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'''"Pseudo-Hans Döbringer"''' is the name given to an anonymous [[century::15th century]] [[nationality::German]] [[fencing master]].<ref>This name stems from the false assumption of many 20th century writers identifying him with [[Hans Döbringer]]. It has been argued that this name is inappropriate because the treatise attributed to pseudo-Döbringer (and also pseudo-Peter von Danzig) are not true pseudepigrapha&mdash;they are internally anonymous. However, many Ancient and Medieval pseudepigraphic texts were originally anonymous and were assigned their false attributions by later readers, and this is also the case with these two glosses in our fledgling tradition.</ref> At some point in the 15th century (or possibly the last decade of the 14th), he dictated a [[gloss]] on and expansion of the teachings of the grand master [[Johannes Liechtenauer]], including the only biographical details of the master yet discovered; it is even speculated that he was personally acquainted with Liechtenauer, who was still alive at the time of the writing.<ref>The manuscript uniformly lacks the typical prayer for the dead when mentioning his name.</ref> These comments were written into [[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|MS 3227a]], a [[commonplace book]], by an equally unknown scribe.
+
'''"Pseudo-Hans Döbringer"''' is a nickname given to an anonymous [[century::15th century]] [[nationality::German]] [[fencing master]].<ref>This name stems from the false assumption of many 20th century writers identifying him with [[Hans Döbringer]]. It has been argued that this name is inappropriate because the treatise attributed to pseudo-Döbringer (and also pseudo-Peter von Danzig) are not true pseudepigrapha&mdash;they are internally anonymous. However, many Ancient and Medieval pseudepigraphic texts were originally anonymous and were assigned their false attributions by later readers, and this is also the case with these two glosses in our fledgling tradition.</ref> At some point in the 15th century (or possibly the last decade of the 14th), he dictated a [[gloss]] on and expansion of the teachings of the grand master [[Johannes Liechtenauer]], including the only biographical details of the master yet discovered; it is even speculated that he was personally acquainted with Liechtenauer, who was still alive at the time of the writing.<ref>The manuscript uniformly lacks the typical prayer for the dead when mentioning his name.</ref> These comments were written into [[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|MS 3227a]], a [[commonplace book]], by an equally unknown scribe.
  
== Modern HEMA ==
+
== Textual History ==
  
2001 German transcription by Grzegorz Żabiński on ARMA-PL
+
The writings of Pseudo-Hans Döbringer were never completed and exists in only one manuscript. It is the work of a single scribe, and Ondřej Vodička indicates that it was probably dictated directly to the scribe by the (anonymous) author.
2005 English translation by David Lindholm "and friends" posted on the ARMA Site
 
2006 English translation by Thomas Stoeppler
 
2006 Spanish translation by Francisco Uribe and posted on esgrimahistorica.cl
 
2007 French translation by ??? on ARDAMHE
 
2008 English translation by Grzegorz Żabiński published by Paladin Press as “Unarmored Longsword Combat by Master Liechtenauer via Priest Döbringer” Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts
 
2008 transcription by Dierk Hagedorn on Hammaborg
 
2008 German modernization by Bertram Koch on lupi-venaritis
 
2009 Italian translation by Francesco Lanza on https://hankodobringer.wordpress.com/
 
2010 English translation self-published by Jay Acutt as Knightly Martial Arts: An Introduction to Medieval Combat Systems
 
2015 Polish translation by Maciej Hammer as master's thesis at Uniwersytet Jagielloński
 
2021 English translation by Michael Chidester by HEMA Bookshelf as “The Foundation and Core of All the Arts of Fighting”: The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a
 
  
== Treatise ==
+
It was written in at least three distinct phases. First, the author dictated the Recital, and the scribe left blank pages between each segment for commentary (ranging from a half page to five and half); this pass probably included most of the extra verses that he added to Liechtenauer's Recital. In the second pass, the author commented on about half of the verses in the long sword gloss. He also dictated the initial paragraph of each of the other weapon sections in the first or second phase. In the third phase, the author went back and began revising the commentary that he'd already written (for unknown reasons), inserting extra notes and dramatically expanding the common lesson. He also expanded messer, dagger, and wrestling sections.
  
{{master begin
+
At this point, the manuscript was apparently abandoned in its half-finished state and the scribe filled the remaining blank pages with unrelated writings. He didn't fill in the gaps inside the fencing sections, though, so perhaps there was an expectation that the author would return to it.
| title = Long Sword Gloss
 
| width = 60em
 
}}
 
{| class="master"
 
|-  
 
! <p>{{rating|C}} (2022)<br/>by [[Christian Trosclair]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a) (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 
  
|-
+
=== Modern HEMA ===
| <p>{{red|b=1|H}}ere begins Master Liechtenauer's Art of Fencing with the Sword on Foot and on Horse, Bare and in Harness.</p>
 
  
<p>And before all material matters and views, you shall note and know that there is but one art of the sword and it was identified and worked out for possibly many hundred years. And this is the foundation and core of all of the arts of fencing.</p>
+
The first transcription of the fencing sections in [[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|MS 3227a]] were completed in 2001 by [[Grzegorz Żabiński]] and posted on ARMA-PL. This was the foundation of the first translations.
  
<p>And this is what Master Liechtenauer had acquired and formulated quite completely and correctly.</p>
+
In 2005, [[David Lindholm]] ("and friends") completed the first English translation of the long sword and posted in on the ARMA site. A second English translation, including all fencing sections this time, was completed in 2006 by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]; he intended to contribute it to a never-realized book with a complete translation of MS 3227a and thus never released it publicly until he donated it to Wiktenauer in 2013. The first Spanish translation of the long sword was also completed in 2006 by [[Francisco Uribe]] (based on Lindholm's English) and posted on esgrimahistorica.cl; the first French translation of the long sword was completed in 2007 by an anonymous author and posted on the ARDAMHE site.
  
<p>Not that he identified and worked it out himself, as was written before, rather he had traveled through many lands and through that sought out the legitimate and truthful art for the sake that he would truly experience and learn it.</p>
+
In 2008, Żabiński's English translation of the long sword was published by [[Paladin Press]], along with his transcription, as “Unarmored Longsword Combat by Master Liechtenauer via Priest Döbringer” in ''Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts''. 2008 also saw a new transcription of the fencing teachings in 3227a by [[Dierk Hagedorn]] for his site Hammaborg, and a German modernization of the long sword by Bertram Koch which was posted on Lupi-venaritis. Hagedorn's transcription formed the basis of Francesco Lanza's subsequent Italian translation, which he posted on a blog called “Hanko Döbringer in Italiano” from 2009-11.
  
<p>And this art is earnest, complete and legitimate and it moves in the nearest and shortest way, simple and straight; just as if you had wanted to cut or thrust your opponent and you had bound a thread or cord to the point or edge of your sword and guided or pulled that very point or edge to the opponent's opening, then you would have cut or thrust according to the nearest and shortest and most decisive of all, as you would prefer to just deliver that.</p>
+
A fourth, highly-experimental English translation was self-published by [[Jay Acutt]] in 2010 (under the pen name James Wallhausen) as ''Knightly Martial Arts: An Introduction to Medieval Combat Systems''.
  
<p>This is because the legitimate fencing just mentioned will not have elegant and grandiose parries, nor wide, indirect fencing. With those, people choose to dither and delay themselves. As one finds according to many ungrounded masters that say they have uncovered and worked out some new art and understand the art of fencing better and more greatly, day by day.</p>
+
Since Stoeppler's translation was missing the sword and buckler and staff sections, they were filled in by [[Michael Chidester]] and [[Betsy Winslow]] (respectively) in 2013. In 2017, [[Christian Trosclair]] authored a fifth translation of the long sword (as part of his ongoing project to translate the entire Liechtenauer tradition) which he donated it to Wiktenauer.
  
