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<p>This has been composed and created by Johannes Liechtenauer, the one High Master in the Art, may God be gracious to him, so that princes, lords, knights, and soldiers shall know and learn that which pertains to the Art. Therefore he has allowed the Epitome to be written with secret and suspicious words, so that not every man shall undertake and understand them. And he has done that so the Epitome’s Art will little concern the reckless Fencing Masters, so that from those same Masters his Art is not openly presented, nor shall it become common. And the same secret and suspicious words of the Epitome which stand hereafter, the glosses teach and explain thus, so that everyone who otherwise can fence may well undertake and understand them.</p>
 
<p>This has been composed and created by Johannes Liechtenauer, the one High Master in the Art, may God be gracious to him, so that princes, lords, knights, and soldiers shall know and learn that which pertains to the Art. Therefore he has allowed the Epitome to be written with secret and suspicious words, so that not every man shall undertake and understand them. And he has done that so the Epitome’s Art will little concern the reckless Fencing Masters, so that from those same Masters his Art is not openly presented, nor shall it become common. And the same secret and suspicious words of the Epitome which stand hereafter, the glosses teach and explain thus, so that everyone who otherwise can fence may well undertake and understand them.</p>
 
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| <p>[8] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he drives high up with his arms with the parrying, then strike him with a free hew below to the body, and step quickly backward therewith, so he is struck before he comes in.</p>
 
| <p>[8] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he drives high up with his arms with the parrying, then strike him with a free hew below to the body, and step quickly backward therewith, so he is struck before he comes in.</p>
 
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<p>Gloss: Mark, this is that before all things you shall rightly undertake and understand these two things, which are the Before and the After, and thereafter the Weak and Strong of the sword, and then the word “Meanwhile”, whence comes the entire foundation of all the Art of Fencing. When you think on, undertake, and understand them rightly, and do not forget the word “Meanwhile” in all techniques that you drive, then you are a very good Master of the Sword and may teach princes and lords well, so that they may be best in combat and in earnest with the correct Art of the Sword.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is that before all things you shall rightly undertake and understand these two things, which are the Before and the After, and thereafter the Weak and Strong of the sword, and then the word “Meanwhile”, whence comes the entire foundation of all the Art of Fencing. When you think on, undertake, and understand them rightly, and do not forget the word “Meanwhile” in all techniques that you drive, then you are a very good Master of the Sword and may teach princes and lords well, so that they may be best in combat and in earnest with the correct Art of the Sword.</p>
 
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<p>The After are the breaks against all techniques and hews the opponent drives on you, and that undertake thus: When he comes Before with the hew, and you must parry him, then work Meanwhile with your parrying nimbly with the sword to the nearest opening. Then you break his Before with your After.</p>
 
<p>The After are the breaks against all techniques and hews the opponent drives on you, and that undertake thus: When he comes Before with the hew, and you must parry him, then work Meanwhile with your parrying nimbly with the sword to the nearest opening. Then you break his Before with your After.</p>
 
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<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when you hew in on him with the Wrath-hew, then shoot the long point into the face or breast, as the fore-described states. If he becomes aware of the point and parries strongly and presses your sword to the side, then wrench up over it with your sword on his sword’s blade, off above from his sword, and hew him to the other side, yet on his sword’s blade, into the head. That is called “taking off above”.</p><section end="wrath-2"/>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when you hew in on him with the Wrath-hew, then shoot the long point into the face or breast, as the fore-described states. If he becomes aware of the point and parries strongly and presses your sword to the side, then wrench up over it with your sword on his sword’s blade, off above from his sword, and hew him to the other side, yet on his sword’s blade, into the head. That is called “taking off above”.</p><section end="wrath-2"/>
 
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<p>When he takes off above, then bind above on his sword strongly, in with the long edge to his head.</p><section end="wrath-3"/>
 
<p>When he takes off above, then bind above on his sword strongly, in with the long edge to his head.</p><section end="wrath-3"/>
 
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<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when he has bound with you, with a hew or with a stab (or otherwise on your sword): then from the Winding before you, you shall not too quickly leave his sword. When one sword clashes on the other, very precisely mark if he is Soft or Hard in the bind, and when you have found that first, then work Meanwhile with the Winding, after the Soft and after the Hard, always to the nearest-standing opening as you will be taught hereafter and trained in the techniques.</p><section end="wrath-6"/>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when he has bound with you, with a hew or with a stab (or otherwise on your sword): then from the Winding before you, you shall not too quickly leave his sword. When one sword clashes on the other, very precisely mark if he is Soft or Hard in the bind, and when you have found that first, then work Meanwhile with the Winding, after the Soft and after the Hard, always to the nearest-standing opening as you will be taught hereafter and trained in the techniques.</p><section end="wrath-6"/>
 
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| <section begin="wrath-10"/><p>[26] And how you shall drive the Windings, and how many there are, you will find described in the last technique of the Epitome, which says “Whoever drives well and correctly breaks…”<ref>Couplets 102-109.</ref></p><section end="wrath-10"/>
 
| <section begin="wrath-10"/><p>[26] And how you shall drive the Windings, and how many there are, you will find described in the last technique of the Epitome, which says “Whoever drives well and correctly breaks…”<ref>Couplets 102-109.</ref></p><section end="wrath-10"/>
 
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| <section begin="wrath-12"/><p>[28] That you shall thus understand: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, you shall always aim at the Four Openings boldly without any fear (with a hew or with a stab, to whichever you may best come on) and regard not what he drives or fences against you. Therewith, you force the man so that he must parry you, and when he has parried, then search quickly in the parrying with the Winding on his sword yet to the nearest opening, and thus aim always at the openings of the man and fence not to the sword, as in the technique which says, “Set-on four ends; Learn to remain thereon if you will end.”<ref>Couplet 74.</ref></p><section end="wrath-12"/>
 
| <section begin="wrath-12"/><p>[28] That you shall thus understand: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, you shall always aim at the Four Openings boldly without any fear (with a hew or with a stab, to whichever you may best come on) and regard not what he drives or fences against you. Therewith, you force the man so that he must parry you, and when he has parried, then search quickly in the parrying with the Winding on his sword yet to the nearest opening, and thus aim always at the openings of the man and fence not to the sword, as in the technique which says, “Set-on four ends; Learn to remain thereon if you will end.”<ref>Couplet 74.</ref></p><section end="wrath-12"/>
 
