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<p>This has been composed and created by Johannes Liechtenauer, the one High Master in the Art, may God be gracious to him, so that princes, lords, knights, and soldiers shall know and learn that which pertains to the Art. Therefore he has allowed the Epitome to be written with secret and suspicious words, so that not every man shall undertake and understand them. And he has done that so the Epitome’s Art will little concern the reckless Fencing Masters, so that from those same Masters his Art is not openly presented, nor shall it become common. And the same secret and suspicious words of the Epitome which stand hereafter, the glosses teach and explain thus, so that everyone who otherwise can fence may well undertake and understand them.</p>
 
<p>This has been composed and created by Johannes Liechtenauer, the one High Master in the Art, may God be gracious to him, so that princes, lords, knights, and soldiers shall know and learn that which pertains to the Art. Therefore he has allowed the Epitome to be written with secret and suspicious words, so that not every man shall undertake and understand them. And he has done that so the Epitome’s Art will little concern the reckless Fencing Masters, so that from those same Masters his Art is not openly presented, nor shall it become common. And the same secret and suspicious words of the Epitome which stand hereafter, the glosses teach and explain thus, so that everyone who otherwise can fence may well undertake and understand them.</p>
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| <p>[2] {{red|b=1|Here mark what the red writing is in the beginning of the techniques described hereafter:}} it is the text of secret words of the Epitome of the Long Sword. And always the black script after it is the gloss and the explanation of the secret and suspicious words of the Epitome.</p>
 
| <p>[2] {{red|b=1|Here mark what the red writing is in the beginning of the techniques described hereafter:}} it is the text of secret words of the Epitome of the Long Sword. And always the black script after it is the gloss and the explanation of the secret and suspicious words of the Epitome.</p>
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| Thereon you grasp, <br/>&emsp;All Art has length and measure.
 
| Thereon you grasp, <br/>&emsp;All Art has length and measure.
 
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<p>Gloss: Mark, that is the first art of the Long Sword, that you shall learn the hews correctly before all things, so that you will otherwise fence strongly, and undertake that thus: When you stand with your left foot before and hew from your right side, if you do not follow after the hew with a step forward of your right foot, then the hew is false and incorrect. When your right side remains behind, the hew becomes too short thereby and may not have its correct path downwards to the other side before the left foot.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is the first art of the Long Sword, that you shall learn the hews correctly before all things, so that you will otherwise fence strongly, and undertake that thus: When you stand with your left foot before and hew from your right side, if you do not follow after the hew with a step forward of your right foot, then the hew is false and incorrect. When your right side remains behind, the hew becomes too short thereby and may not have its correct path downwards to the other side before the left foot.</p>
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| <p>[5] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you stand with your right foot before and hew from the left side, and you do not follow after the hew with your left foot, then the hew is still false. Therefore mark when you hew from the right side that you always follow after the hew. Do also likewise the same when you hew from the left side. So put your body therewith correctly in the balance, and thus the hews become long and hewn correctly.<ref>Per Trosclair, Goliath text reads "In the same way, the counterpart from the left side through, you shall always render hew and tread with each other as one."</ref></p>
 
| <p>[5] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you stand with your right foot before and hew from the left side, and you do not follow after the hew with your left foot, then the hew is still false. Therefore mark when you hew from the right side that you always follow after the hew. Do also likewise the same when you hew from the left side. So put your body therewith correctly in the balance, and thus the hews become long and hewn correctly.<ref>Per Trosclair, Goliath text reads "In the same way, the counterpart from the left side through, you shall always render hew and tread with each other as one."</ref></p>
 
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<p>Gloss: This is when you come to him with the pre-fencing: then you shall not stand still and look after his hews, waiting for what he fences against you. Know that all fencers that look and wait on another’s hews and will do nothing other than parrying deserve such very little joy in their art, since they are destroyed and become struck thereby.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: This is when you come to him with the pre-fencing: then you shall not stand still and look after his hews, waiting for what he fences against you. Know that all fencers that look and wait on another’s hews and will do nothing other than parrying deserve such very little joy in their art, since they are destroyed and become struck thereby.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when you come to him with the pre-fencing: what you will then fence, drive it with the entire strength of your body, and hew in therewith near to the head and to the body, and remain with your point in before his face or the breast so he cannot Change-through before your point. If he parries with strength and lets the point go out from you on the side, then give him a Lighter-hit<ref>Or "tap-hit".</ref> on the arm.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when you come to him with the pre-fencing: what you will then fence, drive it with the entire strength of your body, and hew in therewith near to the head and to the body, and remain with your point in before his face or the breast so he cannot Change-through before your point. If he parries with strength and lets the point go out from you on the side, then give him a Lighter-hit<ref>Or "tap-hit".</ref> on the arm.</p>
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| <p>[8] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he drives high up with his arms with the parrying, then strike him with a free hew below to the body, and step quickly backward therewith, so he is struck before he comes in.</p>
 
| <p>[8] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he drives high up with his arms with the parrying, then strike him with a free hew below to the body, and step quickly backward therewith, so he is struck before he comes in.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, this is a lesson and touches upon two persons, a righty and a lefty, and is how you shall hew so that one does not win the Weak of your sword with the first hew, and undertake that thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, if you are then a righty, then do not hew the first hew with purpose from the left side, when he is Weak, and may not hold against therewith when he hews strongly in with you. So therefore hew from the right, so that you may well hold strongly against, and work what you will on the sword.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is a lesson and touches upon two persons, a righty and a lefty, and is how you shall hew so that one does not win the Weak of your sword with the first hew, and undertake that thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, if you are then a righty, then do not hew the first hew with purpose from the left side, when he is Weak, and may not hold against therewith when he hews strongly in with you. So therefore hew from the right, so that you may well hold strongly against, and work what you will on the sword.</p>
 
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| <p>[10] Likewise, if you are a lefty, then also do not hew the first hew from the right side, since it is quite perilous for a lefty to practice Art from the right side, the same as it is also for a righty from the left side.</p>
 
| <p>[10] Likewise, if you are a lefty, then also do not hew the first hew from the right side, since it is quite perilous for a lefty to practice Art from the right side, the same as it is also for a righty from the left side.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, this is that before all things you shall rightly undertake and understand these two things, which are the Before and the After, and thereafter the Weak and Strong of the sword, and then the word “Meanwhile”, whence comes the entire foundation of all the Art of Fencing. When you think on, undertake, and understand them rightly, and do not forget the word “Meanwhile” in all techniques that you drive, then you are a very good Master of the Sword and may teach princes and lords well, so that they may be best in combat and in earnest with the correct Art of the Sword.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is that before all things you shall rightly undertake and understand these two things, which are the Before and the After, and thereafter the Weak and Strong of the sword, and then the word “Meanwhile”, whence comes the entire foundation of all the Art of Fencing. When you think on, undertake, and understand them rightly, and do not forget the word “Meanwhile” in all techniques that you drive, then you are a very good Master of the Sword and may teach princes and lords well, so that they may be best in combat and in earnest with the correct Art of the Sword.</p>
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<p>This is that you shall always come Before (be it with the hew or with the stab) before he does. And when you come before with the hew or otherwise, then he must parry that, so work Meanwhile nimbly before yourself with the sword in the parrying, or otherwise with other techniques. Then he may come to no work.</p>
 
<p>This is that you shall always come Before (be it with the hew or with the stab) before he does. And when you come before with the hew or otherwise, then he must parry that, so work Meanwhile nimbly before yourself with the sword in the parrying, or otherwise with other techniques. Then he may come to no work.</p>
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<p>The After are the breaks against all techniques and hews the opponent drives on you, and that undertake thus: When he comes Before with the hew, and you must parry him, then work Meanwhile with your parrying nimbly with the sword to the nearest opening. Then you break his Before with your After.</p>
 
<p>The After are the breaks against all techniques and hews the opponent drives on you, and that undertake thus: When he comes Before with the hew, and you must parry him, then work Meanwhile with your parrying nimbly with the sword to the nearest opening. Then you break his Before with your After.</p>
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<p>Understand the Weak and the Strong thus: On the sword from the hilt to the middle of the blade is the Strong of the sword, and further above the middle to the point is the Weak. (And how you shall work with the Strong of your sword after the Weak of his sword you will learn hereafter.)</p>
 
<p>Understand the Weak and the Strong thus: On the sword from the hilt to the middle of the blade is the Strong of the sword, and further above the middle to the point is the Weak. (And how you shall work with the Strong of your sword after the Weak of his sword you will learn hereafter.)</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, there are Five hidden Hews of which many Masters of the Sword know nothing to say; these Hews you shall learn correctly from the right side. Whichever fencer, whom you then hew with correct Art, that can break these without injury, will be praised by other Masters, so that his Art shall become rewarded more than other fencers. And how one shall hew the Hews with their techniques, that will be clarified to you hereafter.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, there are Five hidden Hews of which many Masters of the Sword know nothing to say; these Hews you shall learn correctly from the right side. Whichever fencer, whom you then hew with correct Art, that can break these without injury, will be praised by other Masters, so that his Art shall become rewarded more than other fencers. And how one shall hew the Hews with their techniques, that will be clarified to you hereafter.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, here have become named to you the right Chief Techniques of the Epitome on the Long Sword (how they are each called particularly by their names), so that you can remember and recall them all the better.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, here have become named to you the right Chief Techniques of the Epitome on the Long Sword (how they are each called particularly by their names), so that you can remember and recall them all the better.</p>
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<p>{{red|Item:}} The first is called the Wrath-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The second the Crooked-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The third the Thwart-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The fourth the Squint-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The fifth the Parting-hew.</p>
 
<p>{{red|Item:}} The first is called the Wrath-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The second the Crooked-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The third the Thwart-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The fourth the Squint-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The fifth the Parting-hew.</p>
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<p>{{red|Item:}} The first, they are the Four Guards.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The second, the Four Forfendings.<br/>{{red|Item:}} Thirdly, the Travelling-after.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The fourth, Over-running.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The fifth, the Setting-off.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The sixth is the Changing-through.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The seventh is the Pulling.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The eighth, the Running-through.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The ninth, the Slicing-off.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The tenth is the Hand Pressing.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The eleventh are the Hangings.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The twelfth are the Windings.</p>
 
<p>{{red|Item:}} The first, they are the Four Guards.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The second, the Four Forfendings.<br/>{{red|Item:}} Thirdly, the Travelling-after.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The fourth, Over-running.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The fifth, the Setting-off.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The sixth is the Changing-through.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The seventh is the Pulling.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The eighth, the Running-through.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The ninth, the Slicing-off.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The tenth is the Hand Pressing.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The eleventh are the Hangings.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The twelfth are the Windings.</p>
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| <p>[18] And what you shall fence from the techniques, and how you shall give openings with the Hangings and Windings, you will thus find described hereafter, one after another to the next.</p>
 
| <p>[18] And what you shall fence from the techniques, and how you shall give openings with the Hangings and Windings, you will thus find described hereafter, one after another to the next.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, the Wrath-hew breaks all Over-hews with the point, and yet is nothing other than a simple peasant strike, and drive it thus: When you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then hews at your head from above on his right side, then hew also with him wrathfully from your right side from above, without any parrying, on his sword. If he is then Soft on the sword, then shoot in the long point straight before you and stab him to the face or the breast. So Set-on him.</p><section end="wrath-1"/>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, the Wrath-hew breaks all Over-hews with the point, and yet is nothing other than a simple peasant strike, and drive it thus: When you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then hews at your head from above on his right side, then hew also with him wrathfully from your right side from above, without any parrying, on his sword. If he is then Soft on the sword, then shoot in the long point straight before you and stab him to the face or the breast. So Set-on him.</p><section end="wrath-1"/>
 
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<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when you hew in on him with the Wrath-hew, then shoot the long point into the face or breast, as the fore-described states. If he becomes aware of the point and parries strongly and presses your sword to the side, then wrench up over it with your sword on his sword’s blade, off above from his sword, and hew him to the other side, yet on his sword’s blade, into the head. That is called “taking off above”.</p><section end="wrath-2"/>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when you hew in on him with the Wrath-hew, then shoot the long point into the face or breast, as the fore-described states. If he becomes aware of the point and parries strongly and presses your sword to the side, then wrench up over it with your sword on his sword’s blade, off above from his sword, and hew him to the other side, yet on his sword’s blade, into the head. That is called “taking off above”.</p><section end="wrath-2"/>
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<p>When he takes off above, then bind above on his sword strongly, in with the long edge to his head.</p><section end="wrath-3"/>
 
<p>When he takes off above, then bind above on his sword strongly, in with the long edge to his head.</p><section end="wrath-3"/>
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<p>''As painted hereafter.''<ref>Line added in the Kraków.</ref></p><section end="wrath-5"/>
 
<p>''As painted hereafter.''<ref>Line added in the Kraków.</ref></p><section end="wrath-5"/>
 