<p>But I would like to see one person that could conceive and perform just one application or one cut that does not come from Liechtenauer's art. They will often just only mix-up and pervert an application. In this, they give it a new name, each according to their own head. And they conceive of wide, indirect fencing and parrying, often doing two or three cuts in place of a single cut, just because they wish renown. They will be praised by the ignorant for their elegant parries and wide, indirect fencing as they fiendishly pose themselves and deliver wide and long cuts, tediously and cumbersomely. With those, they quite severely delay themselves and miss their targets and also provide solid openings with these because they have no measuredness in their fencing.</p>
+
The first Polish translation was authored by [[Maciej Hammer]] and submitted to the Uniwersytet Jagielloński as part of his master's thesis in 2015. In 2018, [[Diniz Cabrera]] completed the first Portuguese translation, which was published by [[AGEA Editora]] in ''Há Uma Única Arte da Espada (GNM HS 3227a)''. That same year, [[Ondřej Vodička]] released a third transcription of the fencing portions of 3227a.
  
<p>And anyway, this does not belong in earnest fencing, Though in particular I admit that through exercises and drills in school-fencing it might possibly be good for something.</p>
+
[[Michael Chidester]] released a sixth English translation as a free download on Wiktenauer in 2020. Then in 2021, revised versions of Dierk Hagedorn's transcription and Michael Chidester's translation were published by [[HEMA Bookshelf]] as ''“The Foundation and Core of All the Arts of Fighting”: The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a''; an abbreviated edition containing only the translation was also published. This translation was donated to Wiktenauer in 2022.
  
<p>But earnest fencing will proceed swiftly, simply and completely direct without any dithering nor delay as if a string or something like it determined the measure and trajectory.</p>
+
Most recently, [[Christian Henry Tobler]]'s English translation of the wrestling section was published by [[Freelance Academy Press]] in ''Lance, Spear, Sword, & Messer: A German Medieval Martial Arts Miscellany'' in 2022.
  
<p>When you want to cut or thrust whoever stands there before you, then truly no cut nor thrust backwards or to the side, nor any wide fencing nor multiple cuts helps you to possibly end it with them. With these, you dither and delay yourself so that you lose the chance to do so.</p>
+
== Treatise ==
  
<p>Rather, one must initiate their cut straight and directly to the person, to the head or to the body according to what is closest and surest only at the moment you are able to take and to get to them swiftly and quickly and preferably with one strike. For with four or six, you choose to dither and as a result the opponent approaches effortlessly.</p>
+
{{Special:RunQuery/Pseudo-Hans Döbringer}}
 +
<h3 style="display: none;"> Introduction </h3>
 +
<div id="introduction" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
 +
<table class="master">
 +
<tr>
 +
  <th id="InChidester0"><p>{{rating|B}} (2022)<br/>by [[Michael Chidester]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="InTrosclair0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2022)<br/>by [[Christian Trosclair]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="InStoeppler0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2006)<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="InLindholm0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2005)<br/>by [[David Lindholm]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="InNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]] (1400s){{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></th>
 +
</tr>
  
<p>This is because the Vorschlag is one great advantage of this fencing as you will hear hereafter in this text.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|1
 
+
|
<p>Therein Liechtenauer identifies just five cuts with other plays that are utilized in earnest fencing and teaches it according to the correct art, conducted straight and direct toward the closest and surest as simply as it can only derive and abandons all of the drumwork and newly invented cuts carried out by the ungrounded masters, which even still fundamentally derives from his art.</p>
 
|  
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 13v.jpg|1|lbl=13v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 14r.jpg|1|lbl=14r|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 14v.jpg|1|lbl=14v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|1|lbl=15r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 13v.jpg|1|lbl=13v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 14r.jpg|1|lbl=14r|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 14v.jpg|1|lbl=14v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|1|lbl=15r.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|2
| <p>Also note this and know that one cannot speak or explain or write about fencing quite as simply and clearly as one can easily indicate and inform it by hand.</p>
+
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|2|lbl=15r.2}}
 
+
}}
<p>Therefore act on your judgement and extract the best of it and therein, exercise the bulk of that yourself in play which you think is the best in earnest.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Because practice is better than empty art. That is to say, practice is fully sufficient without art but art is not fully sufficient without practice.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|2|lbl=15r.2}}
 
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|3
| <p>Also know that a good fencer shall, ahead of all confrontations, command and clasp their sword certainly and surely with both hands between the hilt and the pommel. Because in this manner, they hold the sword much surer than when they grasp it by the pommel with one hand and it also strikes much harder and surer like this, when the pommel overturns itself and swings itself in accordance with the strike. For that strike arrives much harder than when one grasps the sword by the pommel. If someone yanks back their strike in this way by their pommel, they cannot possibly arrive so completely and so strongly, because the sword is just like a scale.</p>
+
|
|  
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|3|lbl=15r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|1|lbl=15v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|3|lbl=15r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|1|lbl=15v.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|4
| <p>For if a sword is large and heavy, so must the pommel also be accordingly heavy, just like a scale.</p>
+
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|2|lbl=15v.2}}
 +
}}
  
<p>Also know that when you fence with someone, so shall you fully pay attention to your steps and be sure in them just as if you shall stand upright upon a scale, stepping backwards or forwards according to necessity, suitably and appropriately, swiftly and quickly.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|5
 +
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|3|lbl=15v.3}}
 +
}}
  
<p>And your fencing shall completely proceed with good spirit and good demeanor or sense and without any fear as you will hear about hereafter.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|6
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|2|lbl=15v.2}}
+
|
 
 
|-
 
| <p>You shall also have measuredness in your applications accordingly as it necessitates itself and you shall not step too wide, so that you may better adjust yourself to another's steps, done backwards or forwards according to that as it will necessitate itself.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Also the situation often necessitates two short steps for one long.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And often the situation necessitates that one must execute a little rush in with short steps and often that one must do it a good step or a spring.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|3|lbl=15v.3}}
 
 
 
|-  
 
| <p>And whatever you wish to sensibly conduct in play or in earnest, you should make that out of place and disordered in the eyes of the opponent so that they do not identify what you intend to conduct against them.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And then as soon as<ref>The silver "soon" was added later above the line</ref> you arrive at the opponent and have their measure so that you think you will take and get to the opponent well in this, Then you shall boldly storm toward the opponent and swiftly and quickly descend upon their head or body. Hit or miss, you will have always won the Vorschlag which does not allow the opponent to come into action with anything as you will better hear hereafter in the common lore, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|4|lbl=15v.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|1|lbl=16r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|4|lbl=15v.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|1|lbl=16r.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|7
| <p>One shall also always prefer to target the upper openings rather than the lower and go in over their hilt with cuts or with thrusts, boldly and quickly, because you meet with the opponent much better and further over the hilt than under it. And one is also much surer of all fencing in this way and one of the upper strikes is much better than one of the lowers. But if it so happens that you are nearer to the lower, then you must target that, as this often occurs.</p>
+
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|2|lbl=16r.2}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|2|lbl=16r.2}}
+
}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|8
| <p>Also know that you shall always come up on the right side of the opponent in your applications. Because you can better take the opponent in all confrontations of fencing or wrestling than directly in front of them.</p>
+
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|3|lbl=16r.3}}
 +
}}
  
<p>And whoever both knows and delivers this play well, they are not a bad fencer. </p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|9
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|3|lbl=16r.3}}
+
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 16v.jpg|1|lbl=16v}}
 +
}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|10
| <p>Also know when you wish to fence earnestly, stick to a polished play, whichever one you wish that is completely natural right then and take it to the opponent earnestly and keep it in your mind and being, when you wish to do it, just as if you would say: "This I mean to truly conduct" and this shall and must have success with the help of God.</p>
+
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 17r.jpg|1|lbl=17r}}
 +
}}
  