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<p>Mark, when you hew strongly on him from above your right shoulder to his head, if he parries and is Soft on the sword, then Wind on your left side with your short edge on his sword, and drive up well with your arms, and drive in with your sword’s blade above over his sword, and stab into the lower opening.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when you hew strongly on him from above your right shoulder to his head, if he parries and is Soft on the sword, then Wind on your left side with your short edge on his sword, and drive up well with your arms, and drive in with your sword’s blade above over his sword, and stab into the lower opening.</p>
 
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<p>Mark, when you hew to his head from above your left side, if he parries and is Soft on the sword, then drive up with your arms and hang in the point above over his sword, and stab into the lower opening. Thus you may drive the two techniques from all hews thereafter, as you find the Weak and Strong on the sword.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when you hew to his head from above your left side, if he parries and is Soft on the sword, then drive up with your arms and hang in the point above over his sword, and stab into the lower opening. Thus you may drive the two techniques from all hews thereafter, as you find the Weak and Strong on the sword.</p>
 
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<p>Mark, you may also drive the Crooked hew from the Barrier-Guard on both sides, and in that guard position yourself thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword with the point near your right side on the earth (so that the long edge is above), and give an opening with the left side. If he then hews to the opening, then spring from the hew with your right foot well on your right side against him, and strike him with the long edge with crossed hands, with the point on his hands.</p>
 
<p>Mark, you may also drive the Crooked hew from the Barrier-Guard on both sides, and in that guard position yourself thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword with the point near your right side on the earth (so that the long edge is above), and give an opening with the left side. If he then hews to the opening, then spring from the hew with your right foot well on your right side against him, and strike him with the long edge with crossed hands, with the point on his hands.</p>
 
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<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when he will hew you from above his right side: then drive high up with your hands and do as if you will bind him on his sword with the Crooked hew, and drive through under his sword with your point, and stab him to the other side, to his face or his breast, and see that you are well protected above with the hilt before your head.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when he will hew you from above his right side: then drive high up with your hands and do as if you will bind him on his sword with the Crooked hew, and drive through under his sword with your point, and stab him to the other side, to his face or his breast, and see that you are well protected above with the hilt before your head.</p>
 
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| <p>[48] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you strike him with the Thwart to his left side, and he then follows you with the slice on your arm, then strike him in his mouth with the Doubling, behind his sword’s blade with the long edge.</p>
 
| <p>[48] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you strike him with the Thwart to his left side, and he then follows you with the slice on your arm, then strike him in his mouth with the Doubling, behind his sword’s blade with the long edge.</p>
 
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| <p>[49] Mark, break him thus against the Doubling: when you slice him above on his arm, if he then strikes above with the Doubling to your head, then drive up against the strike and Wind your sword under his, and drive in with the short edge, with your sword on his neck.</p>
 
| <p>[49] Mark, break him thus against the Doubling: when you slice him above on his arm, if he then strikes above with the Doubling to your head, then drive up against the strike and Wind your sword under his, and drive in with the short edge, with your sword on his neck.</p>
 
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| <p>[55] {{red|b=1|Also you shall}} always think to spring out wide on the side against him with each Thwart strike: so may you hit well to his head, and see also that you are well guarded above with the hilt before your head.</p>
 
| <p>[55] {{red|b=1|Also you shall}} always think to spring out wide on the side against him with each Thwart strike: so may you hit well to his head, and see also that you are well guarded above with the hilt before your head.</p>
 
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| <p>[58] Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then do as if you will strike him with a free Over-hew to the head, but pull the hew and strike him with the Thwart to the lower opening of his left or his right side (to whichever you want), and see that you are well-guarded with the hilt over your head. You may also drive this thus with the Thwart-hew.</p>
 
| <p>[58] Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then do as if you will strike him with a free Over-hew to the head, but pull the hew and strike him with the Thwart to the lower opening of his left or his right side (to whichever you want), and see that you are well-guarded with the hilt over your head. You may also drive this thus with the Thwart-hew.</p>
 
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| <p><br/><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/><br/></p>
  
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|-  
 
| <p>[61] Or if he remains low with his hands in the parrying, then grip his right elbow with your left hand and hold him fast therewith, and spring with your left foot before his right and thrust him thus over the foot.</p>
 
| <p>[61] Or if he remains low with his hands in the parrying, then grip his right elbow with your left hand and hold him fast therewith, and spring with your left foot before his right and thrust him thus over the foot.</p>
 
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|-  
 
|-  
 
| <p>[62] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you will not thrust him over the foot by the elbow with your left hand (as the fore-described states), then drive in with your left arm behind around his body, and throw him before you over your left hip.</p>
 
| <p>[62] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you will not thrust him over the foot by the elbow with your left hand (as the fore-described states), then drive in with your left arm behind around his body, and throw him before you over your left hip.</p>
 
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| <p>[64] Also, you may thus drive the Failer as well from the Over-hew as from the Thwart strike, when you are even (or when you want).</p>
 
| <p>[64] Also, you may thus drive the Failer as well from the Over-hew as from the Thwart strike, when you are even (or when you want).</p>
 
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<section begin="Schilhaw"/>
 
<section begin="Schilhaw"/>
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<p>When you stand against him and hold your sword on your right shoulder, if he then stands against you in the guard of the Plow and will stab below to you, then hew him long in above with the Squinter, and shoot the point long in to the breast, so may he not reach you below with the stab.</p>
 
<p>When you stand against him and hold your sword on your right shoulder, if he then stands against you in the guard of the Plow and will stab below to you, then hew him long in above with the Squinter, and shoot the point long in to the breast, so may he not reach you below with the stab.</p>
 
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| <p>[69] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you lie before him in the guard of the Fool, if he will then fall Crooked thereon with the sword, so is his sword but shortened.</p>
 
| <p>[69] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you lie before him in the guard of the Fool, if he will then fall Crooked thereon with the sword, so is his sword but shortened.</p>
 
