is unable to parry or wound, as in the figure. The thrust thrown, return backward outside of measure as above.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf/109|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf/109|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/101|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/101|2|lbl=-}}
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| <p>[87] '''The Pass with Sword and Dagger in Order to Come to Grips''' and wound with the dagger in the face</p>
 
| <p>[87] '''The Pass with Sword and Dagger in Order to Come to Grips''' and wound with the dagger in the face</p>
  
<p> The approach to the grips and wounding with the dagger is done in many ways according to the occasions in which the enemy is found. Many that come to the grips cannot do otherwise, as is the case when the enemy is furious in the passing. Others who do not have patience in judging the thrust of the sword pass from cholera. Others pass with artifice in order to wound with the dagger. In my first book I will only write a pass with artifice in order to wound safely with the dagger so that your enemy will not be able to offend you with either the sword or dagger. This pass is done in this way. It is necessary to place yourself in guard in a way that you end up with all your right parts uncovered and give occasion to the enemy, who throws resolutely, namely by thrust or cut. You then parry with your sword, passing with your foot, strongly affront his sword with yours and place your sword in his dagger arm, as you see in the figure, for the reason that your enemy will not be able to move either the sword or the dagger and you will be able to give him as many dagger wounds as you like. This lesson is very safe to those who have practised.</p>
+
<p> Coming to grips and wounding with the dagger is done in many ways and according to the situations in which a person finds himself. Many who come to grips cannot do otherwise, as is the case when the enemy is furious in passing. Others, who do not have patience in playing at the point of the sword, pass out of choler. Others pass with artifice in order to wound with the dagger. In this, my first book, I will write on only one artificial pass for wounding safely with the dagger so that your enemy will not be able to offend you with either the sword or dagger. The pass is performed in this way: It is necessary to arrange yourself in guard in a way that you end up with your entire right side uncovered and give the enemy an opportunity so that he throws resolutely, either by thrust or cut. You will then parry with your sword, passing with your foot, strongly affront his sword with yours, and put your sword inside his dagger arm, as you see in the figure, for the reason that your enemy will not be able to move either the sword or the dagger and you will be able to give him as many dagger wounds as you like. This lesson will be very safe for someone who has practised it.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf|111|lbl=91}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf|111|lbl=91}}
 
| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/103|1|lbl=55}}
 
| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/103|1|lbl=55}}
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| <p>[88] '''The Thrust with the Sword and Dagger Thrown on the Side''' of the right shoulder</p>
 
| <p>[88] '''The Thrust with the Sword and Dagger Thrown on the Side''' of the right shoulder</p>
  
<p>Someone in this profession who wishes to be a valiant man will never place himself in guard, but will stand well outside of measure, consider the guard of the enemy, approach to bind him little by little at his uncovered place and when he is at measure will throw according to the method of the present figure, in which the right shoulder<ref>Of the enemy.</ref> is uncovered, taking care to approach to bind him from the side of the sword. If he<ref>Our fencer.</ref> sees that he<ref name="the enemy"/> stands in guard in order to wait, he will throw the stoccata strongly in the described way, turning his wrist on the side of the enemy’s sword, as is seen. After the stoccata is thrown, return outside of measure as above.</p>
+
<p>Someone who wishes to be a valiant man in this profession will never place himself in guard but, standing well outside of measure instead, will consider the enemy’s guard and approach to bind him little by little where he is uncovered. When he is at measure, he will throw according to the method of the present figure in which the enemy’s right shoulder is uncovered, taking care to approach to bind him on the side of the sword. If he sees that the enemy stands in guard in order to wait, he will throw the ''stoccata'' strongly in the described way, turning the wrist on the side of the enemy’s sword, as seen. After the ''stoccata'' is thrown, return outside of measure as above.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf|113|lbl=93}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf|113|lbl=93}}
 
| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/105|1|lbl=56}}
 
| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/105|1|lbl=56}}
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| <p>[89] '''Passing with the Foot with Sword''' and Dagger</p>
 
| <p>[89] '''Passing with the Foot with Sword''' and Dagger</p>
  
<p>This figure does not serve as a demonstration of what I did in my first book, but of the others that I will, God willing, bring to light. I will discuss the passes of sword and dagger, that is, passing with the foot, since in this book more than the firm foot were not discussed because all that one does with firm foot, if one knows how to take the tempo, one can do with a pass of the foot.</p>
+
<p>In my first book, this figure serves as nothing more than a demonstration. In others that I will publish, God willing, I will discuss passes of sword and dagger—that is, passing with the foot—since in this only firm-footed was discussed. This is because, if one knows how to take the ''tempo'', all that is done firm-footed can be done with a pass of the foot.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf/115|1|lbl=95}}
 