<p>In this way, it cannot fail you at all. You do what you should whenever you boldly storm in and let fly with the Vorschlag, as one will often hear hereafter.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|11
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16v.jpg|1|lbl=16v}}
+
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 17v.jpg|1|lbl=17v.1}}
 +
}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|12
| <p>{{red|b=1|I}}n all fencing<br/>&emsp;Requisite is: the help of God of righteousness,<br/>A straight and healthy body,<br/>&emsp;A soundly manufactured sword,<ref> lit: entirely finished sword</ref> especially,<br/>The Before, The After, Weak, Strong<br/>&emsp;Indes, the word with which to distinguish by.<br/>Cuts, thrusts, slices, pressing,<br/>&emsp;Position, defending, shoves, feeling, disengaging,<br/>Winding and hanging,<br/>&emsp;Checks, sweeps, springs, grabbing, wrangling,<br/>Speed, audacity,<br/>&emsp;Prudence, astuteness and ingenuity<br/>Acumen, premeditation, ability<br/>&emsp;Measure, obscuration,<br/>Practice and good spirit,<br/>&emsp;Mobility, flexibility, good steps.<br/>In these seven couplets<ref>lit: verses</ref><br/>&emsp;The fundamental principles<br/>And concerns<br/>&emsp;And the entire matter<br/>Of all of the art of fencing are labelled for you.<br/>&emsp;You shall consider these correctly<br/>As you will in fact<br/>&emsp;And in detail hereafter <br/>Hear and read<br/>&emsp;Of each according to their ways.<br/>Fencer, take heed of this<br/>&emsp;So they will completely introduce to you both the art<br/>Of the entire sword<br/>&emsp;And good robust manly applications.</p>
+
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 17v.jpg|2|lbl=17v.2}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 17r.jpg|1|lbl=17r}}
+
}}
  
|-
+
</table>
| <p>{{red|b=1|M}}otion, that beautiful word,<br/>&emsp;Is the heart and crown of fencing<br/>The entire matter<br/>&emsp;Of fencing with all the concerns<br/>And the sound components<br/>&emsp;Of the fundamentals. These movements<br/>Are labelled by name<br/>&emsp;And will be introduced to you better hereafter.<br/>However you then fence,<br/>&emsp;You are to be subsequently well versed with it<br/>And are to stay in motion<br/>&emsp;And do not pause the moment you<br/>Begin to fence<br/>&emsp;Then you execute with authority<br/>Continuously and decisively<br/>&emsp;Boldly one after the other<br/>In one fluid motion<br/>&emsp;Without pause, without gaps<br/>So that the opponent cannot come<br/>&emsp;To strikes. Of this you take advantage<br/>And the opponent harm.<br/>&emsp;Because they cannot come away<br/>From you unstruck.<br/>&emsp;Just do this according to this advice<br/>And according to this teaching<br/>&emsp;That is written now<br/>For I say to you truthfully,<br/>&emsp;The opponent does not defend themselves without danger.<br/>If you understand this<br/>&emsp;They cannot come to blows with anything.</p>
+
</div>
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 17v.jpg|1|lbl=17v.1}}
 
  
|-  
+
<h3 style="display: none;"> Long Sword Gloss </h3>
|<p>Here note that constant motion according to this art and lore arrests the opponent in the beginning, middle and end of all fencing. In this way you complete the beginning, middle and ending in one fluid motion without pause and without the hindrance of your adversary and you do not allow the opponent to come to blows with anything.</p>
+
<div id="long_sword" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
 +
<table class="master">
 +
<tr>
 +
  <th id="LSChidester0"><p>{{rating|B}} (2022)<br/>by [[Michael Chidester]]<ref>The original version of the rhyming translation of the Recital, which I based the one used here on, was composed by [[Harrison Ridgeway]].</ref></th>
 +
  <th id="LSTrosclair0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2022)<br/>by [[Christian Trosclair]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="LSStoeppler0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2006)<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="LSLindholm0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2005)<br/>by [[David Lindholm]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="LSNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]] (1400s){{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></th>
 +
</tr>
  
<p>Because of this, the two words, The Before, The After, that is the Vorschlag and the Nachschlag, arise. Continuously and at one time as if left without any middle.<ref name="Latin">Latin</ref></p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|1|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 18r.jpg|1|lbl=18r}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 17v.jpg|2|lbl=17v.2}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|2|
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is the general preface of the unarmored fencing on foot. Mark this well.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>1</small>
 
| Young knight, learn.<br/>&emsp;Revere God. Ever honor women,
 
|-  
 
| <small>2</small>
 
| Thus cultivate your honor.<br/>&emsp;Practice knightcraft and learn
 
|-
 
| <small>3</small>
 
| art that decorates you<br/>&emsp;and in wars serves you well.
 
|-
 
| <small>4</small>
 
| Wrestling's good grips,<br/>&emsp;Lance, spear, sword and messer,
 
|-
 
| <small>5</small>
 
| manfully brandish<br/>&emsp;and in other hands ruin.
 
|-
 
| <small>6</small>
 
| Attack suddenly and storm in,<br/>&emsp;keep moving fluidly, engage or let pass.
 
|-
 
| <small>7</small>
 
| Thus the intellectuals hate him,<br/>&emsp;Yet this one sees glories.
 
|-
 
| <small>8</small>
 
| Thereupon you hold,<br/>&emsp;all things have time and place.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅰ</small>
 
| And whatever you wish to conduct,<br/>&emsp;you shall stay in the realm of good reason.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅱ</small>
 
| In earnest or in play,<br/>&emsp;have a joyous spirit with moderation
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅲ</small>
 
| so that you may pay attention<br/>&emsp;and consider with a good spirit
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅳ</small>
 
| whatever you shall command<br/>&emsp;and whip up against the opponent.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅴ</small>
 
| Because a good spirit with authority<br/>&emsp;makes someone's rebuke timid.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅵ</small>
 
| Thereafter, orient yourself.<br/>&emsp;Give no advantage with anything.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅶ</small>
 
| Avoid imprudence.<br/>&emsp;Do not step in front of four or six
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅷ</small>
 
| with your overconfidence.<br/>&emsp;Be modest, that is good for you.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅸ</small>
 
| It is a brave man<br/>&emsp;that dares to confront their equal.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹ</small>
 
| It is not shameful<br/>&emsp;to flee four or six at hand.
 
|-
 
|
 
| <ref>Possibly: "If one cannot flee, then do something cunning, that is my advice."</ref>
 
|}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 18r.jpg|1|lbl=18r}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is a general lesson of the sword:}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>9</small>
 
| If you wish to show skill,<br/>&emsp;Move yourself left and right with cutting.
 
|-
 
| <small>10</small>
 
| And left with right<br/>&emsp;Is what you strongly desire to fence.
 
|-
 
| <small>11</small>
 
| Whoever chases after cuts,<br/>&emsp;They permit themselves to enjoy the art in small amounts.
 
|-
 
| <small>12</small>
 
| Cut from close whatever you wish,<br/>&emsp;No changer comes on your shield.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅺ</small>
 
| Do not cut to the sword.<br/>&emsp;Rather, keep watch of the openings.
 
|-
 
| <small>13</small>
 
| To the head, to the body,<br/>&emsp;Do not omit the stingers.
 
|-
 
| <small>14</small>
 
| With the entire body<br/>&emsp;Fence whatever you desire to conduct strongly.
 
|-
 
| <small>15</small>
 
| Listen here to what is bad:<br/>&emsp;Do not fence from above left if you are right.
 
|-
 
| <small>16</small>
 
| And if you are left,<br/>&emsp;You are severely hindered on the right.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅻ</small>
 
| So always prefer<br/>&emsp;To fence from above left downwards.
 
|-
 
| <small>17</small>
 
| The Before, The After the two things<br/>&emsp;are the wellspring of all art.
 
|-
 
| <small>18</small>
 
| Weak and strong,<br/>&emsp;Indes, mark this word with them.
 
|-
 
| <small>19</small>
 
| So you can learn<br/>&emsp;To defend yourself with art and work.
 