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<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when he has bound with you, with a hew or with a stab (or otherwise on your sword): then from the Winding before you, you shall not too quickly leave his sword. When one sword clashes on the other, very precisely mark if he is Soft or Hard in the bind, and when you have found that first, then work Meanwhile with the Winding, after the Soft and after the Hard, always to the nearest-standing opening as you will be taught hereafter and trained in the techniques.</p><section end="wrath-6"/>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when he has bound with you, with a hew or with a stab (or otherwise on your sword): then from the Winding before you, you shall not too quickly leave his sword. When one sword clashes on the other, very precisely mark if he is Soft or Hard in the bind, and when you have found that first, then work Meanwhile with the Winding, after the Soft and after the Hard, always to the nearest-standing opening as you will be taught hereafter and trained in the techniques.</p><section end="wrath-6"/>
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<p>Gloss: Mark the War, that is, the Winding and the work with the point that goes from there to the Four Openings, and drive it thus: when you hew in with the Wrath-hew, then as quickly as he parries, drive up well with your arms and Wind the point of your sword above in to the upper opening of his left side. If he then sets the upper stab off, then remain thus standing in the Winding with the hilt before your head, and let the point sink down to the lower opening yet on his left side. If he then follows after your sword with the parrying, then search with the point for the lower opening on his right side. If he then follows after your sword further with the parrying, then drive up with your sword on your left side, and hang the point in above to the upper opening on his right side. Thus he becomes ashamed with the War above and low, if you drive correctly from one to the other.</p><section end="wrath-7"/>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark the War, that is, the Winding and the work with the point that goes from there to the Four Openings, and drive it thus: when you hew in with the Wrath-hew, then as quickly as he parries, drive up well with your arms and Wind the point of your sword above in to the upper opening of his left side. If he then sets the upper stab off, then remain thus standing in the Winding with the hilt before your head, and let the point sink down to the lower opening yet on his left side. If he then follows after your sword with the parrying, then search with the point for the lower opening on his right side. If he then follows after your sword further with the parrying, then drive up with your sword on your left side, and hang the point in above to the upper opening on his right side. Thus he becomes ashamed with the War above and low, if you drive correctly from one to the other.</p><section end="wrath-7"/>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when you hew in to him with the Wrath-hew: then you shall be very well trained and entirely ready with the Winding on the sword, since each single Winding has three particular techniques, which are a hew, a stab, and a slice. And when you Wind on the sword, then you shall think precisely well, so that you do not incorrectly drive the technique that pertains in that Winding (so that you do not hew when you should stab, and not slice when you should hew, and not stab when you should slice).<includeonly></p></includeonly><section begin="wrath-8"/> <section begin="wrath-9"/><includeonly><p></includeonly>And thus you shall always know to drive the technique that correctly pertains thereto in all hits and binding on the sword, if you will trick or deceive the other Masters when they are set against you.</p><section begin="wrath-9"/>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when you hew in to him with the Wrath-hew: then you shall be very well trained and entirely ready with the Winding on the sword, since each single Winding has three particular techniques, which are a hew, a stab, and a slice. And when you Wind on the sword, then you shall think precisely well, so that you do not incorrectly drive the technique that pertains in that Winding (so that you do not hew when you should stab, and not slice when you should hew, and not stab when you should slice).<includeonly></p></includeonly><section begin="wrath-8"/> <section begin="wrath-9"/><includeonly><p></includeonly>And thus you shall always know to drive the technique that correctly pertains thereto in all hits and binding on the sword, if you will trick or deceive the other Masters when they are set against you.</p><section begin="wrath-9"/>
 
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| <section begin="wrath-10"/><p>[26] And how you shall drive the Windings, and how many there are, you will find described in the last technique of the Epitome, which says “Whoever drives well and correctly breaks…”<ref>Couplets 102-109.</ref></p><section end="wrath-10"/>
 
| <section begin="wrath-10"/><p>[26] And how you shall drive the Windings, and how many there are, you will find described in the last technique of the Epitome, which says “Whoever drives well and correctly breaks…”<ref>Couplets 102-109.</ref></p><section end="wrath-10"/>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, whoever will be a Master of the Sword, he shall know how one shall search the Four Openings with art, if he will otherwise fence correctly and wisely. The first opening is the right side, the other the left, of the upper-half above the girdle of the man. The other two openings are the right and left side of the lower-half below the girdle. Now, there are two drivings whence one shall search the openings. First, one shall search from the pre-fencing with Travelling-after and with shooting-in the long point. Secondly, one shall search with the Eight Windings when one has bound the other on the sword.</p><section end="wrath-11"/>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, whoever will be a Master of the Sword, he shall know how one shall search the Four Openings with art, if he will otherwise fence correctly and wisely. The first opening is the right side, the other the left, of the upper-half above the girdle of the man. The other two openings are the right and left side of the lower-half below the girdle. Now, there are two drivings whence one shall search the openings. First, one shall search from the pre-fencing with Travelling-after and with shooting-in the long point. Secondly, one shall search with the Eight Windings when one has bound the other on the sword.</p><section end="wrath-11"/>
 
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| <section begin="wrath-12"/><p>[28] That you shall thus understand: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, you shall always aim at the Four Openings boldly without any fear (with a hew or with a stab, to whichever you may best come on) and regard not what he drives or fences against you. Therewith, you force the man so that he must parry you, and when he has parried, then search quickly in the parrying with the Winding on his sword yet to the nearest opening, and thus aim always at the openings of the man and fence not to the sword, as in the technique which says, “Set-on four ends; Learn to remain thereon if you will end.”<ref>Couplet 74.</ref></p><section end="wrath-12"/>
 
| <section begin="wrath-12"/><p>[28] That you shall thus understand: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, you shall always aim at the Four Openings boldly without any fear (with a hew or with a stab, to whichever you may best come on) and regard not what he drives or fences against you. Therewith, you force the man so that he must parry you, and when he has parried, then search quickly in the parrying with the Winding on his sword yet to the nearest opening, and thus aim always at the openings of the man and fence not to the sword, as in the technique which says, “Set-on four ends; Learn to remain thereon if you will end.”<ref>Couplet 74.</ref></p><section end="wrath-12"/>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, when one earnestly hews in at you, if you will then reckon on him and win on the openings with art, so that he must let you strike without thinking, then drive the Doubling against the Strong of his sword, and the Mutating when he is Weak on the sword. So I say to you truthfully that he may not protect himself from strikes before you, and cannot come to strikes himself.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, when one earnestly hews in at you, if you will then reckon on him and win on the openings with art, so that he must let you strike without thinking, then drive the Doubling against the Strong of his sword, and the Mutating when he is Weak on the sword. So I say to you truthfully that he may not protect himself from strikes before you, and cannot come to strikes himself.</p>
 
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<p>Mark, when he hews above to you from his right shoulder: then hew also from your right with him, likewise above strongly to the head. If he parries and remains Strong on the sword, then drive up Meanwhile with your arms, and thrust your sword’s pommel with your left hand under your right arm, and strike in with the long edge with crossed arms, behind his sword’s blade on his head.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when he hews above to you from his right shoulder: then hew also from your right with him, likewise above strongly to the head. If he parries and remains Strong on the sword, then drive up Meanwhile with your arms, and thrust your sword’s pommel with your left hand under your right arm, and strike in with the long edge with crossed arms, behind his sword’s blade on his head.</p>
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<p>Mark, if he hews you with the long edge in to your head from above his left shoulder, and you do likewise, if he then remains Strong on the sword again, then quickly drive up with your arms and strike in with the short edge, behind his sword’s blade on his head.</p>
 
<p>Mark, if he hews you with the long edge in to your head from above his left shoulder, and you do likewise, if he then remains Strong on the sword again, then quickly drive up with your arms and strike in with the short edge, behind his sword’s blade on his head.</p>
 
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<p>Mark, when you hew strongly on him from above your right shoulder to his head, if he parries and is Soft on the sword, then Wind on your left side with your short edge on his sword, and drive up well with your arms, and drive in with your sword’s blade above over his sword, and stab into the lower opening.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when you hew strongly on him from above your right shoulder to his head, if he parries and is Soft on the sword, then Wind on your left side with your short edge on his sword, and drive up well with your arms, and drive in with your sword’s blade above over his sword, and stab into the lower opening.</p>
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<p>Mark, when you hew to his head from above your left side, if he parries and is Soft on the sword, then drive up with your arms and hang in the point above over his sword, and stab into the lower opening. Thus you may drive the two techniques from all hews thereafter, as you find the Weak and Strong on the sword.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when you hew to his head from above your left side, if he parries and is Soft on the sword, then drive up with your arms and hang in the point above over his sword, and stab into the lower opening. Thus you may drive the two techniques from all hews thereafter, as you find the Weak and Strong on the sword.</p>
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<p>Mark, the Crooked hew is one of the Four Forfendings against the Four Guards, and breaks the guard that is called the Ox therewith, and also the Over-hew and the Under-hew. Drive it thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then stands against you and holds his sword before his head in guard of the Ox on his left side, then set your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder in the guard, and spring with your right foot well on your right side against him, and strike in with crossed arms<ref>Literally "from crossed arms".</ref> over his hands with the long edge.</p>
 
<p>Mark, the Crooked hew is one of the Four Forfendings against the Four Guards, and breaks the guard that is called the Ox therewith, and also the Over-hew and the Under-hew. Drive it thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then stands against you and holds his sword before his head in guard of the Ox on his left side, then set your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder in the guard, and spring with your right foot well on your right side against him, and strike in with crossed arms<ref>Literally "from crossed arms".</ref> over his hands with the long edge.</p>
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<p>Mark, you may also drive the Crooked hew from the Barrier-Guard on both sides, and in that guard position yourself thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword with the point near your right side on the earth (so that the long edge is above), and give an opening with the left side. If he then hews to the opening, then spring from the hew with your right foot well on your right side against him, and strike him with the long edge with crossed hands, with the point on his hands.</p>
 
<p>Mark, you may also drive the Crooked hew from the Barrier-Guard on both sides, and in that guard position yourself thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword with the point near your right side on the earth (so that the long edge is above), and give an opening with the left side. If he then hews to the opening, then spring from the hew with your right foot well on your right side against him, and strike him with the long edge with crossed hands, with the point on his hands.</p>
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<p>Thus position yourself with the Barrier-Guard on your left side: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your right foot before and hold your sword near your left side on the earth with crossed hands (so that the short edge is above), and give an opening with the right side. If he then hews to the opening, then spring from the hew against him with your left foot well on his right side, and strike him with the short edge over the hands in the spring.</p>
 
<p>Thus position yourself with the Barrier-Guard on your left side: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your right foot before and hold your sword near your left side on the earth with crossed hands (so that the short edge is above), and give an opening with the right side. If he then hews to the opening, then spring from the hew against him with your left foot well on his right side, and strike him with the short edge over the hands in the spring.</p>
 
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Gloss: Mark, you shall drive this technique against the Masters from the bind of the swords, and drive it thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with the left foot before and lay your sword to your right side in the Barrier-Guard (or hold it on your right shoulder). If he then hews above to the opening, then hew strongly with your long edge with crossed arms against his hew, and as quickly as the swords clash together, then Wind Meanwhile against your left side with the short edge on his sword, and stab him to the face. Or, if you will not stab him, then hew him with your short edge Meanwhile, from the sword to his head or to his body.
 