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| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/107|1|lbl=57}}
 
| {{section|Page:Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf/107|1|lbl=57}}
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[90] The pass done then, it is necessary to know how to disengage the sword and then escape as you see in this figure, where it is seen that he passed, has disengaged the sword, and can safely give as many stoccate as he likes, holding the enemy’s sword with his dagger.</p>
+
| <p>[90] After the pass is done, it is necessary to know how to disengage the sword and then escape, as you see in this figure where he passed, disengaged the sword, and can safely give the enemy as many ''stoccate'' as he likes, holding the enemy’s sword with his dagger.</p>
 
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| class="noline" |  
 
| class="noline" |  
| class="noline" | <p>[91] If the enemy were to disengage the sword it would be necessary to follow it with the dagger and then wound with the sword, and when you have given the stoccate that you wish return backward outside of measure. If one knows how to take the tempo well and passes with the foot but does not know how to disengage the sword, it must be said that he knows nothing since in passing, although he wounds, he finds himself in danger in regard to the enemy who still will attempt to make his blow. This is because those courageous are found that even wounded still want to avenge themselves. Thus infuriated, they throw in the worst way possible, so that you can still end up wounded and dead. Even if in passing the enemy were to parry the stoccata you would find yourself in huge danger if you did not know how to disengage the sword and were you to not know how to fight at half-sword, as you see in the figure, and be able to return backward and escape as I, God willing, will discuss in my other books, My Lord.</p>
+
| class="noline" | <p>[91] If the enemy were to disengage the sword, it would be necessary to follow it with the dagger while wounding with the sword and, when you have given the ''stoccate'' that you wish, return backward outside of measure. Someone who knows how to take the ''tempo'' well and pass with the foot but does not know how to disengage the sword can be said to know nothing since, in passing, even though he wounds, he finds himself in danger with respect to the enemy, who still will attempt to perform his blow. This is because courageous ones are found who, though wounded, yet wish to avenge themselves. Thus infuriated, they throw in the worst possible way, and you can still end up wounded or dead. Even if, in passing, your enemy were to parry the ''stoccata'', you would find yourself in very great danger if you did not know how to disengage the sword and were you not to know how to fight at half-sword,96 as you see in the figure, and return backward and escape as I, Our Lord God willing, will discuss in my other books.</p>
 
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| class="noline" | <p>'''THE END'''</p>
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| class="noline" | <p>'''''The End'''''</p>
 
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Revision as of 04:50, 26 May 2024

Nicoletto Giganti
Born 1550s-60s
Fossombrone, Italy
Died date of death unknown
Occupation
Nationality Italian
Citizenship Republic of Venice
Patron
  • Cosimo II de' Medici
  • Christofano Chigi
Influenced Bondì di Mazo (?)
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s)
First printed
english edition
Leoni, 2010
Concordance by Michael Chidester

Nicoletto Giganti (Niccoletto, Nicolat) was an Italian soldier and fencing master around the turn of the 17th century. He was likely born to a noble family in Fossombrone in central Italy,[1] and only later became a citizen of Venice.[2] Little is known of Giganti’s life, but in the dedication to his 1606 treatise he claims 27 years of professional experience, meaning that his career began in 1579 (possibly referring to service in the Venetian military, a long tradition of the Giganti family).[1] Additionally, the preface to his 1608 treatise describes him as a Master of Arms to the Order of Santo Stefano in Pisa, a powerful military order founded by Cosimo I de' Medici, giving some further clues to his career.

In 1606, Giganti published a treatise on the use of the rapier (both single and with the dagger) titled Scola, overo teatro ("School, or Theater"). It is dedicated to Cosimo II de' Medici. This treatise is structured as a series of progressively more complex lessons, and Tom Leoni opines that this treatise is the best pedagogical work on rapier fencing of the early 17th century.[3] It is also the first treatise to fully articulate the principle of the lunge.