|-
 
| <small>20</small>
 
| If you terrify easily,<br/>&emsp;Never learn any fencing.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅲ</small>
 
| Audacity and swiftness,<br/>&emsp;Prudence, astuteness and ingenuity,
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅳ</small>
 
| Acumen, concealment,<br/>&emsp;Measure, obscuration, {{dec|s|scouting}} and skill
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅴ</small>
 
| Fencing will have<br/>&emsp;And bear a joyous spirit.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|General gloss hereafter.}}<ref name="Latin"/> First of all, note and know that the point of the sword is the axis, the dividing point and the core of the sword from which all applications depart and come back into it.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Thus the hangings and the windings are the angulations and the rotations of the axis and of the core. From them, quite a few good plays of fencing also come.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And they were identified and worked out so that a fencer who initiates a cut or thrust directly into the point may not hit every single time of course, they can hit someone by stepping out and in and by lateral stepping or springing with those same cutting, thrusting or slicing plays.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And if you mislaid or over extended the point of your sword by overshooting or by overstepping, then you can realign and withdraw and shorten it again by winding or stepping back in such a fashion that you again come into the certain plays and precepts of fencing. From them, you can deliver cuts, thrusts, or slices.</p>
 
 
 
<p>For according to Liechtenauer's art, these cuts, thrusts and slices all come from the applications and precepts of the art of the sword, as you will hear hereafter about how one play and precept comes from the other and how one fashions one of these from the other such that if the one will be warded off, then the other hits and has success.</p>
 
|  
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 18v.jpg|1|lbl=18v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19r.jpg|1|lbl=19r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 18v.jpg|1|lbl=18v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19r.jpg|1|lbl=19r.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|3|
| <p>Secondly, note and know that no part of the sword was neither invented nor conceived without a purpose. Namely, a fencer shall utilize the point, both edges, the hilt, the pommel and the like on the sword in accordance with it's particular precept in the art of fencing, which these practices possess and promote in accordance as well, as you will hereafter see and hear each in particular.</p>
 
|  
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 19r.jpg|2|lbl=19r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|1|lbl=19v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 19r.jpg|2|lbl=19r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|1|lbl=19v.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|4|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|2|lbl=19v.2}}}}
| <p>Also note and know by this, when he speaks, "If you wish to examine the art, etc", that he means that a skilled fencer, they shall advance the left foot and cut from the right side directly to the opponent with threatening cuts as long as they see where they can fully obtain and fully reach the opponent with their stepping.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And he means: "when someone wishes to fence strongly", so shall they fence out from the left side with the entire body and full power to the head and to the body alone wherever they can hit and never to the sword, in particular, they shall do it as if the opponent has no sword and as if they cannot see it and they shall not omit any stingers nor wounds, rather always be in work and in contact so that the opponent cannot come to blows.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|2|lbl=19v.2}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>He also means that you shall neither move nor step directly behind your attacks, rather, do it somewhat sideways and curved around so that you come to the side of the opponent, where you can get at them better with everything than by frontally on.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Whatever you subsequently cut or thrust at the opponent at that moment, cannot be defended nor lead off well by them by disengaging in any way nor by any other techniques, provided that the cuts and thrusts go in directly to the openings, be it to the head or to the body, with lateral movement and stepping.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|3|lbl=19v.3}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>Also note and know by this when he speaks, "The Before, The After the two things, etc" that he means the five words: The Before, The After, Weak, Strong, Indes. The entire art of Master Liechtenauer's rests upon these very words which are the foundation and the core of all fencing on foot or on horse, bare or in harness.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 20r.jpg|1|lbl=20r.1}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>By the word "The Before", he means that every good fencer shall possess and have won the Vorschlag every time they hit or miss. As Liechtenauer says: "Attack suddenly and storm in, keep moving fluidly, engage or let pass". Whenever you either walk or rush toward the opponent, just as soon as you can see that you can reach them with a step or with a spring, then wherever you see them open somewhere, you shall move in with confidence, be it to the head or to the body, boldly without any fear, wherever you can most certainly get them. For in this way, you always win the Vorschlag, not matter if the opponent ends up safe or not.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And you must also be shrewd in your stepping and shall have measured them correctly so that you do not step too short nor too long.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Now, whenever you execute the Vorschlag, if you connect, seamlessly follow up that hit.</p>
 
 
 
<p>But If the opponent wards off your Vorschlag,whether it be a cut or thrust by leading off or controlling with their sword, then while you’re still against your opponent’s sword, as they are leading you away from the opening in which you targeted, you must quite precisely note and feel whether they are soft or hard, weak or strong against your sword in their leading off and defense of your cuts and thrusts.</p>
 
  
<p>If it then happens that you clearly feel how the opponent lies in their application at that moment, and they are strong and hard; Indes, at the moment you completely notice and feel that, you shall, Indes or during the time the opponent defends themselves, be soft and weak and in that, before the opponent can come to blows, you shall then execute the Nachschlag.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|5|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|3|lbl=19v.3}}}}
  
<p>That is to say that you shall immediately, while the opponent defends themselves and wards off your Vorschlag (be it cut or thrust), seek other applications and plays. With these, you shall again storm in and keep moving fluidly toward their openings such that you stay continuously in movement and in action. In this way you confound and rattle them. Thus the opponent has altogether so much to manage with their defending and warding off that they, the defender, cannot come to their blows.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|6|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 20r.jpg|1|lbl=20r.1}}}}
  
<p>Because if you defend yourself and fixate on the oncoming strikes, you are always in greater danger than those that strike at you because you must always either ward off those strikes or must allow yourself to be hit. Thus, it is difficult to come to blows.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|7|
 
 
<p>About this Liechtenauer says: "I say to you truthfully, no one defends themselves without danger. If you have understood this, the opponent cannot come to blows if you otherwise perform according to the five words. This lecture completely gets at this and all fencing".</p>
 
|  
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 20r.jpg|2|lbl=20r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 20v.jpg|1|lbl=20v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 20r.jpg|2|lbl=20r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 20v.jpg|1|lbl=20v.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|8|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 20v.jpg|2|lbl=20v.2}}}}
| <p>This is why a peasant often strikes a master, because they have been bold and have won the Vorschlag according to this lesson.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 20v.jpg|2|lbl=20v.2}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|9|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|1|lbl=21r.1}}}}
| <p>Because with the word, "The Before", as was spoken about earlier, he means that you should boldly storm in and keep moving fluidly toward their openings with a good Vorschlag or first strike, without any fear, to the head or to the body. You either hit or miss in such a way that you suddenly rattle the opponent and startle them such that they do not know what to do about it and also before they recover themselves against it again or come back at you, that you then immediately execute the Nachschlag and the opponent has truly so much to manage to defend and to warding off that they cannot possibly come to blows.</p>
 
  
<p>Because if you execute the first strike or the Vorschlag and the opponent then wards, in that very warding off and defending, you always come into the Nachschlag's earlier than the opponent comes to their first.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|10|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|2|lbl=21r.2}}}}
  
<p>Then you can immediately start to work with your pommel or possibly come into the crosswise cuts (these are especially good) or else cast the crosswise cut over the sword. By this you arrive at other applications or else you can initiate many other things before the opponent comes to blows as you will hear how you fashion from one to the other such that the opponent cannot come away from you unstruck if you otherwise execute according to this lesson.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|11|
 
 
<p>That is to say you shall execute the Vorschlag and the Nachschlag promptly and swiftly after each other as if it were possible to accomplish it together with a single thought and with single strike.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|1|lbl=21r.1}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>It is also entirely possible to come to this if the opponent wards the Vorschlag, they must ward it with their sword. In this way, they must come against your sword.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And then if the opponent is somewhat sluggish and lax, it is then possible for you to remain against their sword and you shall immediately wind and quite precisely note and feel whether or not they will withdraw themselves from your sword.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|2|lbl=21r.2}}
 
 
 
|-  
 
| <p>If the opponent withdraws, just as you both come together against swords and the points extend to the openings against each other, then with the opponent's withdrawal, before they can recover themselves again for a new cut or thrust against you, immediately follow them with your point, with a good thrust to their breast or anywhere straight forward, wherever you can connect the surest and closest, in this way the opponent cannot come away from your sword with anything unharmed.</p>
 
 
 