Gloss: Mark, you shall drive this technique against the Masters from the bind of the swords, and drive it thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with the left foot before and lay your sword to your right side in the Barrier-Guard (or hold it on your right shoulder). If he then hews above to the opening, then hew strongly with your long edge with crossed arms against his hew, and as quickly as the swords clash together, then Wind Meanwhile against your left side with the short edge on his sword, and stab him to the face. Or, if you will not stab him, then hew him with your short edge Meanwhile, from the sword to his head or to his body.
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<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when he will hew you from above his right side: then drive high up with your hands and do as if you will bind him on his sword with the Crooked hew, and drive through under his sword with your point, and stab him to the other side, to his face or his breast, and see that you are well protected above with the hilt before your head.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when he will hew you from above his right side: then drive high up with your hands and do as if you will bind him on his sword with the Crooked hew, and drive through under his sword with your point, and stab him to the other side, to his face or his breast, and see that you are well protected above with the hilt before your head.</p>
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| <p>[41] You also break the guard of the Ox with this technique, drive it thus: when you go to him with the pre-fencing, when he then stands against you and holds his sword with the hilt on his left side before his head, then throw your sword on your right shoulder and do as if you will bind him with the Crooked hew on his sword, and hew short and Change-through therewith below his sword, and shoot in the long point to the other side, under his sword, in to his neck. Then he must parry, and you come to strikes therewith, and to other work with the sword.</p>
 
| <p>[41] You also break the guard of the Ox with this technique, drive it thus: when you go to him with the pre-fencing, when he then stands against you and holds his sword with the hilt on his left side before his head, then throw your sword on your right shoulder and do as if you will bind him with the Crooked hew on his sword, and hew short and Change-through therewith below his sword, and shoot in the long point to the other side, under his sword, in to his neck. Then he must parry, and you come to strikes therewith, and to other work with the sword.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, when you will drive the Crooked hew then you must always therewith give openings, and undertake it thus: when you hew him with the Crooked hew from your right side, or bind on his sword, all the while you are open with the left side. Thus, if he is then clever and will hew you from the sword after the opening, and you will make him confused with agility, then remain with your sword on his, and follow his sword thereon after, and Wind in your point to his face, and work in before you with the War (that is, with the Winding to the openings). Then he becomes confused before you, so that he truthfully does not know which end he shall protect before you against hews or stabs, etc.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, when you will drive the Crooked hew then you must always therewith give openings, and undertake it thus: when you hew him with the Crooked hew from your right side, or bind on his sword, all the while you are open with the left side. Thus, if he is then clever and will hew you from the sword after the opening, and you will make him confused with agility, then remain with your sword on his, and follow his sword thereon after, and Wind in your point to his face, and work in before you with the War (that is, with the Winding to the openings). Then he becomes confused before you, so that he truthfully does not know which end he shall protect before you against hews or stabs, etc.</p>
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| {{red|Thwart takes<br/>&emsp;What comes From the Day.}}
 
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<p>Gloss: Mark, the Thwart hew breaks the guard From the Day and all hews that come hewing down from above, and drive the Thwart thus: when you come with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder. If he then stands against you and holds his sword high over his head with outstretched arms and threatens to hew in at you from above, then come before him with your hew and spring with your right foot well on your right side against him, and in the spring Wind your sword with the hilt before your head so that your thumb comes under, and strike him with the short edge against his left side to the head.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, the Thwart hew breaks the guard From the Day and all hews that come hewing down from above, and drive the Thwart thus: when you come with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder. If he then stands against you and holds his sword high over his head with outstretched arms and threatens to hew in at you from above, then come before him with your hew and spring with your right foot well on your right side against him, and in the spring Wind your sword with the hilt before your head so that your thumb comes under, and strike him with the short edge against his left side to the head.</p>
 
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| <p>[44] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he comes before with the hew down from above before you, then spring from the hew with your right foot well on your right side, with the parry described before, so that you catch his hew on your hilt and strike him with the Thwart to the left side of his head.</p>
 
| <p>[44] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he comes before with the hew down from above before you, then spring from the hew with your right foot well on your right side, with the parry described before, so that you catch his hew on your hilt and strike him with the Thwart to the left side of his head.</p>
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<p>Mark, when you stand against him in the guard From the Day, then hew him boldly above to the head. If he then springs from the hew, and he means to come Before with the Thwart Hew and strike you therewith to your left side to the head, then fall in with the long edge on his sword. If he then strikes around to your other side with the Thwart, then come Meanwhile before, also with the Thwart, in front, under his sword, on his neck. So he strikes himself with your sword.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when you stand against him in the guard From the Day, then hew him boldly above to the head. If he then springs from the hew, and he means to come Before with the Thwart Hew and strike you therewith to your left side to the head, then fall in with the long edge on his sword. If he then strikes around to your other side with the Thwart, then come Meanwhile before, also with the Thwart, in front, under his sword, on his neck. So he strikes himself with your sword.</p>
 
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<p>(Translation by [[Dierk Hagedorn]].)</p>
 
<p>(Translation by [[Dierk Hagedorn]].)</p>
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| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
  
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<p>Mark, when you strike him with the Thwart to his right side, if he then follows you with the slice on the arm, then strike him in his mouth with the Doubling, behind his sword’s blade with the short edge.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when you strike him with the Thwart to his right side, if he then follows you with the slice on the arm, then strike him in his mouth with the Doubling, behind his sword’s blade with the short edge.</p>
 
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 025r.jpg|350px|center]]
 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 025r.jpg|350px|center]]
 
| <p>[48] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you strike him with the Thwart to his left side, and he then follows you with the slice on your arm, then strike him in his mouth with the Doubling, behind his sword’s blade with the long edge.</p>
 
| <p>[48] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you strike him with the Thwart to his left side, and he then follows you with the slice on your arm, then strike him in his mouth with the Doubling, behind his sword’s blade with the long edge.</p>
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| <p>[49] Mark, break him thus against the Doubling: when you slice him above on his arm, if he then strikes above with the Doubling to your head, then drive up against the strike and Wind your sword under his, and drive in with the short edge, with your sword on his neck.</p>
 
| <p>[49] Mark, break him thus against the Doubling: when you slice him above on his arm, if he then strikes above with the Doubling to your head, then drive up against the strike and Wind your sword under his, and drive in with the short edge, with your sword on his neck.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when you will strike with the Thwart: then you shall strike him with the entire strength of your body, and always bind on his sword with the Strong of your sword, with which you win the opening. Undertake it thus: when you hew to him with the Thwart from your right side, if he then parries and binds strongly on your sword therewith,<ref>"and binds strongly on your sword therewith" omitted from the Kraków.</reF> then drive the Doubling. {{red|b=1|Or}} thrust his sword off to the side from the Thwart with your hilt, and strike him therewith to the other side.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when you will strike with the Thwart: then you shall strike him with the entire strength of your body, and always bind on his sword with the Strong of your sword, with which you win the opening. Undertake it thus: when you hew to him with the Thwart from your right side, if he then parries and binds strongly on your sword therewith,<ref>"and binds strongly on your sword therewith" omitted from the Kraków.</reF> then drive the Doubling. {{red|b=1|Or}} thrust his sword off to the side from the Thwart with your hilt, and strike him therewith to the other side.</p>
 
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<p>When you strongly hew to him from your right side with the Thwart, if he then parries and is Soft on the sword, then drive in with the short edge of your sword to his right side on his neck, and spring with your right foot behind his left foot, and shove him over with the sword’s blade thus, or drive the Mutating in to the lower opening.</p>
 
<p>When you strongly hew to him from your right side with the Thwart, if he then parries and is Soft on the sword, then drive in with the short edge of your sword to his right side on his neck, and spring with your right foot behind his left foot, and shove him over with the sword’s blade thus, or drive the Mutating in to the lower opening.</p>
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<p>When one drives on your neck with the sword, then drive up with the pommel inside his sword and let your blade hang low, and thrust his sword therewith from your neck, and strike him with the snapping above to the head. Or strike him with your right hand above with the Doubling below to his face, over his sword, while he has his sword on your neck.</p>
 
<p>When one drives on your neck with the sword, then drive up with the pommel inside his sword and let your blade hang low, and thrust his sword therewith from your neck, and strike him with the snapping above to the head. Or strike him with your right hand above with the Doubling below to his face, over his sword, while he has his sword on your neck.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, you have heard before how the Ox and the Plow are named two Leaguers (or two guards), so are they here called the Four Openings. The Ox is the upper two openings on the right and the left sides of the head, and so is the Plow the lower two openings, also the right and the left side of the lower half of the girdle of the man. You shall strike the same openings with the Thwart in the pre-fencing, and seek all four.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, you have heard before how the Ox and the Plow are named two Leaguers (or two guards), so are they here called the Four Openings. The Ox is the upper two openings on the right and the left sides of the head, and so is the Plow the lower two openings, also the right and the left side of the lower half of the girdle of the man. You shall strike the same openings with the Thwart in the pre-fencing, and seek all four.</p>
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<p>Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing then stand with your left foot before, and then, when you are near him, spring well on his left side with your right foot against him, and strike the Thwart with vigor against his left side to the lower opening. That is called “striking to the Plow”. If he parries, then strike him quickly to the upper opening on his right side. That is called “[striking] to the Ox”. And then drive the Thwart strikes quickly, always one to the Ox and the other to the Plow, crosswise from one side to the other, that is to the head and to the body.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing then stand with your left foot before, and then, when you are near him, spring well on his left side with your right foot against him, and strike the Thwart with vigor against his left side to the lower opening. That is called “striking to the Plow”. If he parries, then strike him quickly to the upper opening on his right side. That is called “[striking] to the Ox”. And then drive the Thwart strikes quickly, always one to the Ox and the other to the Plow, crosswise from one side to the other, that is to the head and to the body.</p>
 
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| <p>[55] {{red|b=1|Also you shall}} always think to spring out wide on the side against him with each Thwart strike: so may you hit well to his head, and see also that you are well guarded above with the hilt before your head.</p>
 
| <p>[55] {{red|b=1|Also you shall}} always think to spring out wide on the side against him with each Thwart strike: so may you hit well to his head, and see also that you are well guarded above with the hilt before your head.</p>
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<p>Mark, when he strikes you above to your head with the Thwart (from his right side to your left), then parry with the long edge and remain with the point before his breast. If he then strikes around with the Thwart, from the sword to the lower opening on your right side, then strike also with the Thwart below through (between you and him), also against his right side, and bind therewith on his sword, and remain in the bind and stab him Meanwhile to the lower opening.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when he strikes you above to your head with the Thwart (from his right side to your left), then parry with the long edge and remain with the point before his breast. If he then strikes around with the Thwart, from the sword to the lower opening on your right side, then strike also with the Thwart below through (between you and him), also against his right side, and bind therewith on his sword, and remain in the bind and stab him Meanwhile to the lower opening.</p>
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<p>Gloss: The Failer is a technique which many fencers plan and hit with as they wish, and strike those who like parrying and who fence to the sword (and not to the openings of the body).</p>
 
<p>Gloss: The Failer is a technique which many fencers plan and hit with as they wish, and strike those who like parrying and who fence to the sword (and not to the openings of the body).</p>
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| <p>[58] Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then do as if you will strike him with a free Over-hew to the head, but pull the hew and strike him with the Thwart to the lower opening of his left or his right side (to whichever you want), and see that you are well-guarded with the hilt over your head. You may also drive this thus with the Thwart-hew.</p>
 
| <p>[58] Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then do as if you will strike him with a free Over-hew to the head, but pull the hew and strike him with the Thwart to the lower opening of his left or his right side (to whichever you want), and see that you are well-guarded with the hilt over your head. You may also drive this thus with the Thwart-hew.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, the Inverter is called “the half-hew” or “the turned-hand” by fencers. Therewith one forces the man, so that he may Run-through him and grasp him with wrestling.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, the Inverter is called “the half-hew” or “the turned-hand” by fencers. Therewith one forces the man, so that he may Run-through him and grasp him with wrestling.</p>
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{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 029v.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}}<br/><br/>
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<p>When you go to him with the pre-fencing, then go with your left foot before, and hew the half-hew with inverted long edge from the right side, each and every, up and down, still with your left foot. When you have come to him, and as quickly as you bind on his sword, then Meanwhile hang the point in above and stab in to his face. If he parries the stab and drives high up with his arms, then Run-through him.</p>
 
<p>When you go to him with the pre-fencing, then go with your left foot before, and hew the half-hew with inverted long edge from the right side, each and every, up and down, still with your left foot. When you have come to him, and as quickly as you bind on his sword, then Meanwhile hang the point in above and stab in to his face. If he parries the stab and drives high up with his arms, then Run-through him.</p>
 
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| <p>[61] Or if he remains low with his hands in the parrying, then grip his right elbow with your left hand and hold him fast therewith, and spring with your left foot before his right and thrust him thus over the foot.</p>
 
| <p>[61] Or if he remains low with his hands in the parrying, then grip his right elbow with your left hand and hold him fast therewith, and spring with your left foot before his right and thrust him thus over the foot.</p>
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| <p>[62] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you will not thrust him over the foot by the elbow with your left hand (as the fore-described states), then drive in with your left arm behind around his body, and throw him before you over your left hip.</p>
 
| <p>[62] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you will not thrust him over the foot by the elbow with your left hand (as the fore-described states), then drive in with your left arm behind around his body, and throw him before you over your left hip.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, this is called the twofold Failer, drive it thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder, and when he is even to you, then spring well against him with your right foot on his left side, and do as if you would hew him with a free Thwart-strike to the left side of his head, but pull the hew before it hits, and spring with your left foot on his right side, and strike there to his head. If he parries and you hit his sword, then spring over to the same side near him, and slice him in his mouth with the short edge, behind his sword with the Doubling. {{red|b=1|Or}} fall in with your sword over both arms with the slice.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is called the twofold Failer, drive it thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder, and when he is even to you, then spring well against him with your right foot on his left side, and do as if you would hew him with a free Thwart-strike to the left side of his head, but pull the hew before it hits, and spring with your left foot on his right side, and strike there to his head. If he parries and you hit his sword, then spring over to the same side near him, and slice him in his mouth with the short edge, behind his sword with the Doubling. {{red|b=1|Or}} fall in with your sword over both arms with the slice.</p>
 