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| <p>[70] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he lies against you in the guard of the Ox or the Plow, so is his sword but shortened. Also know that all Winds with the sword before the man are short and shorten the sword, and whatever fencer drives the Winding thus, then freely Change through from hews and from stabs, and shoot in the long point therewith into the nearest opening. Therewith you force him so that he must parry, and so you come to your correct work.</p>
 
| <p>[70] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he lies against you in the guard of the Ox or the Plow, so is his sword but shortened. Also know that all Winds with the sword before the man are short and shorten the sword, and whatever fencer drives the Winding thus, then freely Change through from hews and from stabs, and shoot in the long point therewith into the nearest opening. Therewith you force him so that he must parry, and so you come to your correct work.</p>
 
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<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then lies against you in the guard Fool, then set your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder in the guard, and spring to him, and hew strongly down from above with the long edge to his head.</p>
 
<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then lies against you in the guard Fool, then set your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder in the guard, and spring to him, and hew strongly down from above with the long edge to his head.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 025r.jpg|2|lbl=25r.2}}
 
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| <p>[75] If he then parries the hew so that his point and hilt both stand over him, that is called the Crown. Then remain high with your arms, and with your left hand lift your sword’s pommel over you, and sink the point in over his hilt to his breast. If he then drives up with his sword and thrusts your point upwards with his hilt, then Wind your sword through under his Crown with the slice in his arms and press. Thus is the Crown again broken, and with the pressing slice fast in the arms, and then pull yourself off with the slice.</p>
 
| <p>[75] If he then parries the hew so that his point and hilt both stand over him, that is called the Crown. Then remain high with your arms, and with your left hand lift your sword’s pommel over you, and sink the point in over his hilt to his breast. If he then drives up with his sword and thrusts your point upwards with his hilt, then Wind your sword through under his Crown with the slice in his arms and press. Thus is the Crown again broken, and with the pressing slice fast in the arms, and then pull yourself off with the slice.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 025r.jpg|3|lbl=25r.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 025r.jpg|3|lbl=25r.3}}
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|  
 
|  
 
<section end="Scheitelhaw"/>
 
<section end="Scheitelhaw"/>
Line 1,094: Line 1,094:
 
<p>Mark, the other guard is called the Plow, there position yourself thus with it: stand with your left foot before and hold your sword with crossed hands, with the pommel below you near your right side on your hip, so that the short edge is above and the point stands in against his face.</p>
 
<p>Mark, the other guard is called the Plow, there position yourself thus with it: stand with your left foot before and hold your sword with crossed hands, with the pommel below you near your right side on your hip, so that the short edge is above and the point stands in against his face.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 025v.jpg|4|lbl=25v.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 025v.jpg|4|lbl=25v.4}}
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<p>Gloss: Mark, you have heard before that there are Four Guards. So you shall now also know the Four Forfendings that break the same Four Guards. Also hear that the Forfendings are nothing more than breaking with four hews.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, you have heard before that there are Four Guards. So you shall now also know the Four Forfendings that break the same Four Guards. Also hear that the Forfendings are nothing more than breaking with four hews.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026r.jpg|4|lbl=26r.4}}
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| <p>[84] {{red|b=1|Mark}}, the first hew is the '''Crooked-hew''', which breaks the guard that is called the Ox.</p>
 
| <p>[84] {{red|b=1|Mark}}, the first hew is the '''Crooked-hew''', which breaks the guard that is called the Ox.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026r.jpg|5|lbl=26r.5}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026r.jpg|5|lbl=26r.5}}
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|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,145: Line 1,145:
 
| <p>[85] {{red|b=1|Mark}} the second hew, that is, the '''Thwart-hew''', which breaks the guard From the Day.</p>
 
| <p>[85] {{red|b=1|Mark}} the second hew, that is, the '''Thwart-hew''', which breaks the guard From the Day.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|1|lbl=26v.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|1|lbl=26v.1}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040r.jpg|3|lbl=40r.3}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,153: Line 1,153:
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|2|lbl=26v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|2|lbl=26v.2}}
 
|  
 
|  
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040r.jpg|4|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040v.jpg|1|lbl=40v|p=1}}
+
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|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,160: Line 1,160:
 
| <p>[87] {{red|b=1|Mark}} the fourth hew, that is, the '''Parter''', which breaks the guard that is called the Fool.</p>
 
| <p>[87] {{red|b=1|Mark}} the fourth hew, that is, the '''Parter''', which breaks the guard that is called the Fool.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|3|lbl=26v.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|3|lbl=26v.3}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040v.jpg|2|lbl=40v.2}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,167: Line 1,167:
 
| <p>[88] And you shall find how you shall break the four guards with the hews before, in the descriptions of the same hews.</p>
 
| <p>[88] And you shall find how you shall break the four guards with the hews before, in the descriptions of the same hews.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|4|lbl=26v.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|4|lbl=26v.4}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040v.jpg|3|lbl=40v.3}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,180: Line 1,180:
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is that you shall not parry as the common fencers do: when they parry they hold their points high or to the side, and that is to understand that they do not know to seek the Four Openings<ref>"the Four Openings" omitted from the Kraków.</ref> with the point with their parrying, therefore they often become struck. When you will parry, then parry with your hew or with your stab, and seek Meanwhile the nearest opening with the point; so may no Master strike at you without being injured.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is that you shall not parry as the common fencers do: when they parry they hold their points high or to the side, and that is to understand that they do not know to seek the Four Openings<ref>"the Four Openings" omitted from the Kraków.</ref> with the point with their parrying, therefore they often become struck. When you will parry, then parry with your hew or with your stab, and seek Meanwhile the nearest opening with the point; so may no Master strike at you without being injured.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|5|lbl=26v.5}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|5|lbl=26v.5}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040v.jpg|4|lbl=40v.4}}
  
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 041r.jpg|1|lbl=41r}}
+
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 041r.jpg|1|lbl=41r.1}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,200: Line 1,200:
  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 027r.jpg|1|lbl=27r.1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 027r.jpg|1|lbl=27r.1}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 041r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 041r.jpg|2|lbl=41r.2}}
  