<p>This is because when the opponent delivered a new cut or thrust wide around with their withdrawal, you were surely closer at hand to the opponent with your following as you sent your point forwards, targeting them against their sword according to what is closest and shortest.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Truly in this way, you always come earlier into your Nachschlag's or Nachstich's than the opponent can get to their first.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And this is what Liechtenauer means by the word, "The After".</p>
 
 
 
<p>The moment you have executed the Vorschlag, you shall immediately execute the Nachschlag seamlessly off the previous action and stay continuously in motion and action and continuously conduct one after the other. If the first fails, the second, third, or fourth hits and the opponent truly cannot come to blows, because you cannot have any greater advantage of fencing than when you execute these five words according to this lesson.</p>
 
|  
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|3|lbl=21r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|1|lbl=21v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|3|lbl=21r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|1|lbl=21v.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|12|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|2|lbl=21v.2}}}}
| <p>But if the opponent stays with you against your sword, as they have come against it with their warding and defending and this has drawn them out such that you have remained with them against the sword and have not yet executed the Nachschlag, then you shall wind and stay with them in this way against their sword and you shall quite precisely note and feel whether the opponent is either weak or strong against your sword.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|2|lbl=21v.2}}
 
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|13|
| <p>Then if you note and feel that the opponent is strong, hard and fixed against your sword and at that moment intends to force their sword out, you shall then be weak and soft in response and you shall yield and give way to their strength and you shall let their sword push through and travel with their forcing such that when they do that, you shall then deftly let their sword promptly and swiftly slide draw away, and you shall deftly speed in towards their openings, either to their head or their body with cuts, thrusts and slices only where you can approach the closest and the surest.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Because when you are weak and soft in response and let their sword slide away and you yield to them in this way, the harder and the surer the opponent pushes and presses with their sword, the further and the wider they then push their sword away such that they become completely open so that you can then hit our wound them according to desire before they can recover themselves from their own cut or thrust.</p>
 
|  
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|3|lbl=21v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|1|lbl=22r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|3|lbl=21v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|1|lbl=22r.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|14|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|2|lbl=22r.2}}}}
| <p>But if the opponent is weak and soft against the sword in this way, just as you clearly note and feel that, you shall then be strong and hard against their sword in response and you shall then move in strongly with your point while against their sword and keep moving on in fluidly, directly to their openings, wherever you can, that is closest, just as if a cord or thread were bound at the end of your point, which guides your point to their opening in the shortest way.</p>
 
  
<p>And with the thrust that you just executed, you become fully aware whether the opponent is so weak that the opponent lets your sword force them out and allows themselves be struck.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|15|
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|2|lbl=22r.2}}
 
 
 
|-  
 
| <p>But if the opponent becomes strong against your sword in turn and defends and leads off your thrust in this way, such that they force your sword away, you shall again become weak and soft in response and shall allow their sword to slide away and yield to them and swiftly seek their openings with cuts, thrusts and slices, however you readily can.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And this is what Liechtenauer means by the words, "Soft and Hard".</p>
 
 
 
<p>And this follows the authorities. As Aristotle spoke in the book ''Perihermanias'': "Opposites positioned near themselves shine greater, or rather; opposites which adjoin, augment. Weak against strong, hard against soft, and the contrary." For should it be strong against strong, then the stronger would win every time.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Therefore Liechtenauer undertakes fencing according to the more equitable and durable art, so that one weaker and cunning with their art wins as surely as one stronger with their strength.</p>
 
 
 
<p>How could the art work differently?</p>
 
|  
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|3|lbl=22r.3|p=1}}{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|1|lbl=22v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|3|lbl=22r.3|p=1}}{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|1|lbl=22v.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|16|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|2|lbl=22v.2}}}}
| <p>Therefore fencer, learn to feel well in the manner Liechtenauer spoke: "Learn the feeling. Indes, that word slices sharply", because when you are against the sword of the opponent and at that moment clearly feel whether the opponent is weak or strong against the sword, Indes or during that, so then you can consider and know what you shall execute against the opponent according to the aforementioned lore and art well.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Because the opponent truly cannot withdraw themselves from harm with anything. Liechtenauer said it: "Strike such that it snaps whoever withdraws before you".</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|2|lbl=22v.2}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|17|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|3|lbl=22v.3}}}}
| <p>If you act according to this lesson, persisting in this way well so that you always have possessed and won the Vorschlag and as soon as you execute that, you then execute the Nachschlag (that is, the second, the third or the fourth strike, be it cut or stab) afterwards in one fluid motion, immediately without refrain then the opponent can never come to blows.</p>
 
  
<p>If you then come onto the sword with them, be sure in feeling and execute as was written before. </p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|18|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|4|lbl=22v.4}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|3|lbl=22v.3}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|19|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23r.jpg|1|lbl=23r.1}}}}
| <p>Because this is the foundation of fencing, that one is always in motion and does not pause and when the act of feeling arrives, then execute as it is laid out above.</p>
 
  
<p>And whatever you conduct and initiate, always have measure and moderation. Like, if at one moment you won the Vorschlag, then don't do it so impetuously and so powerfully that you then cannot recover yourself for the Nachschlag.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|20|
 
 
<p>About this, Liechtenauer spoke: "Thereupon you hold, all things have moderation and measure". And also understand this in the stepping and in all other plays and precepts of fencing, etc.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|4|lbl=22v.4}}<!--
 
          --><section begin="Hauptstücke"/>
 
 
 
       
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is the text, wherein he names the five cuts and other plays of fencing.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>21</small>
 
| Learn five cuts<br/>&emsp;from the right hand against the weapon
 
|-
 
| <small>23</small>
 
| Wrathcut Crook and Cross,<br/>&emsp;If the Eye Cocker keeps with the Parter,
 
|-
 
| <small>24</small>
 
| The Fool parries.<br/>&emsp;Pursue and Overrun, disrupt attacks
 
|-
 
| <small>25</small>
 
| Disengage, Suddenly withdraw,<br/>&emsp;Rush through, Cut off, Press the hands
 
|-
 
| <small>26</small>
 
| Tilt and Turn to uncover with<br/>&emsp;Slash, catch, sweep, stab to clash with
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23r.jpg|1|lbl=23r.1}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Hauptstücke"/><section begin="Zornhaw"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the Wrath cut, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>27</small>
 
| Whoever makes a descending cut at you<br/>&emsp;The point of wrathcut threatens them
 
|-
 
| <small>28</small>
 
| If they become aware of it<br/>&emsp;Then abscond above without concern.
 
|-
 
| <small>29</small>
 
| Be strong in turn Wind.<br/>&emsp;Stab. If they see it, then take it below
 
|-
 
| <small>30</small>
 
| Precisely note this<br/>&emsp;Cuts, thrusts, position, soft or hard
 
|-
 
| <small>31</small>
 
| Indes and Before, After<br/>&emsp;Without rush, your war is not hasty.
 
|-
 
| <small>32</small>
 
| For the one whose war takes aim<br/>&emsp;Above, they will be shamed below.
 
|-
 
| <small>33</small>
 
| In all winds<br/>&emsp;Cut, stab, slice learn to find
 
|-
 
| <small>34</small>
 
| Also with that you shall<br/>&emsp;Gauge cut, stab or slice
 
|-
 
| <small>35</small>
 
| In all encounters<br/>&emsp;Of the masters, if you wish to dishonor them.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅺ</small>
 
| Do not cut to the sword,<br/>&emsp;Rather, keep watch for the openings
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅵ</small>
 
| Of the head, of the body <br/>&emsp;If you wish to remain without harm
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅶ</small>
 
| You hit or miss<br/>&emsp;Considering as follows so that you target the openings
 
|-  
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅷ</small>
 
| In every lesson,<br/>&emsp;Turn the point toward the openings.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅸ</small>
 
| Whoever cuts around widely,<br/>&emsp;They will often be shamed severely.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅹ</small>
 
| In the most direct way possible,<br/>&emsp;Deliver sudden cuts, stabs wisely.<ref>"Wisely" inferred from the summary</ref>
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅺ</small>
 
| And one shall also always step<br/>&emsp;To their right side
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅻ</small>
 
| So that you can begin<br/>&emsp;Fencing or wrestling with advantage.
 