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| <p>[64] Also, you may thus drive the Failer as well from the Over-hew as from the Thwart strike, when you are even (or when you want).</p>
 
| <p>[64] Also, you may thus drive the Failer as well from the Over-hew as from the Thwart strike, when you are even (or when you want).</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, the Squinter<ref>Squint here means “an askew glance”, referring to both the sword's direction of travel and also the use of deception with the eyes with this hew.</ref> breaks the guard that is called the Plow, and is a good, strange, and serious hew when it breaks with force one who is hewing in or stabbing in, and it goes with inverted sword. There are many Masters of the Sword around that know nothing to say of this hew.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, the Squinter<ref>Squint here means “an askew glance”, referring to both the sword's direction of travel and also the use of deception with the eyes with this hew.</ref> breaks the guard that is called the Plow, and is a good, strange, and serious hew when it breaks with force one who is hewing in or stabbing in, and it goes with inverted sword. There are many Masters of the Sword around that know nothing to say of this hew.</p>
 
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<p>Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder. If he then hews above in to your head, then turn your sword and hew long against his hew with the short edge, over his sword with stretched arms above in to his head. If he is then clever and Fails with the hew, and will Change-through below your sword, then let the point shoot in long before you with the hew, so he may not Change-through below.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder. If he then hews above in to your head, then turn your sword and hew long against his hew with the short edge, over his sword with stretched arms above in to his head. If he is then clever and Fails with the hew, and will Change-through below your sword, then let the point shoot in long before you with the hew, so he may not Change-through below.</p>
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<p>When you stand against him and hold your sword on your right shoulder, if he then stands against you in the guard of the Plow and will stab below to you, then hew him long in above with the Squinter, and shoot the point long in to the breast, so may he not reach you below with the stab.</p>
 
<p>When you stand against him and hold your sword on your right shoulder, if he then stands against you in the guard of the Plow and will stab below to you, then hew him long in above with the Squinter, and shoot the point long in to the breast, so may he not reach you below with the stab.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark this lesson, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, so shall you Squint with the face and see if he fences short against you. You shall perceive if, when he then hews to you, he stretches the arms not long from him with the hew; so is his sword shortened.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark this lesson, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, so shall you Squint with the face and see if he fences short against you. You shall perceive if, when he then hews to you, he stretches the arms not long from him with the hew; so is his sword shortened.</p>
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| <p>[69] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you lie before him in the guard of the Fool, if he will then fall Crooked thereon with the sword, so is his sword but shortened.</p>
 
| <p>[69] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you lie before him in the guard of the Fool, if he will then fall Crooked thereon with the sword, so is his sword but shortened.</p>
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| <p>[70] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he lies against you in the guard of the Ox or the Plow, so is his sword but shortened. Also know that all Winds with the sword before the man are short and shorten the sword, and whatever fencer drives the Winding thus, then freely Change through from hews and from stabs, and shoot in the long point therewith into the nearest opening. Therewith you force him so that he must parry, and so you come to your correct work.</p>
 
| <p>[70] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he lies against you in the guard of the Ox or the Plow, so is his sword but shortened. Also know that all Winds with the sword before the man are short and shorten the sword, and whatever fencer drives the Winding thus, then freely Change through from hews and from stabs, and shoot in the long point therewith into the nearest opening. Therewith you force him so that he must parry, and so you come to your correct work.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then stands against you and holds the Long Point against your face or breast, then hold your sword on the right shoulder and squint with your face to the point, and do as if you will hew him there, but then hew strongly with the Squinter, with the short edge on his sword, and shoot in the long point to the neck therewith (with a step to of the right foot).</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then stands against you and holds the Long Point against your face or breast, then hold your sword on the right shoulder and squint with your face to the point, and do as if you will hew him there, but then hew strongly with the Squinter, with the short edge on his sword, and shoot in the long point to the neck therewith (with a step to of the right foot).</p>
 
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<p>Gloss: Mark, this is another break when he stands against you in the Long Point. Squint with your face to his head, and do as if you will strike him thereon, but strike him with the Squint-hew with the point on his hands.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is another break when he stands against you in the Long Point. Squint with your face to his head, and do as if you will strike him thereon, but strike him with the Squint-hew with the point on his hands.</p>
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| <p>[73] {{red|b=1|Here begins the text and the gloss of the Parting-Hew:}}</p>
+
| <p>[73] {{red|b=1|Here begins the text and the gloss of the Parting-Hew:}}<br/><br/></p>
  
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Text}}</p>
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Text}}</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, the Parter breaks the guard that is called Fool, and, with its turn, is very dangerous to the face and the breast.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, the Parter breaks the guard that is called Fool, and, with its turn, is very dangerous to the face and the breast.</p>
 
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<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then lies against you in the guard Fool, then set your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder in the guard, and spring to him, and hew strongly down from above with the long edge to his head.</p>
 
<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then lies against you in the guard Fool, then set your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder in the guard, and spring to him, and hew strongly down from above with the long edge to his head.</p>
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| <p>[75] If he then parries the hew so that his point and hilt both stand over him, that is called the Crown. Then remain high with your arms, and with your left hand lift your sword’s pommel over you, and sink the point in over his hilt to his breast. If he then drives up with his sword and thrusts your point upwards with his hilt, then Wind your sword through under his Crown with the slice in his arms and press. Thus is the Crown again broken, and with the pressing slice fast in the arms, and then pull yourself off with the slice.</p>
 
| <p>[75] If he then parries the hew so that his point and hilt both stand over him, that is called the Crown. Then remain high with your arms, and with your left hand lift your sword’s pommel over you, and sink the point in over his hilt to his breast. If he then drives up with his sword and thrusts your point upwards with his hilt, then Wind your sword through under his Crown with the slice in his arms and press. Thus is the Crown again broken, and with the pressing slice fast in the arms, and then pull yourself off with the slice.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark the Four Leaguers, that is, the Four Guards from which you shall fence.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark the Four Leaguers, that is, the Four Guards from which you shall fence.</p>
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| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
  
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| <p>[78] {{red|b=1|Mark}}, on the left side position yourself thus in the Ox: stand with your right foot before and hold your sword near your left side, with the hilt before your head so that your thumb is below, and hang the point in against his face. That is the Ox on both sides.</p>
 
| <p>[78] {{red|b=1|Mark}}, on the left side position yourself thus in the Ox: stand with your right foot before and hold your sword near your left side, with the hilt before your head so that your thumb is below, and hang the point in against his face. That is the Ox on both sides.</p>
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<p>Mark, the other guard is called the Plow, there position yourself thus with it: stand with your left foot before and hold your sword with crossed hands, with the pommel below you near your right side on your hip, so that the short edge is above and the point stands in against his face.</p>
 
<p>Mark, the other guard is called the Plow, there position yourself thus with it: stand with your left foot before and hold your sword with crossed hands, with the pommel below you near your right side on your hip, so that the short edge is above and the point stands in against his face.</p>
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| <p>[80] {{red|b=1|Mark}}, on the left side position yourself thus in the Plow: stand with your right foot before and hold your sword near your left side, with the pommel below you on your hip, so that the long edge is above and the point stands in against the face. That is the Plow on both sides.</p>
 
| <p>[80] {{red|b=1|Mark}}, on the left side position yourself thus in the Plow: stand with your right foot before and hold your sword near your left side, with the pommel below you on your hip, so that the long edge is above and the point stands in against the face. That is the Plow on both sides.</p>
 
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<p>Mark, position yourself thus in the guard called Fool: stand with your right foot before and hold your sword with stretched arms before you, with the point on the earth so that the short edge is turned above.</p>
 
<p>Mark, position yourself thus in the guard called Fool: stand with your right foot before and hold your sword with stretched arms before you, with the point on the earth so that the short edge is turned above.</p>
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<p>Mark, the guard is called From the Day, therein position yourself thus: stand with your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder, or with up-stretched arms high over your head, and stand thus in the guard.</p>
 
<p>Mark, the guard is called From the Day, therein position yourself thus: stand with your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder, or with up-stretched arms high over your head, and stand thus in the guard.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, you have heard before that there are Four Guards. So you shall now also know the Four Forfendings that break the same Four Guards. Also hear that the Forfendings are nothing more than breaking with four hews.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, you have heard before that there are Four Guards. So you shall now also know the Four Forfendings that break the same Four Guards. Also hear that the Forfendings are nothing more than breaking with four hews.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026r.jpg|4|lbl=26r.4}}
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040r.jpg|1|lbl=40r}}
 
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| <p>[84] {{red|b=1|Mark}}, the first hew is the '''Crooked-hew''', which breaks the guard that is called the Ox.</p>
 
| <p>[84] {{red|b=1|Mark}}, the first hew is the '''Crooked-hew''', which breaks the guard that is called the Ox.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026r.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026r.jpg|5|lbl=26r.5}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
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| <p>[85] {{red|b=1|Mark}} the second hew, that is, the '''Thwart-hew''', which breaks the guard From the Day.</p>
 
| <p>[85] {{red|b=1|Mark}} the second hew, that is, the '''Thwart-hew''', which breaks the guard From the Day.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|1|lbl=26v}}
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|1|lbl=26v.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
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| <p>[86] {{red|b=1|Mark}} the third hew, that is, the '''Squinter''', which breaks the guard that is called the Plow.</p>
 
| <p>[86] {{red|b=1|Mark}} the third hew, that is, the '''Squinter''', which breaks the guard that is called the Plow.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|2|lbl=26v.2}}
 
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| <p>[87] {{red|b=1|Mark}} the fourth hew, that is, the '''Parter''', which breaks the guard that is called the Fool.</p>
 
| <p>[87] {{red|b=1|Mark}} the fourth hew, that is, the '''Parter''', which breaks the guard that is called the Fool.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 026v.jpg|3|lbl=26v.3}}
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
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| <p>[88] And you shall find how you shall break the four guards with the hews before, in the descriptions of the same hews.</p>
 
| <p>[88] And you shall find how you shall break the four guards with the hews before, in the descriptions of the same hews.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 040v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
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<p>Gloss: Mark, that is that you shall not parry as the common fencers do: when they parry they hold their points high or to the side, and that is to understand that they do not know to seek the Four Openings<ref>"the Four Openings" omitted from the Kraków.</ref> with the point with their parrying, therefore they often become struck. When you will parry, then parry with your hew or with your stab, and seek Meanwhile the nearest opening with the point; so may no Master strike at you without being injured.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is that you shall not parry as the common fencers do: when they parry they hold their points high or to the side, and that is to understand that they do not know to seek the Four Openings<ref>"the Four Openings" omitted from the Kraków.</ref> with the point with their parrying, therefore they often become struck. When you will parry, then parry with your hew or with your stab, and seek Meanwhile the nearest opening with the point; so may no Master strike at you without being injured.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when one has parried you and will not withdraw from your sword, and means to not let you come to techniques: then wrench with your sword upwards on his sword’s blade, as if you would take off from his sword above, but remain on his sword and hew him, striking in with the long edge on his blade again, into his head.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when one has parried you and will not withdraw from your sword, and means to not let you come to techniques: then wrench with your sword upwards on his sword’s blade, as if you would take off from his sword above, but remain on his sword and hew him, striking in with the long edge on his blade again, into his head.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, there are Four Settings-on that you hear you shall drive in earnest when you will quickly strike or injure him. Drive them thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then lie with your sword in the guard of the Ox or the Plow. If he will then hew above or stab below, then mark while he lifts up his sword and will strike, or pulls it to himself below and will stab, and then come Before and shoot the long point into the nearest opening before he brings ahead his hew or stab, and see if you may Set-on him. Likewise do that also when he hews to you with Under-hews: then shoot the point in before he comes up with the hew from below, and drive that to both sides.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, there are Four Settings-on that you hear you shall drive in earnest when you will quickly strike or injure him. Drive them thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then lie with your sword in the guard of the Ox or the Plow. If he will then hew above or stab below, then mark while he lifts up his sword and will strike, or pulls it to himself below and will stab, and then come Before and shoot the long point into the nearest opening before he brings ahead his hew or stab, and see if you may Set-on him. Likewise do that also when he hews to you with Under-hews: then shoot the point in before he comes up with the hew from below, and drive that to both sides.</p>
 
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| <p>[92] If he then becomes aware of the Setting-on, then remain with your sword on his and work in nimbly to the nearest opening.</p>
 
| <p>[92] If he then becomes aware of the Setting-on, then remain with your sword on his and work in nimbly to the nearest opening.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, the Travelling-afters are many and multiple, and pertain to driving from hews and stabs with great prudence against the fencers that fence with free and long hews (and otherwise do not hold well to the correct Art of the Sword).</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, the Travelling-afters are many and multiple, and pertain to driving from hews and stabs with great prudence against the fencers that fence with free and long hews (and otherwise do not hold well to the correct Art of the Sword).</p>
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<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before in the guard From the Day, and see well how he will fence against you. If he then hews long above in to you, then watch so that he does not reach you, and mark while his sword goes under you against the earth with the hew. Then spring to with your right foot and hew him above into the head before he comes up again with the sword; so is he struck.</p>
 