 
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 041v.jpg|1|lbl=41v}}
 
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 041v.jpg|1|lbl=41v}}
Line 1,216: Line 1,216:
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 027r.jpg|2|lbl=27r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 027v.jpg|1|lbl=27v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 027r.jpg|2|lbl=27r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 027v.jpg|1|lbl=27v.1|p=1}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 042v.jpg|1|lbl=42v}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 042v.jpg|1|lbl=42v.1}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,223: Line 1,223:
 
| <p>[92] If he then becomes aware of the Setting-on, then remain with your sword on his and work in nimbly to the nearest opening.</p>
 
| <p>[92] If he then becomes aware of the Setting-on, then remain with your sword on his and work in nimbly to the nearest opening.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 027v.jpg|2|lbl=27v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 027v.jpg|2|lbl=27v.2}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 042v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 042v.jpg|2|lbl=42v.2}}
 
|  
 
|  
 
<section begin="Nachreisen"/>
 
<section begin="Nachreisen"/>
Line 1,273: Line 1,273:
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 028r.jpg|3|lbl=28r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 028v.jpg|1|lbl=28v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 028r.jpg|3|lbl=28r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 028v.jpg|1|lbl=28v.1|p=1}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 044v.jpg|1|lbl=44v}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 044v.jpg|1|lbl=44v.1}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,280: Line 1,280:
 
| <p>[97] {{red|b=1|Mark}}, you shall travel after him from all hews and from all guards<ref>"from all" omitted from the Kraków.</ref> as quickly as you can when he fore-hews from you or opens himself with the sword. And see that afterward you do not open yourself nor fore-hew with the Travelling-after, and mark that to both sides.</p>
 
| <p>[97] {{red|b=1|Mark}}, you shall travel after him from all hews and from all guards<ref>"from all" omitted from the Kraków.</ref> as quickly as you can when he fore-hews from you or opens himself with the sword. And see that afterward you do not open yourself nor fore-hew with the Travelling-after, and mark that to both sides.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 028v.jpg|2|lbl=28v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 028v.jpg|2|lbl=28v.2}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 044v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 044v.jpg|2|lbl=44v.2}}
 
|  
 
|  
 
<section end="Nachreisen"/>
 
<section end="Nachreisen"/>
Line 1,296: Line 1,296:
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 028v.jpg|3|lbl=28v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 029r.jpg|1|lbl=29r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 028v.jpg|3|lbl=28v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 029r.jpg|1|lbl=29r.1|p=1}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 045v.jpg|1|lbl=45v}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 045v.jpg|1|lbl=45v.1}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,307: Line 1,307:
 
| <p><br/><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/><br/></p>
  
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 045v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 045v.jpg|2|lbl=45v.2}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,327: Line 1,327:
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 029r.jpg|3|lbl=29r.3|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 029v.jpg|1|lbl=29v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 029r.jpg|3|lbl=29r.3|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 029v.jpg|1|lbl=29v.1|p=1}}
 
|  
 
|  
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 045v.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 046r.jpg|1|lbl=46r|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 045v.jpg|3|lbl=45v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 046r.jpg|1|lbl=46r.1|p=1}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,334: Line 1,334:
 
| <p>[101] “Meanwhile”: that is a sharp word wherewith all Masters of the Sword who know not to name this word become sliced. That is the key of the Art.</p>
 
| <p>[101] “Meanwhile”: that is a sharp word wherewith all Masters of the Sword who know not to name this word become sliced. That is the key of the Art.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 029v.jpg|2|lbl=29v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 029v.jpg|2|lbl=29v.2}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 046r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 046r.jpg|2|lbl=46r.2}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,347: Line 1,347:
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is that you shall drive the Travelling-after to both sides and you shall not forget the slice there. Undertake it thus: when he fore-hews in front of you (be it from the right or from the left side), then hew in boldly After to the opening. If he then drives up and binds below you on the sword, then mark as quickly as the swords clash on each other, and then slice him Meanwhile after his neck, or fall in with the long edge on his arms and slice fast.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is that you shall drive the Travelling-after to both sides and you shall not forget the slice there. Undertake it thus: when he fore-hews in front of you (be it from the right or from the left side), then hew in boldly After to the opening. If he then drives up and binds below you on the sword, then mark as quickly as the swords clash on each other, and then slice him Meanwhile after his neck, or fall in with the long edge on his arms and slice fast.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 029v.jpg|3|lbl=29v.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 029v.jpg|3|lbl=29v.3}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 046r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 046r.jpg|3|lbl=46r.3}}
  
 
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 046v.jpg|1|lbl=46v}}
 
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 046v.jpg|1|lbl=46v}}
Line 1,368: Line 1,368:
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when you come to him with the pre-fencing: if he then hews below to your lower opening, do not parry that, but hew in above strongly to his head. Or, if he hews to you with Under-hewing, then mark before he comes up with the Under-hew, and shoot the long point above into his face or his breast, and Set-on him above so he may not reach you below (since all upper Settings-on break and defeat the lower). If he then drives up and binds below on your sword, then remain with the long edge strongly on his sword, and work nimbly to the nearest opening, or let him work and come Meanwhile so that you hit him.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when you come to him with the pre-fencing: if he then hews below to your lower opening, do not parry that, but hew in above strongly to his head. Or, if he hews to you with Under-hewing, then mark before he comes up with the Under-hew, and shoot the long point above into his face or his breast, and Set-on him above so he may not reach you below (since all upper Settings-on break and defeat the lower). If he then drives up and binds below on your sword, then remain with the long edge strongly on his sword, and work nimbly to the nearest opening, or let him work and come Meanwhile so that you hit him.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 029v.jpg|4|lbl=29v.4|p=1}}<br/><br/>
+
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 029v.jpg|4|lbl=29v.4}}
  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 030r.jpg|1|lbl=30r.1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 030r.jpg|1|lbl=30r.1}}
 
|  
 
|  
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 047v.jpg|1|lbl=47v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 048r.jpg|1|lbl=48r|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 047v.jpg|1|lbl=47v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 048r.jpg|1|lbl=48r.1|p=1}}
 
|  
 
|  
 
<section begin="Absetzen"/>
 
<section begin="Absetzen"/>
Line 1,394: Line 1,394:
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 030v.jpg|1|lbl=30v.1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 030v.jpg|1|lbl=30v.1}}
 
|  
 
|  
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 048r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 048v.jpg|1|lbl=48v|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 048r.jpg|2|lbl=48r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 048v.jpg|1|lbl=48v|p=1}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,421: Line 1,421:
  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 031r.jpg|1|lbl=31r.1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 031r.jpg|1|lbl=31r.1}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 050v.jpg|1|lbl=50v}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 050v.jpg|1|lbl=50v.1}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,430: Line 1,430:
 