|}
 
<p>Gloss. Here note and know that Liechtenauer calls a descending cut struck from the shoulder the wrathcut, because when someone is in their wrath and fury, there is no cut as ready as this descending cut straight from the shoulder to the opponent.</p>
 
 
 
<p>What Liechtenauer means by this is when the opponent begins to strike with a descending cut, you shall counter cut the wrathcut against them in such a way that you soundly shoot the point against them.</p>
 
 
 
<p>If they ward off your point, then immediately withdraw above and move in suddenly on the other side of their sword.</p>
 
 
 
<p>But if they defend that, then be hard and strong in the sword and boldly and immediately wind and thrust.</p>
 
 
 
<p>If they defend your thrust, separate and immediately initiate a cut below where you hit their legs. in such a way that you continuously conduct one after the other, so that the opponent cannot come to blows.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And the aforementioned words: "The Before, The After, Indes, Weak, Strong" and "cuts, thrusts and slices"; you shall fully consider these all at once and in no way forget them in your applications. </p>
 
|  
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23r.jpg|2|lbl=23r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|1|lbl=23v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23r.jpg|2|lbl=23r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|1|lbl=23v.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|21|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|2|lbl=23v.2}}}}
| <p>You shall also not seriously rush with the war, because if something fails you above, then you hit below as you will hear about how you fashion one cut, thrust, and slice from the other according to the legitimate art.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|2|lbl=23v.2}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>And you shall not cut at the opponent's sword, rather at the opponent, rather to the head and to the body, wherever you can, etc.</p>
 
  
<p>One can also look at it where the first verse could go like this: "Whomever you cut the wrathcut over, the point of the wrathcut threatens them, etc." Just act according to this lesson and be continuously in motion. You either hit or not such that the opponent cannot come to blows. And always step out well to the side with cuts. </p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|22|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|3|lbl=23v.3}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|3|lbl=23v.3}}
 
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|23|
| <p>Also know that there are only two cuts, all other cuts come from them regardless of how they possibly come to be named.</p>
 
 
 
<p>That is the descending cut and the rising cut from both sides.</p>
 
 
 
<p>They are the chief cuts and foundation of all other cuts as these cuts fundamentally and by principle come from the point of the sword, which is the core and the axis of all other plays here as was written about well before.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And from those two cuts come the four parries from both sides. With them you disrupt and break all cuts, thrusts or positions. And from them you also come into the four hangings. From them you can conduct the art well as one shall hear hereafter.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And however you may fence someone in particular, you shall ever and always turn your point toward the opponent's face or breast so that the opponent must continually discourage themselves. Thus they cannot preempt you, for you are closer to them than they are to you.</p>
 
|  
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|4|lbl=23v.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 24r.jpg|1|lbl=24r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|4|lbl=23v.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 24r.jpg|1|lbl=24r.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|24|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 24r.jpg|2|lbl=24r.2}}}}
| <p>And if it happens that the opponent has won the Vorschlag, then you shall be secure and sure and be quick with turning. And as soon as you have turned, you shall immediately speed in promptly and swiftly. And your point shall always seek the opponent's breast, turning and positioning yourself against it, as you will hear of better hereafter.</p>
 
  
<p>And the point, as soon as you come against the sword of the opponent, shall always come about a half an ell away from the opponent's breast or face and take especially good care that you intend to arrive inside that and certainly in the most direct way and not wide around, so that the opponent cannot come first because of you. Provided you will not allow yourself to become lax and hesitant and ward too lazily nor be willing to arrive too wide and too far around.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row blank|a|{{paget|MS 3227a|24v|jpb|blk=1}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 24r.jpg|2|lbl=24r.2}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Zornhaw"/><section begin="Blossen"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the four openings, etc, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>36</small>
 
| Know the four openings<br/>&emsp;Take aim so that you strike wisely
 
|-
 
| <small>37</small>
 
| Without any fear<br/>&emsp;Without doubt however they are situated.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Note here that Liechtenauer partitions a person in four parts, just as if he drew a line right down the front of their body from the top of the head to down between their legs and a second line that crosses over their body at their waist,</p>
 
  
<p>In this way they become four quarters: a right and a left above the girdle and also below the girdle in the same way.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|25|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 25r.jpg|1|lbl=25r.1}}}}
  
<p>These are the four openings, each of which have their particular applications.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|26|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 25r.jpg|2|lbl=25r.2}}}}
  
<p>He takes aim of these and never the sword, only the openings.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|27|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 25v.jpg|1|lbl=25v}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 25r.jpg|1|lbl=25r.1}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row blank|b|{{paget|MS 3227a|26r|jpb|blk=1}}}}
| <p>{{red|b=1|About the four openings, how one breaks them.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>38</small>
 
| If you wish arrange yourself<br/>&emsp;To artfully break the four openings
 
|-
 
| <small>39</small>
 
| Double high<br/>&emsp;Mutate right down
 
|-
 
| <small>40</small>
 
| I say to you truthfully<br/>&emsp;No one defends themselves without danger
 
|-
 
| <small>41</small>
 
| If you have understood this,<br/>&emsp;They can scarcely come to blows, etc.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 25r.jpg|2|lbl=25r.2}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Blossen"/><section begin="Krumphaw"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the crooked cut, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>42</small>
 
| Crook up swiftly<br/>&emsp;Throw the point onto the hands
 
|-
 
| <small>43</small>
 
| Crook. Whoever besets well<br/>&emsp;Disrupts many cuts with stepping.
 
|-
 
| <small>44</small>
 
| Cut crooked to the flats<br/>&emsp;Of the masters if you wish to weaken them
 
|-
 
| <small>45</small>
 
| When it sparks above<br/>&emsp;Then dismount, that I will praise
 
|-
 
| <small>46</small>
 
| Don't crook, short cut<br/>&emsp;With that, look for the disengage
 
|-
 
| <small>47</small>
 
| Crook whoever bewilders you<br/>&emsp;The noble war bewilders them
 
|-
 
| <small>48</small>
 
| For they do not truthfully know<br/>&emsp;Where they are without danger
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. What Liechtenauer means by this is that if you will command this cut well, you shall step well out sideways<ref>to the side, apart, sidways</ref> to the right side, then deliver your attack</p>
 
  
<p>and you shall crooked cut fully and swiftly</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|28|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 26v.jpg|1|lbl=26v}}}}
  
<p>and you shall throw or shoot your point over the opponent's hilt onto their hands</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|29|<p><br/></p>
  
<p>{{dec|s|and you shall cut to the opponent's flats. Then if you hit their flat, remain strong upon it and press firmly}}</p>
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 27r.jpg|2|lbl=27r.2}}
 +
}}
  
<p>and you shall cut with your flats. Then if you hit their sword, remain strong upon it and press firmly</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|30|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 27r.jpg|1|lbl=27r.1}}
  
<p>and you shall look for whatever you can subsequently deliver most decisively and directly using cuts, thrust or slices</p>
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 27v.jpg|1|lbl=27v.1}}}}
  
<p>and you shall not cut too short with anything</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|31|
 +
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 27v.jpg|2|lbl=27v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 28r.jpg|1|lbl=28r|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
<p>and you shall not forget about disengaging, when it merits it </p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|32|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 28v.jpg|1|lbl=28v}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 25v.jpg|1|lbl=25v}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Krumphaw"/><section begin="Fehler"/>
 
|-  
 
| <p>There is one attack called the failer and it comes from the crooked cut and it lay written after the crosswise cut where the hand is drawn and it should lay before the crosswise cut and it comes in crooked and oblique from below, over the hilt of the opponent, shooting in with the point, just like the crooked cut down from above.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 26v.jpg|1|lbl=26v}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row blank|c|{{paget|MS 3227a|29r|jpb|blk=1}}}}
|
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>53</small>
 
| The failer misleads<br/>&emsp;It wounds according to desire from below
 
|-
 
| <small>54</small>
 
| The inverter constrains.<br/>&emsp;The one who rushes through also wrestles with it.
 