<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before in the guard From the Day, and see well how he will fence against you. If he then hews long above in to you, then watch so that he does not reach you, and mark while his sword goes under you against the earth with the hew. Then spring to with your right foot and hew him above into the head before he comes up again with the sword; so is he struck.</p>
 
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| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
  
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<p>Mark, when he fore-hews you, and you Travel-after him with the hew to the opening, if he then drives up quickly with the sword and comes below you on your sword, then remain strong thereon. If he then heaves fast upwards with the sword, then spring with your left foot behind his right and strike him with the Thwart (or otherwise to his head on his right side), and work quickly again around to his left side with the Doubling (or otherwise with other techniques thereafter, as you find if he is Soft or Hard on the sword).</p>
 
<p>Mark, when he fore-hews you, and you Travel-after him with the hew to the opening, if he then drives up quickly with the sword and comes below you on your sword, then remain strong thereon. If he then heaves fast upwards with the sword, then spring with your left foot behind his right and strike him with the Thwart (or otherwise to his head on his right side), and work quickly again around to his left side with the Doubling (or otherwise with other techniques thereafter, as you find if he is Soft or Hard on the sword).</p>
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<p>Mark, when you fence against him from Under-hewing, or from the slashing, or lie against him in the guard that is called Fool, if he then falls with his sword on yours before you therewith come up, then remain thus with your sword below on his and heave upwards. If he then Winds on the sword with the point into your face or breast, then do not let him off from the sword, and follow him thereafter, and work in with the point to the nearest opening. Or, if he strikes around from the sword, then follow him or Travel-after with the point as before.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when you fence against him from Under-hewing, or from the slashing, or lie against him in the guard that is called Fool, if he then falls with his sword on yours before you therewith come up, then remain thus with your sword below on his and heave upwards. If he then Winds on the sword with the point into your face or breast, then do not let him off from the sword, and follow him thereafter, and work in with the point to the nearest opening. Or, if he strikes around from the sword, then follow him or Travel-after with the point as before.</p>
 
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| <p>[97] {{red|b=1|Mark}}, you shall travel after him from all hews and from all guards<ref>"from all" omitted from the Kraków.</ref> as quickly as you can when he fore-hews from you or opens himself with the sword. And see that afterward you do not open yourself nor fore-hew with the Travelling-after, and mark that to both sides.</p>
 
| <p>[97] {{red|b=1|Mark}}, you shall travel after him from all hews and from all guards<ref>"from all" omitted from the Kraków.</ref> as quickly as you can when he fore-hews from you or opens himself with the sword. And see that afterward you do not open yourself nor fore-hew with the Travelling-after, and mark that to both sides.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, the Feeling and the word “Meanwhile” are the greatest and the best art with the sword, and who is a Master of the Sword (or wants to be), if he cannot understand the Feeling and the word “Meanwhile”, then is he not a Master, but he is a Buffalo of the Sword. Therefore you shall, before all things, learn well these two things so that you understand them rightly.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, the Feeling and the word “Meanwhile” are the greatest and the best art with the sword, and who is a Master of the Sword (or wants to be), if he cannot understand the Feeling and the word “Meanwhile”, then is he not a Master, but he is a Buffalo of the Sword. Therefore you shall, before all things, learn well these two things so that you understand them rightly.</p>
 
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<p>Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, and bind one another on the sword, then, as the swords clash together, you shall Feel with the hand simultaneously if he has bound Soft or Hard on you, and as quickly as you have found out, then think of the word “Meanwhile”: that is, that simultaneously as you find the same, you shall nimbly work on the sword so he is struck before he becomes aware of it.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, and bind one another on the sword, then, as the swords clash together, you shall Feel with the hand simultaneously if he has bound Soft or Hard on you, and as quickly as you have found out, then think of the word “Meanwhile”: that is, that simultaneously as you find the same, you shall nimbly work on the sword so he is struck before he becomes aware of it.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 029r.jpg|2|lbl=29r.2}}
 
| <p><br/><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/><br/></p>
  
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“Meanwhile” does what your heart desires.</p>
 
“Meanwhile” does what your heart desires.</p>
 
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| <p>[101] “Meanwhile”: that is a sharp word wherewith all Masters of the Sword who know not to name this word become sliced. That is the key of the Art.</p>
 
| <p>[101] “Meanwhile”: that is a sharp word wherewith all Masters of the Sword who know not to name this word become sliced. That is the key of the Art.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, that is that you shall drive the Travelling-after to both sides and you shall not forget the slice there. Undertake it thus: when he fore-hews in front of you (be it from the right or from the left side), then hew in boldly After to the opening. If he then drives up and binds below you on the sword, then mark as quickly as the swords clash on each other, and then slice him Meanwhile after his neck, or fall in with the long edge on his arms and slice fast.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is that you shall drive the Travelling-after to both sides and you shall not forget the slice there. Undertake it thus: when he fore-hews in front of you (be it from the right or from the left side), then hew in boldly After to the opening. If he then drives up and binds below you on the sword, then mark as quickly as the swords clash on each other, and then slice him Meanwhile after his neck, or fall in with the long edge on his arms and slice fast.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 046r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
  
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<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when you come to him with the pre-fencing: if he then hews below to your lower opening, do not parry that, but hew in above strongly to his head. Or, if he hews to you with Under-hewing, then mark before he comes up with the Under-hew, and shoot the long point above into his face or his breast, and Set-on him above so he may not reach you below (since all upper Settings-on break and defeat the lower). If he then drives up and binds below on your sword, then remain with the long edge strongly on his sword, and work nimbly to the nearest opening, or let him work and come Meanwhile so that you hit him.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when you come to him with the pre-fencing: if he then hews below to your lower opening, do not parry that, but hew in above strongly to his head. Or, if he hews to you with Under-hewing, then mark before he comes up with the Under-hew, and shoot the long point above into his face or his breast, and Set-on him above so he may not reach you below (since all upper Settings-on break and defeat the lower). If he then drives up and binds below on your sword, then remain with the long edge strongly on his sword, and work nimbly to the nearest opening, or let him work and come Meanwhile so that you hit him.</p>
 
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|}
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, drive the Setting-off thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then stands against you as if he will stab, then set your left foot before and stand against him in the guard of the Plow on your right side, and give an opening with your left side. If he then stabs to that same opening, then Wind against his stab with your short edge on his sword (and your sword on your left side), and therewith Set-off, and therewith step to him with your right foot and stab him Meanwhile to the face or the chest.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, drive the Setting-off thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then stands against you as if he will stab, then set your left foot before and stand against him in the guard of the Plow on your right side, and give an opening with your left side. If he then stabs to that same opening, then Wind against his stab with your short edge on his sword (and your sword on your left side), and therewith Set-off, and therewith step to him with your right foot and stab him Meanwhile to the face or the chest.</p>
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<p>Mark, when you stand on your right side in the Plow, if he then hews into your left side above to your head, then drive up with the sword and Wind therewith on your left side against his hew with the hilt before your head, and step therewith to him with your right foot, and stab him to the face or breast. Drive this technique from the Plow on both sides.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when you stand on your right side in the Plow, if he then hews into your left side above to your head, then drive up with the sword and Wind therewith on your left side against his hew with the hilt before your head, and step therewith to him with your right foot, and stab him to the face or breast. Drive this technique from the Plow on both sides.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, the Changing-throughs are many and multiple; you shall drive them against the fencers that readily parry and that hew to the sword (and not to the openings of the body). You shall learn to drive it well with prudence, so that one cannot Set-on you or come in with something<ref>"with something" omitted from the Kraków.</ref> while you are Changing-through.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, the Changing-throughs are many and multiple; you shall drive them against the fencers that readily parry and that hew to the sword (and not to the openings of the body). You shall learn to drive it well with prudence, so that one cannot Set-on you or come in with something<ref>"with something" omitted from the Kraków.</ref> while you are Changing-through.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 030v.jpg|3|lbl=30v.3}}
  
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 050v.jpg|1|lbl=50v}}
 
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|  
Line 1,437: Line 1,436:
  
 
<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then hew in above strongly. If he then hews against your sword (and not to your body), then let the point go through his sword with the hew, below between you, before he binds on your sword, and stab into the other side to his breast. If he becomes aware of the stab, and drives quickly after the stab with parrying with the sword, then Change-through yet again, and always do that when he drives after the sword with parrying.</p>
 
<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then hew in above strongly. If he then hews against your sword (and not to your body), then let the point go through his sword with the hew, below between you, before he binds on your sword, and stab into the other side to his breast. If he becomes aware of the stab, and drives quickly after the stab with parrying with the sword, then Change-through yet again, and always do that when he drives after the sword with parrying.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 031r.jpg|2|lbl=31r.2}}
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 050v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
  
Line 1,448: Line 1,447:
 
<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then set your left foot before and hold the Long Point against his face. If he then hews to your sword down from above (or up from below), and will strike that away or bind strongly thereon, then let the point sink underneath and stab him to the other side. Drive that against all hews wherewith one hews to your sword.</p>
 
<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then set your left foot before and hold the Long Point against his face. If he then hews to your sword down from above (or up from below), and will strike that away or bind strongly thereon, then let the point sink underneath and stab him to the other side. Drive that against all hews wherewith one hews to your sword.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 052r.jpg|1|lbl=52r}}
 
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Line 1,457: Line 1,456:
  
 
<p>How you shall Change-through so that one will not Set-on you while you are doing so, and undertake it thus: when he parries and lets his point go out near your side, then bravely Change-though and stab him to the other side. Or, if he remains with the point before your face (or otherwise against the opening), then do not Change-through but remain on the sword, and work therewith to the nearest opening so he may not Travel-after you with Setting-on.</p>
 
<p>How you shall Change-through so that one will not Set-on you while you are doing so, and undertake it thus: when he parries and lets his point go out near your side, then bravely Change-though and stab him to the other side. Or, if he remains with the point before your face (or otherwise against the opening), then do not Change-through but remain on the sword, and work therewith to the nearest opening so he may not Travel-after you with Setting-on.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 031v.jpg|2|lbl=31v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 052r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 052r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
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Line 1,477: Line 1,476:
 
<p>Gloss: Mark that Pulling pertains to driving against the Masters who bind strongly on the sword, and in the bind of the swords remain standing still, and will wait to see if one will hew off, or will draw off from the sword before them so that they can then use Travelling-after to the opening. If you will trick or deceive those same Masters, then drive the Pulling against him thus: hew in from the right side above strongly to his head. If he then drives with the sword strongly forward with the hew and will parry, or hews to your sword, then pull your sword on you before he binds on you, and stab into the other side. And do that against all hitting and binding-on of the swords.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark that Pulling pertains to driving against the Masters who bind strongly on the sword, and in the bind of the swords remain standing still, and will wait to see if one will hew off, or will draw off from the sword before them so that they can then use Travelling-after to the opening. If you will trick or deceive those same Masters, then drive the Pulling against him thus: hew in from the right side above strongly to his head. If he then drives with the sword strongly forward with the hew and will parry, or hews to your sword, then pull your sword on you before he binds on you, and stab into the other side. And do that against all hitting and binding-on of the swords.</p>
 
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|  
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 052v.jpg|1|lbl=52v}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 052v.jpg|1|lbl=52v}}
 
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|  
Line 1,486: Line 1,485:
  
 
<p>When he has bound on your sword, if he then stands against you in the bind and waits to see if you yourself will draw off from the sword, then do as if you will Pull, but remain on his sword and Pull your sword on you as far as half the blade, and stab in quickly again into his face or his breast. If you do not hit him correctly with the stab, then work with the Doubling or otherwise with other techniques which are best.</p>
 
<p>When he has bound on your sword, if he then stands against you in the bind and waits to see if you yourself will draw off from the sword, then do as if you will Pull, but remain on his sword and Pull your sword on you as far as half the blade, and stab in quickly again into his face or his breast. If you do not hit him correctly with the stab, then work with the Doubling or otherwise with other techniques which are best.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 032r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 032r.jpg|2|lbl=32r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 053r.jpg|1|lbl=53r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 053r.jpg|1|lbl=53r}}
 
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Line 1,503: Line 1,502:
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, the Running-through and the wrestling are of two kinds with the sword: the Running-throughs are the body wrestling, and then thereafter are the arm wrestlings. And they pertain to driving against the fencers that like to run in.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, the Running-through and the wrestling are of two kinds with the sword: the Running-throughs are the body wrestling, and then thereafter are the arm wrestlings. And they pertain to driving against the fencers that like to run in.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 032r.jpg|3|lbl=32r.3}}
  
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 032v.jpg|1|lbl=32v}}
+
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 032v.jpg|1|lbl=32v.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 053r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 053r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
  
Line 1,516: Line 1,515:
  