<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then hew in above strongly. If he then hews against your sword (and not to your body), then let the point go through his sword with the hew, below between you, before he binds on your sword, and stab into the other side to his breast. If he becomes aware of the stab, and drives quickly after the stab with parrying with the sword, then Change-through yet again, and always do that when he drives after the sword with parrying.</p>
 
<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then hew in above strongly. If he then hews against your sword (and not to your body), then let the point go through his sword with the hew, below between you, before he binds on your sword, and stab into the other side to his breast. If he becomes aware of the stab, and drives quickly after the stab with parrying with the sword, then Change-through yet again, and always do that when he drives after the sword with parrying.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 031r.jpg|2|lbl=31r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 031r.jpg|2|lbl=31r.2}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 050v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 050v.jpg|2|lbl=50v.2}}
  
 
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 051r.jpg|1|lbl=51r}}
 
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 051r.jpg|1|lbl=51r}}
Line 1,441: Line 1,441:
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 031r.jpg|3|lbl=31r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 031v.jpg|1|lbl=31v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 031r.jpg|3|lbl=31r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 031v.jpg|1|lbl=31v.1|p=1}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 052r.jpg|1|lbl=52r}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 052r.jpg|1|lbl=52r.1}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,450: Line 1,450:
 
<p>How you shall Change-through so that one will not Set-on you while you are doing so, and undertake it thus: when he parries and lets his point go out near your side, then bravely Change-though and stab him to the other side. Or, if he remains with the point before your face (or otherwise against the opening), then do not Change-through but remain on the sword, and work therewith to the nearest opening so he may not Travel-after you with Setting-on.</p>
 
<p>How you shall Change-through so that one will not Set-on you while you are doing so, and undertake it thus: when he parries and lets his point go out near your side, then bravely Change-though and stab him to the other side. Or, if he remains with the point before your face (or otherwise against the opening), then do not Change-through but remain on the sword, and work therewith to the nearest opening so he may not Travel-after you with Setting-on.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 031v.jpg|2|lbl=31v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 031v.jpg|2|lbl=31v.2}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 052r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 052r.jpg|2|lbl=52r.2}}
 
|  
 
|  
 
<section end="Durchwechseln"/><section begin="Zucken"/>
 
<section end="Durchwechseln"/><section begin="Zucken"/>
Line 1,479: Line 1,479:
 
<p>When he has bound on your sword, if he then stands against you in the bind and waits to see if you yourself will draw off from the sword, then do as if you will Pull, but remain on his sword and Pull your sword on you as far as half the blade, and stab in quickly again into his face or his breast. If you do not hit him correctly with the stab, then work with the Doubling or otherwise with other techniques which are best.</p>
 
<p>When he has bound on your sword, if he then stands against you in the bind and waits to see if you yourself will draw off from the sword, then do as if you will Pull, but remain on his sword and Pull your sword on you as far as half the blade, and stab in quickly again into his face or his breast. If you do not hit him correctly with the stab, then work with the Doubling or otherwise with other techniques which are best.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 032r.jpg|2|lbl=32r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 032r.jpg|2|lbl=32r.2}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 053r.jpg|1|lbl=53r}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 053r.jpg|1|lbl=53r.1}}
 
|  
 
|  
 
<section end="Zucken"/><section begin="Durchlaufen"/>
 
<section end="Zucken"/><section begin="Durchlaufen"/>
Line 1,498: Line 1,498:
  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 032v.jpg|1|lbl=32v.1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 032v.jpg|1|lbl=32v.1}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 053r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 053r.jpg|2|lbl=53r.2}}
  
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 053v.jpg|1|lbl=53v}}
+
{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 053v.jpg|1|lbl=53v.1}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,509: Line 1,509:
 
<p>Mark, when he runs into you and drives high up with the arms and will overwhelm you above with strength, then drive also up with your arms, and hold your sword by the pommel over your head with your left hand, and let the blade hang down behind over your back, and Run with your head through your arm against his right side, and spring with your right foot behind his right, and with the spring then drive in with your right arm against his left side in front, well around his body, and grasp him thus on your right hip and throw him before you backwards on his head.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when he runs into you and drives high up with the arms and will overwhelm you above with strength, then drive also up with your arms, and hold your sword by the pommel over your head with your left hand, and let the blade hang down behind over your back, and Run with your head through your arm against his right side, and spring with your right foot behind his right, and with the spring then drive in with your right arm against his left side in front, well around his body, and grasp him thus on your right hip and throw him before you backwards on his head.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 032v.jpg|2|lbl=32v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 032v.jpg|2|lbl=32v.2}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 053v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 053v.jpg|2|lbl=53v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.2º.2 67v.jpg|1|lbl=67v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.2º.2 67v.jpg|1|lbl=67v}}
  
Line 1,631: Line 1,631:
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 034v.jpg|3|lbl=34v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|1|lbl=35r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 034v.jpg|3|lbl=34v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|1|lbl=35r.1|p=1}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 069r.jpg|1|lbl=69r}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 069r.jpg|1|lbl=69r.1}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,640: Line 1,640:
 
<p>When he binds you on your sword to your left side, and strikes quickly again around therewith with the left foot on your right side, then fall in with the long edge above over both arms and press from you with the slice. You shall always drive that to both sides when he strikes around from the parrying, or hews from the sword.</p>
 
<p>When he binds you on your sword to your left side, and strikes quickly again around therewith with the left foot on your right side, then fall in with the long edge above over both arms and press from you with the slice. You shall always drive that to both sides when he strikes around from the parrying, or hews from the sword.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|2|lbl=35r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|2|lbl=35r.2}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 069r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 069r.jpg|2|lbl=69r.2}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 1,649: Line 1,649:
 