|-  
 
| <small>55</small>
 
| Take the elbow surely<br/>&emsp;Spring into their stance.
 
|-
 
| <small>56</small>
 
| The failer doubles.<br/>&emsp;If they make contact, make the slice with it.
 
|-
 
| <small>57</small>
 
| Double it further<br/>&emsp;Step to the left and do not be lazy
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅹⅲ</small>
 
| Because all fencing<br/>&emsp;Will by all rights have speed
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅲ</small>
 
| Also in it: audacity,<br/>&emsp;Prudence, astuteness and ingenuity
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 27r.jpg|2|lbl=27r.2}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Fehler"/><section begin="Twerhaw"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the crosswise cut, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>49</small>
 
| The crosswise cut seizes<br/>&emsp;Whatever arrives from the roof.
 
|-
 
| <small>50</small>
 
| Cross with the strong<br/>&emsp;Remember your work with it.
 
|-
 
| <small>51</small>
 
| Cross to the plow<br/>&emsp;Yoke it hard to the ox
 
|-
 
| <small>52</small>
 
| Whoever crosses themselves well<br/>&emsp;Threatens the head<ref>The page is clipped. only 'cut' remains. This manuscript spells 'haupte' as 'cutpte'</ref> by springing
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Here note and know that of the entire sword, no cut is as intrepid, as intense, as definitive and as good as is the crosswise cut.</p>
 
  
<p>And you undertake the crosswise cut together to both sides, with both edges, the back and the front; to all openings, below and above.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|33|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 29v.jpg|1|lbl=29v}}}}
  
<p>And everything that arrives from above, (which are either the descending cuts or whatever else comes down from above) one breaks those and one wards those with the crosswise cuts.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|34|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 30r.jpg|1|lbl=30r}}}}
  
<p>You can deliver these well or your sword well, respectively, if you hurl your sword out in front of your head, (to whichever side you wish) just as if you would come into the upper hanging or winding, only that in the crosswise cut, the flats of their sword are turned: one above or upward, the other below or downward; and the edges to the sides They cross, one to the right and one to the left side.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row blank|d|{{paget|MS 3227a|30v|jpb|blk=1}}}}
  
<p>And it is quite good to come against the sword of the opponent with these crosswise cuts.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row blank|e|{{paget|MS 3227a|31r|jpb|blk=1}}}}
  
<p>And that is because when you come against the sword of your opponent, at the moment it actually happens, they may arduously come away from it, but they will be struck on both sides with crosswise cuts.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row blank|f|{{paget|MS 3227a|31v|jpb|blk=1}}}}
  
<p>Just at the point you deliver a crosswise cut, to whichever side it is, be it above or below, always move your sword up with the hilt in front of the head with your hand flipped over, so that you are absolutely warded and covered.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|35|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|1|lbl=32r.1}}}}
  
<p>And you shall deliver the crosswise cuts with some strength.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|36|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|2|lbl=32r.2}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 27r.jpg|1|lbl=27r.1}}
 
  
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 27v.jpg|1|lbl=27v.1}}
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|37|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|3|lbl=32r.3}}}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|38|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|4|lbl=32r.4}}}}
| <p>And when you shall fence for your neck, you shall proceed with the afore-written lore so that you win the Vorschlag with a good crosswise cut.</p>
 
  
<p>Whenever you close with your opponent, as soon as you realize that you are able to reach the opponent with a step or a spring, you burst in high from the right side with a crosswise cut with the back edge forwards directly to the opponent's head and you shall let your point shoot and you shall come crosswise so completely that the point winds and hinges (or wraps) itself around the opponent's head like a belt.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|39| <p><br/></p>
  
<p>Because when you come in from the side well with a good step or spring offline, the opponent must arduously defend or avert this.</p>
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|5|lbl=32r.5}}}}
  
<p>And then whenever you win the Vorschlag with the crosswise cut in this fashion on one side, whether you hit or miss, you shall then immediately without pause win the Nachschlag with the crosswise cut on the other side in one fluid motion with the forward edge before any strike or any little thing can somehow redeem the opponent according to the afore-written lore.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|40|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|6|lbl=32r.6}}}}
  
<p>And you shall then crosswise cut to both sides to ox and to plow. That is, into the upper openings and into the lower ones from one side to the other, below and above, ceaselessly without pause in this way, so that you are constantly in motion and do not allow the opponent to come to blows.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|41|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|7|lbl=32r.7}}}}
  
<p>And each time you do a crosswise cut above or below, you shall always come completely to the side and throw your sword horizontally from above well in front of your head so that you are well covered.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|42|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32v.jpg|1|lbl=32v.1}}}}
|
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 27v.jpg|2|lbl=27v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 28r.jpg|1|lbl=28r|p=1}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Twerhaw"/><section begin="Schilhaw"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the cockeyed cut, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>58</small>
 
| The cockeyed cut breaks into<br/>&emsp;Whatever the buffalo cuts or thrusts
 
|-
 
| <small>59</small>
 
| Whoever threatens to change,<br/>&emsp;The cockeyed cut robs them of it.
 
|-
 
| <small>60</small>
 
| Cock an eye. If they short you,<br/>&emsp;Disengaging defeats them.
 
|-
 
| <small>61</small>
 
| Cock an eye at the point<br/>&emsp;And take the neck without fear
 
|-
 
| <small>62</small>
 
| Cock an eye at the top of the head<br/>&emsp;If you wish to ruin the hands.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅹⅳ</small>
 
| Cock an eye against the right<br/>&emsp;If it is that you desire to fence well.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅹⅴ</small>
 
| The cockeyed cut I prize,<br/>&emsp;If it does not arrive too lazily.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}} Here note and know that the cockeyed cut is a descending cut from the right side with the back edge of the sword in which the left side is designated and it genuinely goes in askance or oblique, stepped off to one side to the right with a twisted sword and hand flipped over.</p>
 
  
<p>And this cut breaks that which the buffalo, that is a peasant, might strike down from above as they tend to do. (Just like the crosswise cut breaks this as well, as was written before)</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|43|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32v.jpg|2|lbl=32v.2}}}}
  
<p>And whoever threatens with disengaging, they will be dishonored by the cockeyed cut.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|44|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32v.jpg|3|lbl=32v.3}}}}
  
<p>And you shall cut cockeyed fully and sufficiently long and shoot the point firmly. Otherwise, you will be harried by disengaging and you shall cut cockeyed with the point to the throat, boldly without fear and...<ref>The comment ends here and remains unfinished.</ref></p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|45|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 33r.jpg|1|lbl=33r}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 28v.jpg|1|lbl=28v}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Schilhaw"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>And wherever you see swords<br/>&emsp;Yanked from their sheaths by the both of you<br/>Right then you shall become strong<br/>&emsp;And precisely pay attention to their steps all at once.<br/>The Before, The After, the two things<br/>&emsp;Gauge and pounce by precept<br/>Follow up all hits<br/>&emsp;If you wish to make a fool of the strong.<br/>If they defend, then suddenly withdraw.<br/>&emsp;Thrust. If they defend, press into them.<br/>The windings and the hangings,<br/>&emsp;Learn to artfully carry out.<br/>And gauge the opponent's applications<br/>&emsp;To see if they are soft or hard.<br/>If they fence with strength,<br/>&emsp;Then you are artfully equipped.<br/>And if they attack wide or long,<br/>&emsp;Shooting defeats them<br/>With your deadly rigor<ref>In all other extant versions this is "point"</ref><br/>&emsp;If they defend themselves, hit without fear.<br/>Attack suddenly and storm in,<br/>&emsp;keep moving fluidly, engage or let pass.<br/>Do not attack the sword,<br/>&emsp;Rather keep watch for the openings<br/>You hit or miss<br/>&emsp;Then keep it in your mind that you target the openings<br/>With both hands<br/>&emsp;Learn to bring your point to the eyes.<br/>Always fence with sense<br/>&emsp;And win the Vorschlag every time.<br/>The opponent hits or misses,<br/>&emsp;Immediately take target with the Nachschlag's<br/>On both sides,<br/>&emsp;Step to the right of the opponent<br/>So that you can begin<br/>&emsp;Fencing or wrestling with advantage.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 29v.jpg|1|lbl=29v}}
 