 
<p>Mark, when he runs into you and drives high up with the arms and will overwhelm you above with strength, then drive also up with your arms, and hold your sword by the pommel over your head with your left hand, and let the blade hang down behind over your back, and Run with your head through your arm against his right side, and spring with your right foot behind his right, and with the spring then drive in with your right arm against his left side in front, well around his body, and grasp him thus on your right hip and throw him before you backwards on his head.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when he runs into you and drives high up with the arms and will overwhelm you above with strength, then drive also up with your arms, and hold your sword by the pommel over your head with your left hand, and let the blade hang down behind over your back, and Run with your head through your arm against his right side, and spring with your right foot behind his right, and with the spring then drive in with your right arm against his left side in front, well around his body, and grasp him thus on your right hip and throw him before you backwards on his head.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 032v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 032v.jpg|2|lbl=32v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 053v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 053v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.2º.2 67v.jpg|1|lbl=67v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.2º.2 67v.jpg|1|lbl=67v}}
Line 1,526: Line 1,525:
 
<p>Mark, when he runs into you with up-stretched arms, and you do so against him, then Run-through him with the head to his right side, and let your sword hang behind over your back (as the before stated describes), and step with your right foot in front before his right, and drive in with your right arm through below his right arm, behind, around his body, and grasp him on your right hip and throw him behind you. Drive these two wrestlings to both sides.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when he runs into you with up-stretched arms, and you do so against him, then Run-through him with the head to his right side, and let your sword hang behind over your back (as the before stated describes), and step with your right foot in front before his right, and drive in with your right arm through below his right arm, behind, around his body, and grasp him on your right hip and throw him behind you. Drive these two wrestlings to both sides.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 054v.jpg|1|lbl=54v}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 054v.jpg|1|lbl=54v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.2º.2 68v.jpg|1|lbl=68v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.2º.2 68v.jpg|1|lbl=68v}}
Line 1,535: Line 1,534:
  
 
<p>Mark, when he runs into your right side and is high with his arms, and you are also, then hold your sword in the right hand with the pommel reversed, and thrust his arms and his sword from you with your hilt, and spring with your left foot in front before both his feet, and drive in with your left arm well behind, around his body, and grasp him on your left hip and throw him before you.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when he runs into your right side and is high with his arms, and you are also, then hold your sword in the right hand with the pommel reversed, and thrust his arms and his sword from you with your hilt, and spring with your left foot in front before both his feet, and drive in with your left arm well behind, around his body, and grasp him on your left hip and throw him before you.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 033r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 033r.jpg|2|lbl=33r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 055r.jpg|1|lbl=55r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 055r.jpg|1|lbl=55r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.2º.2 68r.jpg|2|lbl=68r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.2º.2 68r.jpg|2|lbl=68r}}
Line 1,544: Line 1,543:
  
 
<p>Mark, when he runs into you and is high with his arms, and you are also, then hold your sword in your right hand and thrust his arms from you therewith, and spring with your left foot behind his right, and drive in with your left arm through, below, before his breast on his left side, and grasp him on your left hip and throw him behind you. Drive these two wrestlings also to both sides.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when he runs into you and is high with his arms, and you are also, then hold your sword in your right hand and thrust his arms from you therewith, and spring with your left foot behind his right, and drive in with your left arm through, below, before his breast on his left side, and grasp him on your left hip and throw him behind you. Drive these two wrestlings also to both sides.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 033r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 033r.jpg|3|lbl=33r.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 055v.jpg|1|lbl=55v}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 055v.jpg|1|lbl=55v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.2º.2 69r.jpg|1|lbl=69r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.2º.2 69r.jpg|1|lbl=69r}}
Line 1,554: Line 1,553:
 
<p>Mark, when one runs into you with the sword and holds his hands low, then invert your left hand and grip his right inwardly therewith (between both his hands), and press him therewith on your left side, and strike in with the sword with the right over his head.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when one runs into you with the sword and holds his hands low, then invert your left hand and grip his right inwardly therewith (between both his hands), and press him therewith on your left side, and strike in with the sword with the right over his head.</p>
 
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|  
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 033r.jpg|4|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 033v.jpg|1|lbl=33v|p=1}}
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 064r.jpg|1|lbl=64r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 064r.jpg|1|lbl=64r}}
 
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Line 1,563: Line 1,562:
  
 
<p>If you will not strike, then spring with your right foot behind his left, and drive in with your right arm in front or behind his neck, and throw him thus over your right knee.</p>
 
<p>If you will not strike, then spring with your right foot behind his left, and drive in with your right arm in front or behind his neck, and throw him thus over your right knee.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 033v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 033v.jpg|2|lbl=33v.2}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 064v.jpg|1|lbl=64v}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 064v.jpg|1|lbl=64v}}
 
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Line 1,572: Line 1,571:
  
 
<p>Mark, when he runs into you with the sword and is low with his hands, then let your left hand drive from the sword, and drive in with your right with the pommel out over his right hand, and press down therewith, and grip him with your left hand by his right elbow, and spring with your left foot before his right and thrust him over thus.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when he runs into you with the sword and is low with his hands, then let your left hand drive from the sword, and drive in with your right with the pommel out over his right hand, and press down therewith, and grip him with your left hand by his right elbow, and spring with your left foot before his right and thrust him over thus.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 033v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 033v.jpg|3|lbl=33v.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 065r.jpg|1|lbl=65r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 065r.jpg|1|lbl=65r}}
 
|  
 
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Line 1,581: Line 1,580:
  
 
<p>Mark, when he runs into you with the sword, then let your sword fall and invert your right hand, and grip his right outwardly therewith, and with your left grasp him by the right elbow, and spring with your left foot before his right, and thrust his right arm over your left with your right hand, and heave him over you therewith. Thus may you break his arm, or throw him over your left leg before you (if you want).</p>
 
<p>Mark, when he runs into you with the sword, then let your sword fall and invert your right hand, and grip his right outwardly therewith, and with your left grasp him by the right elbow, and spring with your left foot before his right, and thrust his right arm over your left with your right hand, and heave him over you therewith. Thus may you break his arm, or throw him over your left leg before you (if you want).</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 033v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 033v.jpg|4|lbl=33v.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 065v.jpg|1|lbl=65v}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 065v.jpg|1|lbl=65v}}
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,590: Line 1,589:
  
 
<p>Mark, when one runs into you with the sword, then invert your left hand and drive therewith over his right arm, and grip his sword by the handle therewith (between both his hands),<ref>K. "with both hands".</ref> and press therewith on your left side; so you take his sword.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when one runs into you with the sword, then invert your left hand and drive therewith over his right arm, and grip his sword by the handle therewith (between both his hands),<ref>K. "with both hands".</ref> and press therewith on your left side; so you take his sword.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 033v.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 033v.jpg|5|lbl=33v.5}}
  
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 034r.jpg|1|lbl=34r}}
+
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 034r.jpg|1|lbl=34r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 066r.jpg|1|lbl=66r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 066r.jpg|1|lbl=66r}}
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,601: Line 1,600:
  
 
<p>Mark, when he parries or otherwise binds on your sword, then grip both swords in the middle with your left hand on the blades, and hold them both fast together, and with your right hand drive with the pommel below, through, in front over both his hands, and press upwards therewith on your right side. Then you remain with both swords.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when he parries or otherwise binds on your sword, then grip both swords in the middle with your left hand on the blades, and hold them both fast together, and with your right hand drive with the pommel below, through, in front over both his hands, and press upwards therewith on your right side. Then you remain with both swords.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 034r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 034r.jpg|2|lbl=34r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 066v.jpg|1|lbl=66v}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 066v.jpg|1|lbl=66v}}
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,615: Line 1,614:
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is what you shall drive when one binds on your sword strongly above, or falls thereon, and undertake it thus: when you fence-to with the Under-hewing or with the slashing, or lie against him in the guard Fool, if he then falls with his sword on yours (before you come up therewith), then remain below on his sword and heave upwards with the short edge fast. If he then presses your sword downwards fast, then slash off from his sword from below on his blade with your sword behind yourself, and hew in to the other side on his sword’s blade quickly again, above into his mouth.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is what you shall drive when one binds on your sword strongly above, or falls thereon, and undertake it thus: when you fence-to with the Under-hewing or with the slashing, or lie against him in the guard Fool, if he then falls with his sword on yours (before you come up therewith), then remain below on his sword and heave upwards with the short edge fast. If he then presses your sword downwards fast, then slash off from his sword from below on his blade with your sword behind yourself, and hew in to the other side on his sword’s blade quickly again, above into his mouth.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 067r.jpg|1|lbl=67r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 067r.jpg|1|lbl=67r}}
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,624: Line 1,623:
  
 
<p>When you fence-to him with Under-hewing, or lie in the guard Fool, if he then falls with the sword on yours nearby the hilt (before you come up therewith), so that his point goes out to your right side, then drive up nimbly with your pommel over his sword and strike with the long edge to his head. Or, if he binds on your sword so that his point goes out to your left side, then drive with your pommel over his sword and strike in with the short edge to his head. That is called the Snapping.</p>
 
<p>When you fence-to him with Under-hewing, or lie in the guard Fool, if he then falls with the sword on yours nearby the hilt (before you come up therewith), so that his point goes out to your right side, then drive up nimbly with your pommel over his sword and strike with the long edge to his head. Or, if he binds on your sword so that his point goes out to your left side, then drive with your pommel over his sword and strike in with the short edge to his head. That is called the Snapping.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 034v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 034v.jpg|2|lbl=34v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 068r.jpg|1|lbl=68r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 068r.jpg|1|lbl=68r}}
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,638: Line 1,637:
 
<p>Gloss: Mark the Four Slices: know that the first are the two Overs, which pertain to driving against the fencers that like to strike around with the Thwart (or otherwise to the other side) from the parrying or from the bind of the sword.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark the Four Slices: know that the first are the two Overs, which pertain to driving against the fencers that like to strike around with the Thwart (or otherwise to the other side) from the parrying or from the bind of the sword.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 034v.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|1|lbl=35r|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 034v.jpg|3|lbl=34v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|1|lbl=35r.1|p=1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 069r.jpg|1|lbl=69r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 069r.jpg|1|lbl=69r}}
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,647: Line 1,646:
  
 
<p>When he binds you on your sword to your left side, and strikes quickly again around therewith with the left foot on your right side, then fall in with the long edge above over both arms and press from you with the slice. You shall always drive that to both sides when he strikes around from the parrying, or hews from the sword.</p>
 
<p>When he binds you on your sword to your left side, and strikes quickly again around therewith with the left foot on your right side, then fall in with the long edge above over both arms and press from you with the slice. You shall always drive that to both sides when he strikes around from the parrying, or hews from the sword.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|2|lbl=35r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 069r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 069r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,656: Line 1,655:
  
 
<p>That the two Under-slices pertain to driving against the fencers that like to run in with outstretched arms. Drive it thus: when he binds on your sword and drives high up with his arms, and runs in to you on your left side, then invert your sword so that your thumb comes below, and fall in with the long edge in his arm, under the pommel, and press upward with the slice.</p>
 
<p>That the two Under-slices pertain to driving against the fencers that like to run in with outstretched arms. Drive it thus: when he binds on your sword and drives high up with his arms, and runs in to you on your left side, then invert your sword so that your thumb comes below, and fall in with the long edge in his arm, under the pommel, and press upward with the slice.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|3|lbl=35r.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 056r.jpg|1|lbl=56r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 056r.jpg|1|lbl=56r}}
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,663: Line 1,662:
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p>[128] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he runs with out-stretched arms to your right side, then invert your sword so that your thumb comes below, and fall in with the short edge in the arms, under his pommel, and press upwards with the slice. Those are the Four Slices.</p>
 
| <p>[128] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he runs with out-stretched arms to your right side, then invert your sword so that your thumb comes below, and fall in with the short edge in the arms, under his pommel, and press upwards with the slice. Those are the Four Slices.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|4|lbl=35r.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 056r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 056r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,676: Line 1,675:
 
|}
 
|}
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is how you shall drive the two Over-slices from the two Under-slices. Undertake it thus: When he runs in to you on your left side with up-stretched arms, then invert your sword and fall with the long edge in the arm, under his pommel, and press fast upwards and step therewith on his right side, and Wind your pommel below through, and come not from his arms with the sword, and turn the sword from the Under-slice into the Over-slice with the long edge over his arms.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is how you shall drive the two Over-slices from the two Under-slices. Undertake it thus: When he runs in to you on your left side with up-stretched arms, then invert your sword and fall with the long edge in the arm, under his pommel, and press fast upwards and step therewith on his right side, and Wind your pommel below through, and come not from his arms with the sword, and turn the sword from the Under-slice into the Over-slice with the long edge over his arms.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035r.jpg|5|lbl=35r.5}}
  
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035v.jpg|1|lbl=35v}}
+
{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035v.jpg|1|lbl=35v.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 057r.jpg|1|lbl=57r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 057r.jpg|1|lbl=57r}}
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,687: Line 1,686:
  
 
<p>If he runs in with up-stretched arms to your right side, then turn your sword against his arms with the short edge, under the pommel, and press fast upwards, and step on his left side therewith and let the pommel go through below, and turn your sword with the long edge over his arm and press from you with the slice.</p>
 