<p>That the two Under-slices pertain to driving against the fencers that like to run in with outstretched arms. Drive it thus: when he binds on your sword and drives high up with his arms, and runs in to you on your left side, then invert your sword so that your thumb comes below, and fall in with the long edge in his arm, under the pommel, and press upward with the slice.</p>
 
<p>That the two Under-slices pertain to driving against the fencers that like to run in with outstretched arms. Drive it thus: when he binds on your sword and drives high up with his arms, and runs in to you on your left side, then invert your sword so that your thumb comes below, and fall in with the long edge in his arm, under the pommel, and press upward with the slice.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|3|lbl=35r.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|3|lbl=35r.3}}
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 056r.jpg|1|lbl=56r}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 056r.jpg|1|lbl=56r.1}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
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| <p>[128] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he runs with out-stretched arms to your right side, then invert your sword so that your thumb comes below, and fall in with the short edge in the arms, under his pommel, and press upwards with the slice. Those are the Four Slices.</p>
 
| <p>[128] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he runs with out-stretched arms to your right side, then invert your sword so that your thumb comes below, and fall in with the short edge in the arms, under his pommel, and press upwards with the slice. Those are the Four Slices.</p>
 
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| <p>[132] Also you shall therefrom drive the four Windings, and from each Winding feature a hew, a stab, and a slice, and otherwise also drive all driving as from the two upper hangings.</p>
 
| <p>[132] Also you shall therefrom drive the four Windings, and from each Winding feature a hew, a stab, and a slice, and otherwise also drive all driving as from the two upper hangings.</p>
 
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<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand on your left side in the Ox, and if he then hews in above from his left side, then Wind against his hew on your right side with the long edge on his sword, and stab above in to his face. That is one Winding.</p>
 
<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand on your left side in the Ox, and if he then hews in above from his left side, then Wind against his hew on your right side with the long edge on his sword, and stab above in to his face. That is one Winding.</p>
 
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Revision as of 22:20, 23 October 2022

Gloss and Interpretation of the Recital
die gloss und die auslegung der zettel des langen schwerts
Johannes Liechtenauer.jpg
Author(s) Unknown
Ascribed to Pseudo-Peter von Danzig
Illustrated by Unknown
Date before 1452
Genre
Language Early New High German
State of Existence Original hypothetical; multiple branches exist
Principal
Manuscript(s)
Cod. 44.A.8 (1452)
Manuscript(s)
First Printed
English Edition
Tobler, 2010
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations

"Pseudo-Peter von Danzig" is the name given to an anonymous 15th century German fencing master.[1] Some time before the creation of the Starhemberg Fechtbuch in 1452, he authored a gloss of Johannes Liechtenauer's Recital (Zettel) which would go on to become the most widespread in the tradition. While the identity of the glossator remains unknown, it is possible that he was in fact Lew, a name associated with one of the branches of the gloss (see below), or Sigmund ain Ringeck, whose gloss shows strong similarities to the work. On the other hand, the introduction to the Rome version of the text could be construed as attributing it to Liechtenauer himself.

Textual History

Manuscript Stemma

Early on in its history, the prototype of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into at least three branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but it is currently unclear if Ringeck's gloss is based on that of pseudo-Danzig or if they both derive from an even earlier original gloss (or even if Ringeck and pseudo-Danzig are the same author and the "Ringeck" gloss should be considered Branch D).

Provisional stemma codicum for Branch B

Branch A, first attested in the Augsburg version (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more plays overall than Branch B but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also glosses only Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing; in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword, it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of Andre Lignitzer and Martin Huntsfeld (or, in the case of the 1512 Vienna II, Ringeck's short sword gloss). Branch A is sometimes called the Lew gloss, based on a potential attribution at the end of the mounted gloss in a few copies. Apart from the Augsburg, the other principal text in Branch A is the Salzburg version (1491), which was copied independently[2] and also incorporates twelve paragraphs from Ringeck's gloss and nineteen paragraphs from an unidentified third source. Branch A was redacted by Paulus Hector Mair (three mss., 1540s), Lienhart Sollinger (1556), and Joachim Meyer (1570), which despite being the latest is the cleanest extant version and was likely either copied directly from the original or created by comparing multiple versions to correct their errors. It was also one of the bases for Johannes Lecküchner's gloss on the Messer in the late 1470s.

Branch B, attested first in the Rome version (1452), is found in only five manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer plays overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also differs in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branches are. Branch B is the one most commonly identified with pseudo-Danzig, because it is entirely anonymous and lacks any clues for other attribution. The Krakow version (1535-40) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken from the Rome,[3] while Augsburg II (1564) collects only the six illustrated wrestling plays from the Krakow. The other substantial version of Branch B is the Vienna, which includes the mounted and short sword sections but omits the long sword in favor of Branch C. Most anomalous are the Glasgow version (1508), consisting solely of a nearly-complete redaction of the short sword gloss which begins with seven paragraphs of unknown origin, and the Dresden version, consisting of a redaction of the first half of the mounted fencing gloss which begins with four paragraphs from Ringeck. A final manuscript, the Falkner Turnierbuch, is known to have once existed but seems to have been destroyed in the Siege of Strasbourg.

Branch C is first attested in the Vienna version (1480s). It is unclear whether it was derived independently from the original, represents an intermediate evolutionary step between Branches A and B, or was created by simply merging copies of those two branches together. The structure and contents of this branch align closely with Branch B, lacking most of the unique plays of Branch A, but the actual text is more consistent with that of Branch A (though not identical). The other mostly-complete copy of Branch C is the Augsburg version II (1553), which was created by Paulus Hector Mair based on the writings of Antonius Rast, and which segues into the text of Ringeck's gloss for the final eighteen paragraphs. A substantial fragment of Branch C is present in five additional 16th century manuscripts alongside the illustrated treatise of Jörg Wilhalm; one of these, Glasgow II (1533) assigns the text a much earlier origin, stating that it was devised by Nicolaüs in 1489. This branch has received the least attention and is currently the least well understood.