In 1608, Giganti made good on the promise in his first book that he would publish a second volume.[4] Titled Libro secondo di Niccoletto Giganti ("Second Book of Niccoletto Giganti"), it is dedicated to Christofano Chigi, a Knight of Malta, and covers the same weapons as the first as well as rapier and buckler, rapier and cloak, rapier and shield, single dagger, and mixed weapon encounters. This text in turn promises additional writings on the dagger and on cutting with the rapier, but there is no record of further books by Giganti ever being published.

While Giganti's second book quickly disappeared from history, his first seems to have been quite popular: reprints, mostly unauthorized, sprang up many times over the subsequent decades, both in the original Italian and, beginning in 1619, in French and German translations. This unauthorized dual-language edition also included book 2 of Salvator Fabris' 1606 treatise Lo Schermo, overo Scienza d’Arme which, coupled with the loss of Giganti's true second book, is probably what has lead many later bibliographers to accuse Giganti himself of plagiarism.[5]

Treatise

Giganti, like many 17th century authors, had a tendency to write incredibly long, multi-page paragraphs which quickly become hard to follow. Jacob de Zeter's 1619 dual-language edition often breaks these up into more manageable chunks, and so his version is used as the template for these concordances. Neither scans nor transcription of Giganti's second book are yet available, so it cannot yet be included in the tables below.

A copy of the 1628 printing that was extensively annotated by a contemporary reader now resides in the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek. Its annotations are beyond the scope of this concordance, but they have been transcribed by Julian Schrattenecker and Florian Fortner, and incorporated into Jeff Vansteenkiste's translation in a separate document.

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Terminiello et al. 2013, p 9.
  2. That he eventually became a Venetian citizen is indicated on the title page of his 1606 treatise.
  3. Leoni, p xi.
  4. This treatise was considered lost for centuries, and as early as 1673 the Sicilian master Giuseppe Morsicato Pallavicini stated that this second book was never published at all. See La seconda parte della scherma illustrata. Palermo, 1673. p V.
  5. This accusation was first made by Johann Joachim Hynitzsch, who attributed the edition to Giganti rather than Zeter and was incensed that he gave no credit to Fabris.
  6. Although the plates depicting the guards and counterguards are somewhat less than clear, we know from this chapter that Figure 2 depicts binding the enemy’s sword on the inside.
  7. Figure 3, which we know from the description of this chapter’s action depicts binding the enemy’s sword on the outside.
  8. Reading the text, Figures 6 and 7 appear to be swapped, meaning this lesson’s text refers to Figure 7. Interestingly, the plate order does not appear to be corrected in subsequent printings, even in Jakob de Zeter’s German/French version (1619), which uses entirely new plates created by a different artist.
  9. This lesson’s text refers to Figure 6.
  10. The two fencers.
  11. The placeholder was never replaced with the proper figure number reference when the book went to print, and it remains missing in Paolo Frambotto’s 1628 reprint. Jakob de Zeter’s 1619 German/French version refers to Figure 7.
  12. This is the second manner mentioned at the beginning of the lesson, rather than an action that follows from the first.
  13. Camillo Agrippa (1553), for example, recommends turning the face away.
  14. The two preceding figures.
  15. The original text is “vorreste”, or “you would like”. As our fencer’s opponent is the one with the dagger, it is likely that this is a mistake in the text.
  16. The figure number is missing in both the 1606 and 1628 printings. Jakob de Zeter’s 1619 German/French version refers to Figure 21.
  17. 17.0 17.1 17.2 Figure 21.
  18. The guard Giganti refers to here is unclear.
  19. 19.0 19.1 Figures 21–26.
  20. The original text uses the words “in varia”, or “in varying”. This is likely an error in the text which should read “in aria”, or “in the air”, and has been corrected here.
  21. The figure number is missing in both the 1606 and 1628 printings. Jakob de Zeter’s 1619 German/French version also omits a figure reference. The anonymous notes in the Vienna copy state that it is the 21st figure.
  22. The figure number is missing in both the 1606 and 1628 printings. Jakob de Zeter’s 1619 German/French version refers to Figure 27.
  23. Scannare—to slaughter or cut the throat of.