<p>If he runs in with up-stretched arms to your right side, then turn your sword against his arms with the short edge, under the pommel, and press fast upwards, and step on his left side therewith and let the pommel go through below, and turn your sword with the long edge over his arm and press from you with the slice.</p>
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 035v.jpg|2|lbl=35v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 058r.jpg|1|lbl=58r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 058r.jpg|1|lbl=58r}}
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,703: Line 1,702:
 
|}
 
|}
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, the two hangings from the earth, that is, the Plow on both sides: and when you will fence therefrom, or are fencing, then you shall therein also have the Feeling if he is Soft or Hard in hewing, and in stabbing, and in all binding of the swords.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, the two hangings from the earth, that is, the Plow on both sides: and when you will fence therefrom, or are fencing, then you shall therein also have the Feeling if he is Soft or Hard in hewing, and in stabbing, and in all binding of the swords.</p>
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| <p>[132] Also you shall therefrom drive the four Windings, and from each Winding feature a hew, a stab, and a slice, and otherwise also drive all driving as from the two upper hangings.</p>
 
| <p>[132] Also you shall therefrom drive the four Windings, and from each Winding feature a hew, a stab, and a slice, and otherwise also drive all driving as from the two upper hangings.</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, you have heard before how you shall position yourself before the man with the sword in the Four Guards, and you shall fence therefrom. So shall you now also know the Speaking-Window, which is also a guard that you may well stand in, and the guard that is called the Long Point is the noblest and the best ward with the sword. Whoever correctly fences therefrom can force the man, that he must let you strike as you desire, and may not come to strikes and stabs himself before the point.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, you have heard before how you shall position yourself before the man with the sword in the Four Guards, and you shall fence therefrom. So shall you now also know the Speaking-Window, which is also a guard that you may well stand in, and the guard that is called the Long Point is the noblest and the best ward with the sword. Whoever correctly fences therefrom can force the man, that he must let you strike as you desire, and may not come to strikes and stabs himself before the point.</p>
 
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<p>When you go to him with the pre-fencing, with whatever hew you then come on him (whether it be a Under or an Over-hew), then let the long point always shoot in to his face or his breast with the hew. Therewith you force him, so that he must parry you or bind on the sword, and when he thus has bound on, then remain strongly with the long edge on the sword and stand freely and see his business (what he will further fence against you). If he pulls off backwards from the sword, then follow after him with the point to the opening. Or, if he strikes around from the sword to the other side, then bind after his hew strongly above to his head. Or, if he will not draw off from the sword or strike around, then work with the Doubling (or otherwise with other techniques) thereafter as you find him Weak or Strong on the sword.</p>
 
<p>When you go to him with the pre-fencing, with whatever hew you then come on him (whether it be a Under or an Over-hew), then let the long point always shoot in to his face or his breast with the hew. Therewith you force him, so that he must parry you or bind on the sword, and when he thus has bound on, then remain strongly with the long edge on the sword and stand freely and see his business (what he will further fence against you). If he pulls off backwards from the sword, then follow after him with the point to the opening. Or, if he strikes around from the sword to the other side, then bind after his hew strongly above to his head. Or, if he will not draw off from the sword or strike around, then work with the Doubling (or otherwise with other techniques) thereafter as you find him Weak or Strong on the sword.</p>
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<p>And is also called the Speaking-Window. Mark, when you come close to him with the pre-fencing, then set your left foot before, and hold the long point with your arms against his face or his breast before you bind him on the sword, and stand freely and see<ref>"and see" omitted from the Kraków.</ref> what he will fence against you. If he then hews in to your head long above, then drive up and Wind against his hew with the sword in the Ox, and stab into his face. Or, if he hews to your sword and not to your body, then Change through and stab in to the other side. If he runs in and is high with his arms, then drive the Under-slice. Or, if he runs in through with wrestling and is low with his arms, then drive the arm wrestling. Thus you may drive all techniques from the Long Point.</p>
 
<p>And is also called the Speaking-Window. Mark, when you come close to him with the pre-fencing, then set your left foot before, and hold the long point with your arms against his face or his breast before you bind him on the sword, and stand freely and see<ref>"and see" omitted from the Kraków.</ref> what he will fence against you. If he then hews in to your head long above, then drive up and Wind against his hew with the sword in the Ox, and stab into his face. Or, if he hews to your sword and not to your body, then Change through and stab in to the other side. If he runs in and is high with his arms, then drive the Under-slice. Or, if he runs in through with wrestling and is low with his arms, then drive the arm wrestling. Thus you may drive all techniques from the Long Point.</p>
 
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<p>Gloss: Mark, this is a lesson and an admonition of Hanging and of Winding with the sword; therein you shall well meditate on and take account of, so that you boldly drive with agility and break against the others fencers’ techniques correctly, and drive boldly against him therefrom. When the hangings are the Ox above on both sides, these are the two upper hangings; and the Plow below on both sides, these are the lower two hangings. From the Four Hangings you shall bring Eight Windings, four from the Ox, and four from the Plow, and the same Eight Windings you shall further thus consider and correctly weigh, so that from every particular Winding you shall drive the Three Wounders (that is a hew, a stab, and a slice).</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is a lesson and an admonition of Hanging and of Winding with the sword; therein you shall well meditate on and take account of, so that you boldly drive with agility and break against the others fencers’ techniques correctly, and drive boldly against him therefrom. When the hangings are the Ox above on both sides, these are the two upper hangings; and the Plow below on both sides, these are the lower two hangings. From the Four Hangings you shall bring Eight Windings, four from the Ox, and four from the Plow, and the same Eight Windings you shall further thus consider and correctly weigh, so that from every particular Winding you shall drive the Three Wounders (that is a hew, a stab, and a slice).</p>
 
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<p>These are the first two Windings from the Ox on the right side alone, drive them thus: When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword on your right side before your head in the Ox. If he then hews from above on his right side, then Wind against his hew on your left side with the short edge on his sword, yet still in the Ox, and stab above into his face. This is one Winding.</p>
 
<p>These are the first two Windings from the Ox on the right side alone, drive them thus: When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword on your right side before your head in the Ox. If he then hews from above on his right side, then Wind against his hew on your left side with the short edge on his sword, yet still in the Ox, and stab above into his face. This is one Winding.</p>
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<p>If he parries the stab with strength and forces your sword on the side, then remain on the sword and Wind again on your right side over in the Ox, and stab above into his face. These are the two Windings on the sword from the one upper hanging from the right side.</p>
 
<p>If he parries the stab with strength and forces your sword on the side, then remain on the sword and Wind again on your right side over in the Ox, and stab above into his face. These are the two Windings on the sword from the one upper hanging from the right side.</p>
 
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<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand on your left side in the Ox, and if he then hews in above from his left side, then Wind against his hew on your right side with the long edge on his sword, and stab above in to his face. That is one Winding.</p>
 
<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand on your left side in the Ox, and if he then hews in above from his left side, then Wind against his hew on your right side with the long edge on his sword, and stab above in to his face. That is one Winding.</p>
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<p>If he parries the stab and presses your sword to the side, then remain on the sword and Wind on your left side, yet in the Ox, with the long edge on his sword, and stab in above to his face. These are the four Windings from the upper two hangers on the left and on the right side.</p>
 
<p>If he parries the stab and presses your sword to the side, then remain on the sword and Wind on your left side, yet in the Ox, with the long edge on his sword, and stab in above to his face. These are the four Windings from the upper two hangers on the left and on the right side.</p>
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<p>That the Plow on both sides are the two lower hangings. When you lie therein, or will fence therefrom, then you shall also drive four Windings therefrom, from the left and from the right side with all your fencing as from the upper hanging, so the Windings become Eight. And mark, as you Wind, then think of the hew and of the stab and of the slice in each Winding particularly. Thus, four-and-twenty techniques come from the Eight Windings, and how you shall drive the four-and-twenty techniques from the Eight Windings, you shall find all that described before in the glosses.</p>
 
<p>That the Plow on both sides are the two lower hangings. When you lie therein, or will fence therefrom, then you shall also drive four Windings therefrom, from the left and from the right side with all your fencing as from the upper hanging, so the Windings become Eight. And mark, as you Wind, then think of the hew and of the stab and of the slice in each Winding particularly. Thus, four-and-twenty techniques come from the Eight Windings, and how you shall drive the four-and-twenty techniques from the Eight Windings, you shall find all that described before in the glosses.</p>
 
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<p>That you may not rightly drive the Eight Windings except with stepping from both sides, and that you prove not more than the two drivings well before, which are, when he binds on your sword, that he is but Soft or Hard in his driving. When you have found that first, then Wind and work to the Four Openings (as that described before states). Also, know that all fencers that Wind on the sword and cannot Feel on the sword, they become struck by the Winding. Therefore be diligent, so that you mark well the Feeling and the word “Meanwhile”, when all the Art of Fencing goes from these two things.</p>
 
<p>That you may not rightly drive the Eight Windings except with stepping from both sides, and that you prove not more than the two drivings well before, which are, when he binds on your sword, that he is but Soft or Hard in his driving. When you have found that first, then Wind and work to the Four Openings (as that described before states). Also, know that all fencers that Wind on the sword and cannot Feel on the sword, they become struck by the Winding. Therefore be diligent, so that you mark well the Feeling and the word “Meanwhile”, when all the Art of Fencing goes from these two things.</p>
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Revision as of 19:31, 23 October 2022

Gloss and Interpretation of the Recital
die gloss und die auslegung der zettel des langen schwerts
Johannes Liechtenauer.jpg
Author(s) Unknown
Ascribed to Pseudo-Peter von Danzig
Illustrated by Unknown
Date before 1452
Genre
Language Early New High German
State of Existence Original hypothetical; multiple branches exist
Principal
Manuscript(s)
Cod. 44.A.8 (1452)
Manuscript(s)
First Printed
English Edition
Tobler, 2010
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations

"Pseudo-Peter von Danzig" is the name given to an anonymous 15th century German fencing master.[1] Some time before the creation of the Starhemberg Fechtbuch in 1452, he authored a gloss of Johannes Liechtenauer's Recital (Zettel) which would go on to become the most widespread in the tradition. While the identity of the glossator remains unknown, it is possible that he was in fact Lew, a name associated with one of the branches of the gloss (see below), or Sigmund ain Ringeck, whose gloss shows strong similarities to the work. On the other hand, the introduction to the Rome version of the text could be construed as attributing it to Liechtenauer himself.

Textual History

Manuscript Stemma

Early on in its history, the prototype of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into at least three branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but it is currently unclear if Ringeck's gloss is based on that of pseudo-Danzig or if they both derive from an even earlier original gloss (or even if Ringeck and pseudo-Danzig are the same author and the "Ringeck" gloss should be considered Branch D).

Provisional stemma codicum for Branch B

Branch A, first attested in the Augsburg version (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more plays overall than Branch B but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also glosses only Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing; in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword, it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of Andre Lignitzer and Martin Huntsfeld (or, in the case of the 1512 Vienna II, Ringeck's short sword gloss). Branch A is sometimes called the Lew gloss, based on a potential attribution at the end of the mounted gloss in a few copies. Apart from the Augsburg, the other principal text in Branch A is the Salzburg version (1491), which was copied independently[2] and also incorporates twelve paragraphs from Ringeck's gloss and nineteen paragraphs from an unidentified third source. Branch A was redacted by Paulus Hector Mair (three mss., 1540s), Lienhart Sollinger (1556), and Joachim Meyer (1570), which despite being the latest is the cleanest extant version and was likely either copied directly from the original or created by comparing multiple versions to correct their errors. It was also one of the bases for Johannes Lecküchner's gloss on the Messer in the late 1470s.

Branch B, attested first in the Rome version (1452), is found in only five manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer plays overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also differs in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branches are. Branch B is the one most commonly identified with pseudo-Danzig, because it is entirely anonymous and lacks any clues for other attribution. The Krakow version (1535-40) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken from the Rome,[3] while Augsburg II (1564) collects only the six illustrated wrestling plays from the Krakow. The other substantial version of Branch B is the Vienna, which includes the mounted and short sword sections but omits the long sword in favor of Branch C. Most anomalous are the Glasgow version (1508), consisting solely of a nearly-complete redaction of the short sword gloss which begins with seven paragraphs of unknown origin, and the Dresden version, consisting of a redaction of the first half of the mounted fencing gloss which begins with four paragraphs from Ringeck. A final manuscript, the Falkner Turnierbuch, is known to have once existed but seems to have been destroyed in the Siege of Strasbourg.