(A final text of interest is the gloss of Hans Medel von Salzburg, which was acquired by Mair in 1539[4] and bound into the Cod. I.6.2º.5 after 1566.[5] Medel demonstrates familiarity with the teachings of a variety of 15th century Liechtenauer masters, and his text often takes the form of a revision and expansion of the long sword glosses of Ringeck and Branch C. Because of the extent of original and modified content, no attempt has been made on either of those pages to associate Medel's gloss with the sources he was copying from.)

Modern HEMA

The Rome version has been an object of interest in HEMA going back all the way to Martin Wierschin's 1965 opus Meister Johann Liechtenauers Kunst des Fechtens, in which he attributed the entire manuscript to Peter von Danzig zum Ingolstadt and described the anonymous gloss as a modified version of Ringeck devised by Danzig. He also included the Dresden, Vienna, and Augsburg manuscripts in his catalog, with the glosses all attributed to either Ringeck or Liechtenauer himself. In Hans-Peter Hils' updated catalog in 1985, Meister Johann Liechtenauers Kunst des langen Schwertes, he included all four of these plus the Kraków manuscript, but maintained and even doubled down on the attributions to Ringeck, Danzig, and Liechtenauer. Finally, the Glasgow version was identified in Sydney Anglo's 2000 opus as merely "[R. L.] Scott's Liechtenauer MS",[6] but Rainer Leng's 2008 catalog fully outlined its contents, including glosses he attributed to Ringeck and Liechtenauer.

The earliest work on the pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss is inseparable from work on Ringeck, partly because of the convoluted chain of copying proposed by Wierschin and Hils and accepted uncritically for a long time thereafter, but mostly because the Dresden manuscript was entirely credited to Ringeck in early days. The correct attribution of Andre Lignitzer's sword and buckler and the fragment of Ott Jud's wrestling were recognized by the early 21st century, but the fragment of pseudo-Danzig's mounted gloss was only identified by Michael Chidester in 2021. Thus, the first transcription of any part of the gloss would be Wierschin's transcription of the Dresden version in 1965, and the first English translation was authored in 2001 by Christian Henry Tobler and published by Chivalry Bookshelf in Secrets of German Medieval Swordsmanship.

Also in 2001, Grzegorz Żabiński authored the first transcriptions of pseudo-Danzig without attribution to Ringeck: the long and short sword from the Rome version and the long sword from the Kraków. This work was posted on the ARMA-PL site, and likewise when Monika Maziarz rounded off the Rome by transcribing the mounted fencing in 2004.

That same year, Mike Rasmusson authored the first English translation of the long sword gloss, based on the Kraków version with occasional references to the Rome, and posted it on Schielhau.org. English translations of the short sword and mounted fencing (based on the Rome) followed in 2007, authored by Jeffrey Hull and published by Paladin Press in Knightly Dueling: The Fighting Arts of German Chivalry. Then in 2010, Grzegorz Żabiński released a new translation of the Kraków long sword as part of his dissertation on that manuscript, published by Adam Marshall in The Longsword Teachings of Master Liechtenauer: the Early Sixteenth Century Swordsmanship Comments in the "Goliath" Manuscript, and Christian Henry Tobler released the first complete English translation of the Rome version, published by Freelance Academy Press in In Saint George's Name: An Anthology of Medieval German Fighting Arts.

The first non-English translation seems to be a French translation of the Rome and Dresden mounted glosses produced by Michaël Huber and posted on the ARDAMHE site in 2004. In 2010, he followed this up with a translation of the long sword, along with Philippe Errard and Didier de Grenier, which was also posted on the ARDAMHE site; this would be translated to Spanish by Eugenio García-Salmones in 2011 and posted on the AVEH site.

In 2006, Dierk Hagedorn authored a new transcription of the Rome version and posted it on the Hammaborg site. This was subsequently published, along with his translation to modern German, by VS-Books in Transkription und Übersetzung der Handschrift 44 A 8. In 2012, Gábor Erényi authored separate translations of the Rome and Kraków versions of the long sword and posted them on the Schola Artis Gladii et Armorum site.

The Rome version has tended to be the most popular due to being the oldest surviving one, and the Kraków second-most-popular on account of having extensive illustrations, but a small amount of work on the other versions has also emerged over time. In 2006, Carsten Lorbeer, Julia Lorbeer, Andreas Meier, Marita Wiedner, and Johann Heim, working as part of the Gesellschaft für pragmatische Schriftlichkeit, authored a complete transcription of the Vienna version as part of their Kal project (which was eventually posted on that site). In 2009, Dierk Hagedorn likewise produced transcriptions of the Augsburg and Glasgow versions and posted them on Hammaborg (he eventually also re-transcribed the Vienna version in 2017).

In 2015, Cory Winslow authored a new English translation of the long sword section for Wiktenauer, which was the first that incorporated all known versions of the gloss; this translation was also published by Wiktenauer that year in The Recital of the Chivalric Art of Fencing of the Grand Master Johannes Liechtenauer. In 2018, Stephen Cheney rounded off the Wiktenauer article with translations of the short sword and mounted glosses.

The Falkner Turnierbuch, the final known copy of the pseudo-Danzig gloss, was identified in 2015 by Christian Trosclair through study of a late-18th century dictionary by Johann Georg Scherz. This dictionary included 94 quotations from the manuscript ranging from a few words to an entire paragraph, which Trosclair transcribed and which constitute the entire known text of the manuscript since it has been lost and presumed destroyed since the 19th century.

In 2017, Rainer Welle authored a monograph seeking to set the record straight on the Kraków manuscript and including the first complete transcription, published as "Ein unvollendetes Meisterwerk der Fecht- und Ringkampfliteratur des 16. Jahrhunderts sucht seinen Autor: der Landshuter Holzschneider und Maler Georg Lemberger als Fecht- und Ringbuchillustrator?", a supplemental issue of the journal Codices manuscripti & impressi.

Most recently, more translations of the Rome version have continued to be released over time. In 2019, Harry R. self-published a complete English translation titled Peter von Danzig. In 2020, Stephen Cheney self-published an English translation of the long sword in Ringeck · Danzig · Lew Longsword. And in 2021, Dierk Hagedorn and Christian Henry Tobler co-authored a revision to their transcription and translation (respectively) which was published by Freelance Academy Press in The Peter von Danzig Fight Book.