Branch C is first attested in the Vienna version (1480s). It is unclear whether it was derived independently from the original, represents an intermediate evolutionary step between Branches A and B, or was created by simply merging copies of those two branches together. The structure and contents of this branch align closely with Branch B, lacking most of the unique plays of Branch A, but the actual text is more consistent with that of Branch A (though not identical). The other mostly-complete copy of Branch C is the Augsburg version II (1553), which was created by Paulus Hector Mair based on the writings of Antonius Rast, and which segues into the text of Ringeck's gloss for the final eighteen paragraphs. A substantial fragment of Branch C is present in five additional 16th century manuscripts alongside the illustrated treatise of Jörg Wilhalm; one of these, Glasgow II (1533) assigns the text a much earlier origin, stating that it was devised by Nicolaüs in 1489. This branch has received the least attention and is currently the least well understood.

(A final text of interest is the gloss of Hans Medel von Salzburg, which was acquired by Mair in 1539[4] and bound into the Cod. I.6.2º.5 after 1566.[5] Medel demonstrates familiarity with the teachings of a variety of 15th century Liechtenauer masters, and his text often takes the form of a revision and expansion of the long sword glosses of Ringeck and Branch C. Because of the extent of original and modified content, no attempt has been made on either of those pages to associate Medel's gloss with the sources he was copying from.)

Modern HEMA

The Rome version has been an object of interest in HEMA going back all the way to Martin Wierschin's 1965 opus Meister Johann Liechtenauers Kunst des Fechtens, in which he attributed the entire manuscript to Peter von Danzig zum Ingolstadt and described the anonymous gloss as a modified version of Ringeck devised by Danzig. He also included the Dresden, Vienna, and Augsburg manuscripts in his catalog, with the glosses all attributed to either Ringeck or Liechtenauer himself. In Hans-Peter Hils' updated catalog in 1985, Meister Johann Liechtenauers Kunst des langen Schwertes, he included all four of these plus the Kraków manuscript, but maintained and even doubled down on the attributions to Ringeck, Danzig, and Liechtenauer. Finally, the Glasgow version was identified in Sydney Anglo's 2000 opus as merely "[R. L.] Scott's Liechtenauer MS",[6] but Rainer Leng's 2008 catalog fully outlined its contents, including glosses he attributed to Ringeck and Liechtenauer.

The earliest work on the pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss is inseparable from work on Ringeck, partly because of the convoluted chain of copying proposed by Wierschin and Hils and accepted uncritically for a long time thereafter, but mostly because the Dresden manuscript was entirely credited to Ringeck in early days. The correct attribution of Andre Lignitzer's sword and buckler and the fragment of Ott Jud's wrestling were recognized by the early 21st century, but the fragment of pseudo-Danzig's mounted gloss was only identified by Michael Chidester in 2021. Thus, the first transcription of any part of the gloss would be Wierschin's transcription of the Dresden version in 1965, and the first English translation was authored in 2001 by Christian Henry Tobler and published by Chivalry Bookshelf in Secrets of German Medieval Swordsmanship.

Also in 2001, Grzegorz Żabiński authored the first transcriptions of pseudo-Danzig without attribution to Ringeck: the long and short sword from the Rome version and the long sword from the Kraków. This work was posted on the ARMA-PL site, and likewise when Monika Maziarz rounded off the Rome by transcribing the mounted fencing in 2004.

That same year, Mike Rasmusson authored the first English translation of the long sword gloss, based on the Kraków version with occasional references to the Rome, and posted it on Schielhau.org. English translations of the short sword and mounted fencing (based on the Rome) followed in 2007, authored by Jeffrey Hull and published by Paladin Press in Knightly Dueling: The Fighting Arts of German Chivalry. Then in 2010, Grzegorz Żabiński released a new translation of the Kraków long sword as part of his dissertation on that manuscript, published by Adam Marshall in The Longsword Teachings of Master Liechtenauer: the Early Sixteenth Century Swordsmanship Comments in the "Goliath" Manuscript, and Christian Henry Tobler released the first complete English translation of the Rome version, published by Freelance Academy Press in In Saint George's Name: An Anthology of Medieval German Fighting Arts.

The first non-English translation seems to be a French translation of the Rome and Dresden mounted glosses produced by Michaël Huber and posted on the ARDAMHE site in 2004. In 2010, he followed this up with a translation of the long sword, along with Philippe Errard and Didier de Grenier, which was also posted on the ARDAMHE site; this would be translated to Spanish by Eugenio García-Salmones in 2011 and posted on the AVEH site.

In 2006, Dierk Hagedorn authored a new transcription of the Rome version and posted it on the Hammaborg site. This was subsequently published, along with his translation to modern German, by VS-Books in Transkription und Übersetzung der Handschrift 44 A 8. In 2012, Gábor Erényi authored separate translations of the Rome and Kraków versions of the long sword and posted them on the Schola Artis Gladii et Armorum site.

The Rome version has tended to be the most popular due to being the oldest surviving one, and the Kraków second-most-popular on account of having extensive illustrations, but a small amount of work on the other versions has also emerged over time. In 2006, Carsten Lorbeer, Julia Lorbeer, Andreas Meier, Marita Wiedner, and Johann Heim, working as part of the Gesellschaft für pragmatische Schriftlichkeit, authored a complete transcription of the Vienna version as part of their Kal project (which was eventually posted on that site). In 2009, Dierk Hagedorn likewise produced transcriptions of the Augsburg and Glasgow versions and posted them on Hammaborg (he eventually also re-transcribed the Vienna version in 2017).

In 2015, Cory Winslow authored a new English translation of the long sword section for Wiktenauer, which was the first that incorporated all known versions of the gloss; this translation was also published by Wiktenauer that year in The Recital of the Chivalric Art of Fencing of the Grand Master Johannes Liechtenauer. In 2018, Stephen Cheney rounded off the Wiktenauer article with translations of the short sword and mounted glosses.

The Falkner Turnierbuch, the final known copy of the pseudo-Danzig gloss, was identified in 2015 by Christian Trosclair through study of a late-18th century dictionary by Johann Georg Scherz. This dictionary included 94 quotations from the manuscript ranging from a few words to an entire paragraph, which Trosclair transcribed and which constitute the entire known text of the manuscript since it has been lost and presumed destroyed since the 19th century.

In 2017, Rainer Welle authored a monograph seeking to set the record straight on the Kraków manuscript and including the first complete transcription, published as "Ein unvollendetes Meisterwerk der Fecht- und Ringkampfliteratur des 16. Jahrhunderts sucht seinen Autor: der Landshuter Holzschneider und Maler Georg Lemberger als Fecht- und Ringbuchillustrator?", a supplemental issue of the journal Codices manuscripti & impressi.

Most recently, more translations of the Rome version have continued to be released over time. In 2019, Harry R. self-published a complete English translation titled Peter von Danzig. In 2020, Stephen Cheney self-published an English translation of the long sword in Ringeck · Danzig · Lew Longsword. And in 2021, Dierk Hagedorn and Christian Henry Tobler co-authored a revision to their transcription and translation (respectively) which was published by Freelance Academy Press in The Peter von Danzig Fight Book.

Treatise

While all branches were originally presented in a single concordance in this article, the differences between them are extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus, Branch A has been placed on the page of Lew, Branch B has been retained here, and branch C is now on the Nicolaüs page.

For easier comparison between the two most complete versions, the Kraków has been removed from its chronological position and placed alongside the Rome.

The text of the Krakow version of Pseudo-Danzig frequently refers to intended illustrations, some of which were never added to the manuscript. The appropriate blank pages are included in the illustration column for reference. It's possible (though not likely, given what we know about its origins) that this manuscript was replicating another one with a complete set of illustrations; if this ever surfaces, the illustrations will be replaced.

Additional Resources

References

  1. This name stems from the false assumption of many 20th century writers, including Martin Wierschin and Hans-Peter Hils, identifying him with Peter von Danzig zum Ingolstadt. It has been argued that this name is inappropriate because the treatises attributed to pseudo-Danzig (and also pseudo-Hans Döbringer) are not true pseudepigrapha—they are internally anonymous. However, many Ancient and Medieval pseudepigraphic texts were originally anonymous and were assigned their false attributions by later readers, and this is also the case with these two glosses in our fledgling tradition.
  2. Both Augsburg and Salzburg contain significant scribal errors of omission that allow us to identify manuscripts copied from them.
  3. Zabinski, pp 82-83
  4. Medel's section of the Cod. I.6.2º.5 is internally dated on folio 21r.
  5. The record of the Marxbrüder in the manuscript ends on folio 20r with the year 1566, so Mair couldn't have compiled it before then.
  6. Sydney Anglo. The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000. pp 312-315.
  7. Per Trosclair, Goliath text reads "In the same way, the counterpart from the left side through, you shall always render hew and tread with each other as one."
  8. Or "tap-hit".
  9. Line added in the Kraków.
  10. Couplets 102-109.
  11. Couplet 74.
  12. Literally "from crossed arms".
  13. "and binds strongly on your sword therewith" omitted from the Kraków.
  14. Squint here means “an askew glance”, referring to both the sword's direction of travel and also the use of deception with the eyes with this hew.
  15. "the Four Openings" omitted from the Kraków.
  16. K. "The Following Technique".
  17. "from all" omitted from the Kraków.
  18. "with" omitted from the Kraków.
  19. Letter erased and overwritten.
  20. "with something" omitted from the Kraków.
  21. This text is a repetition of the first paragraph on folio 68r, but this is the illustration that corresponds to the text in Goliath (folio 54v).
  22. K. "with both hands".
  23. 23.0 23.1 Indecipherable due to an ink blotch.
  24. "and see" omitted from the Kraków.
  25. K. "Here you should drive four windings from both hands from the two over-hangings, that is, the ox".
  26. The rest of this paragraph appears after paragraph 6, but has been moved here for consistency with the other versions.
  27. Steht nach der nächsten Zeile.
  28. crosswise? across? obliquely?
  29. satelbogen, maybe saddle horn?
  30. let your lance sink down in front
  31. “sittigklich,” or “sittiglich,” at the time meant “moderately” in the sense of slowly or not too fast, modern “sittlich” means morally or ethically.
  32. "zaum," literally "bridle," context indicates reins
  33. Steht nach der nächsten Zeile.
  34. Steht nach der nächsten Zeile.
  35. A “tasset” is a piece of armor that covers the side of the thigh. It is possible that the last part of this hew aims for a gap in the armor on the back of the leg.
  36. zu hilff - to help
  37. This is wrong, it is the 5th figure.
  38. Different ink, original text possibly scraped off and replaced.
  39. eysenhuet - iron hat
  40. move him? move to him?
  41. Could be bridle. Have it as "reins" because it makes more sense in the context of the play below.
  42. Letter I smudged.
  43. The text ends here abruptly, in the middle of a play. Since the page isn't full, it's unclear why the scribe stopped at this point. The subsequent folia come from earlier in the manuscript; they were removed and then added back in at the end.
  44. Other one says "too".
  45. Typo in the source, should be 25 (xxv)
  46. Steht nach der nächsten Zeile.
  47. Somewhere else it says "strike a glancing blow," I think that's the same idea
  48. This quatrain is a mess
  49. Scribal error, doubling this phrase.
  50. Make a note, "zu dem schuß," literally "to the shot"
  51. "Nachent in weyshait" is reversed in the text, with markings indicating the correct word order"
  52. This paragraph is displaced in the text, and appears between paragraphs 18 and 19.
  53. Glasgow version adds "him"
  54. G. "wisely and masterfully".
  55. G. "students".
  56. Nota is written in the margin in a different hand, with a line pointing to kainen.
  57. Wie hienach conterfct[?] written below in a different hand.
  58. Corrected from »sein«.
  59. Added in a different hand.
  60. Corrected from »seinem«.
  61. Glasgow contains extensive differences.
  62. And you shall... with the point" omitted from the Glasgow.
  63. G. "work to the openings".
  64. The rest vanishes in the binding.
  65. "the face" omitted in the Glasgow.
  66. Clause omitted from the Glasgow.
  67. Clause omitted from the Glasgow.
  68. Tricky. The rome says "vrbrigen," the Glasgow says "verpringen," and the Vienna says "vbaring." Since we see this exact same construction in a lance play earlier, I'm going with "urbaring," and going to say that the author of the Glasgow didn't understand the word, so he went with "verbringen."
  69. Illegible deletion
  70. This paragraph and the next one are displaced in the text, and appear between paragraphs 54 and 55.
  71. U changed to an I
  72. I don't get this or the following one.
  73. This paragraph is displaced in the text, and appears between paragraphs 74 and 75.
  74. Corrected from »dam«.
  75. Corrected from »dem«.
  76. Corrected from »vchsel«.
  77. It is "er" in the text because "ee wenn" is a conjunction, so it resets the case. It wouldn't do that in english I think, or I'm just an idiot.
  78. The order of these two paragraphs is reversed in the manuscript.
  79. This paragraph is displaced in the text, and appears between paragraphs 96 and 97.
  80. Korrigiert aus »sein«.
  81. The verses are placed before the title in the text.
  82. Corrected from »mit«.
  83. Text was effaced and "unnder ein arm" written over it.