Treatise

While all branches were originally presented in a single concordance in this article, the differences between them are extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus, Branch A has been placed on the page of Lew, Branch B has been retained here, and branch C is now on the Nicolaüs page.

For easier comparison between the two most complete versions, the Kraków has been removed from its chronological position and placed alongside the Rome.

The text of the Krakow version of Pseudo-Danzig frequently refers to intended illustrations, some of which were never added to the manuscript. The appropriate blank pages are included in the illustration column for reference. It's possible (though not likely, given what we know about its origins) that this manuscript was replicating another one with a complete set of illustrations; if this ever surfaces, the illustrations will be replaced.

Additional Resources

References

  1. This name stems from the false assumption of many 20th century writers, including Martin Wierschin and Hans-Peter Hils, identifying him with Peter von Danzig zum Ingolstadt. It has been argued that this name is inappropriate because the treatises attributed to pseudo-Danzig (and also pseudo-Hans Döbringer) are not true pseudepigrapha—they are internally anonymous. However, many Ancient and Medieval pseudepigraphic texts were originally anonymous and were assigned their false attributions by later readers, and this is also the case with these two glosses in our fledgling tradition.
  2. Both Augsburg and Salzburg contain significant scribal errors of omission that allow us to identify manuscripts copied from them.
  3. Zabinski, pp 82-83
  4. Medel's section of the Cod. I.6.2º.5 is internally dated on folio 21r.
  5. The record of the Marxbrüder in the manuscript ends on folio 20r with the year 1566, so Mair couldn't have compiled it before then.
  6. Sydney Anglo. The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000. pp 312-315.
  7. Per Trosclair, Goliath text reads "In the same way, the counterpart from the left side through, you shall always render hew and tread with each other as one."
  8. Or "tap-hit".
  9. Line added in the Kraków.
  10. Couplets 102-109.
  11. Couplet 74.
  12. Literally "from crossed arms".
  13. "and binds strongly on your sword therewith" omitted from the Kraków.
  14. Squint here means “an askew glance”, referring to both the sword's direction of travel and also the use of deception with the eyes with this hew.
  15. "the Four Openings" omitted from the Kraków.
  16. K. "The Following Technique".
  17. "from all" omitted from the Kraków.
  18. "with" omitted from the Kraków.
  19. Letter erased and overwritten.
  20. "with something" omitted from the Kraków.
  21. This text is a repetition of the first paragraph on folio 68r, but this is the illustration that corresponds to the text in Goliath (folio 54v).
  22. K. "with both hands".
  23. 23.0 23.1 Indecipherable due to an ink blotch.
  24. "and see" omitted from the Kraków.
  25. K. "Here you should drive four windings from both hands from the two over-hangings, that is, the ox".
  26. The rest of this paragraph appears after paragraph 6, but has been moved here for consistency with the other versions.
  27. Steht nach der nächsten Zeile.
  28. crosswise? across? obliquely?
  29. satelbogen, maybe saddle horn?
  30. let your lance sink down in front
  31. “sittigklich,” or “sittiglich,” at the time meant “moderately” in the sense of slowly or not too fast, modern “sittlich” means morally or ethically.
  32. "zaum," literally "bridle," context indicates reins
  33. Steht nach der nächsten Zeile.
  34. Steht nach der nächsten Zeile.
  35. A “tasset” is a piece of armor that covers the side of the thigh. It is possible that the last part of this hew aims for a gap in the armor on the back of the leg.
  36. zu hilff - to help
  37. This is wrong, it is the 5th figure.
  38. Different ink, original text possibly scraped off and replaced.
  39. eysenhuet - iron hat
  40. move him? move to him?
  41. Could be bridle. Have it as "reins" because it makes more sense in the context of the play below.
  42. Letter I smudged.
  43. The text ends here abruptly, in the middle of a play. Since the page isn't full, it's unclear why the scribe stopped at this point. The subsequent folia come from earlier in the manuscript; they were removed and then added back in at the end.
  44. Other one says "too".
  45. Typo in the source, should be 25 (xxv)
  46. Steht nach der nächsten Zeile.
  47. Somewhere else it says "strike a glancing blow," I think that's the same idea
  48. This quatrain is a mess
  49. Scribal error, doubling this phrase.
  50. Make a note, "zu dem schuß," literally "to the shot"
  51. "Nachent in weyshait" is reversed in the text, with markings indicating the correct word order"
  52. This paragraph is displaced in the text, and appears between paragraphs 18 and 19.
  53. Glasgow version adds "him"
  54. G. "wisely and masterfully".
  55. G. "students".
  56. Nota is written in the margin in a different hand, with a line pointing to kainen.
  57. Wie hienach conterfct[?] written below in a different hand.
  58. Corrected from »sein«.
  59. Added in a different hand.
  60. Corrected from »seinem«.
  61. Glasgow contains extensive differences.
  62. And you shall... with the point" omitted from the Glasgow.
  63. G. "work to the openings".
  64. The rest vanishes in the binding.
  65. "the face" omitted in the Glasgow.
  66. Clause omitted from the Glasgow.
  67. Clause omitted from the Glasgow.
  68. Tricky. The rome says "vrbrigen," the Glasgow says "verpringen," and the Vienna says "vbaring." Since we see this exact same construction in a lance play earlier, I'm going with "urbaring," and going to say that the author of the Glasgow didn't understand the word, so he went with "verbringen."
  69. Illegible deletion
  70. This paragraph and the next one are displaced in the text, and appear between paragraphs 54 and 55.
  71. U changed to an I
  72. I don't get this or the following one.
  73. This paragraph is displaced in the text, and appears between paragraphs 74 and 75.
  74. Corrected from »dam«.
  75. Corrected from »dem«.
  76. Corrected from »vchsel«.
  77. It is "er" in the text because "ee wenn" is a conjunction, so it resets the case. It wouldn't do that in english I think, or I'm just an idiot.
  78. The order of these two paragraphs is reversed in the manuscript.
  79. This paragraph is displaced in the text, and appears between paragraphs 96 and 97.
  80. Korrigiert aus »sein«.
  81. The verses are placed before the title in the text.
  82. Corrected from »mit«.
  83. Text was effaced and "unnder ein arm" written over it.