<section begin="Scheitelhaw"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the part cut, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>63</small>
 
| The part cut<br/>&emsp;Is dangerous to the face
 
|-
 
| <small>64</small>
 
| With its turn<br/>&emsp;And the breast is yet endangered.
 
|-
 
| <small>65</small>
 
| Whatever comes from it<br/>&emsp;The crown removes it.
 
|-
 
| <small>66</small>
 
| Slice through the crown<br/>&emsp;So that you break it beautifully and hard
 
|-
 
| <small>67</small>
 
| Press the sweeps<br/>&emsp;By slicing withdraw it
 
|-  
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅹⅴ</small>
 
| The part cut I prize<br/>&emsp;If it does not arrive too lazily.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 30r.jpg|1|lbl=30r}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Scheitelhaw"/><section begin="Leger"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{grey|Liechtenauer hardly maintains anything about these four positions, only that they come from the over and under hangings from which one may surely deliver applications.}}</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|1|lbl=32r.1}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|46|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 33v.jpg|1|lbl=33v}}}}
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the four positions, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>68</small>
 
| Four positions alone<br/>&emsp;Defend from those and eschew the common
 
|-  
 
| <small>69</small>
 
| Ox, plow, fool,<br/>&emsp;From-the-roof are not contemptible to you
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss, etc}}. Here he names the four positions or four guards, about which there is something to be held.</p>
 
  
<p>Yet a person shall absolutely not lay too long in them in any confrontation. For Liechtenauer has a particular proverb: "Whoever lays there, they are dead. Whoever sets themselves in motion, they yet live." And that pertains to those positions that a person shall preferably set themselves in motion with applications. Because if you idle in the guards, you might lose your moment to act by doing that.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|47|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 34r.jpg|1|lbl=34r}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|2|lbl=32r.2}}
 
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|48|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 34v.jpg|1|lbl=34v.1}}}}
| <p>The first guard, plow, is this. When you lay the point forward, upon the earth. Or to the side after displacing, this is also called the barrier-guard or the gate.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|3|lbl=32r.3}}
 
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|49|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 34v.jpg|2|lbl=34v.2}}}}
| <p>The second guard, ox is the high hanging from the shoulder.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|4|lbl=32r.4}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|50|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 35r.jpg|1|lbl=35r}}}}
|
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-  
 
| <small>ⅹⅹⅵ</small>
 
| The Fool truly breaks<br/>&emsp;Whatever the opponent cuts or thrusts
 
|-
 
| <small>ⅹⅹⅶ</small>
 
| Sweep using hanging<br/>&emsp;Immediately place the pursuit
 
|}
 
<p>The third guard, the Fool, is the low hanging, with it one breaks all cuts and thrusts whosoever commands it correctly</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|5|lbl=32r.5}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|51|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 35v.jpg|1|lbl=35v}}}}
| <p>The fourth guard, the Roof, is long point.</p>
 
  
<p>If you direct it with extended arms, the opponent cannot hit it well with neither cut nor thrust.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|52|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 36r.jpg|1|lbl=36r}}}}
  
<p>It can also aptly be called the hanging over the head.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|53|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 36v.jpg|1|lbl=36v.1}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|6|lbl=32r.6}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|54|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 36v.jpg|2|lbl=36v.2}}}}
| <p>Also know that one breaks all positions and guards by attacking with these such that if you boldly initiate an attack, then the opponent must always come forwards and defend themselves.</p>
 
  
<p>That is why Liechtenauer doesn't maintain much about the positions and guards, rather he prefers to craft it so that the opponent discourages themselves, thus he gains the Vorschlag, as has been shown above. </p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|55|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 36v.jpg|3|lbl=36v.3}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|7|lbl=32r.7}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Leger"/><section begin="Vorsetzen"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the four parries}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>70</small>
 
| Four are the parries<br/>&emsp;Which also severely disrupt the positions
 
|-
 
| <small>71</small>
 
| Guard yourself from parrying<br/>&emsp;If this happens, it also severely beleaguers you.
 
|-
 
| <small>72</small>
 
| If you are parried,<br/>&emsp;And as it happens
 
|-
 
| <small>73</small>
 
| Heed what I advise:<br/>&emsp;Strike off, cut swiftly with violence
 
|-
 
| <small>74</small>
 
| Lodge against four regions<br/>&emsp;Learn to remain upon them if you wish to finish.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅹⅷ</small>
 
| Whoever parries well,<br/>&emsp;This fencer disrupts many cuts.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅹⅸ</small>
 
| Because you swiftly come<br/>&emsp;Into the hangings by parrying.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Note here that the four parries are on both sides, with one upper and one lower on each side and they disrupt or break all guards or positions.</p>
 
  
<p>And however you carry off or dismiss the opponent's cut, thrust or slice with your sword, be it from above or below, can fully be termed parrying.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|56|
 +
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 37r.jpg|1|lbl=37r|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 37v.jpg|1|lbl=37v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 38r.jpg|1|lbl=38r|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 38v.jpg|1|lbl=38v|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
<p>And if you are parried, as that happens, withdraw swiftly and quickly initiate a cut together in one flurry.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row blank|g|{{paget|MS 3227a|39r|jpb|blk=1}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32v.jpg|1|lbl=32v.1}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|57|<p><br/></p>
| <p>But if it happens that you parry someone or avert a cut or thrust, you must immediately step in and accompany them on the sword so that the opponent cannot withdraw from you and then you must do whatever you can.</p>
 
  
<p>To the extent you hesitate and delay, you take harm.</p>
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 39v.jpg|1|lbl=39v}}
  
<p>You must also turn and rotate your point toward the opponent's breast every time, so that they must discourage themselves.</p>
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 40r.jpg|1|lbl=40r}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32v.jpg|2|lbl=32v.2}}
 
  
 +
</table>
 +
</div>
  
|-
+
<h3 style="display: none;"> Summary of the Long Sword </h3>
| <p>Also a good fencer shall fully learn how to come against the sword of the opponent and they must do that well with the parries, because they come from the four cuts (from each side, a descending cut and a rising cut) and move into the four hangings.</p>
+
<div id="summary" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
 +
<table class="master">
 +
<tr>
 +
  <th id="SuChidester0"><p>{{rating|B}} (2022)<br/>by [[Michael Chidester]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="SuTrosclair0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2022)<br/>by [[Christian Trosclair]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="SuStoeppler0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2006)<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="SuNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]] (1400s){{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></th>
 +
</tr>
  
<p>For as soon as one parries from above or below, so shall they immediately come into the hangings.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Su|1
 
 
<p>And like you avert all cuts and stabs with the forward edge, it is as such with the parries.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32v.jpg|3|lbl=32v.3}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Vorsetzen"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the pursuing, etc, etc}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>75</small>
 
| Learn to pursue<br/>&emsp;Double or slice into the weapon
 
|-
 
| <small>76</small>
 
| Two enticements to the outside<br/>&emsp;The work begins thereafter
 
|-
 
| <small>77</small>
 
| And gauge the opponent's application<br/>&emsp;Whether they are soft or hard
 
|-
 
| <small>78</small>
 
| Learn to feel<br/>&emsp;Indes, this word cuts sharply
 
|-
 
| <small>79</small>
 
| Pursuing twice,<br/>&emsp;Make the old slice with it.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅹⅹ</small>
 
| Follow all hits<br/>&emsp;Then strengthen if you wish to dishonor the masters
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅷ</small>
 
| In every lesson,<br/>&emsp;Turn the point against the opponent's face.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅹⅺ</small>
 
| With the entire body<br/>&emsp;Pursue, always keep your point there.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅹⅻ</small>
 
| Also learn to swiftly<br/>&emsp;Pursue, so you can end well.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 33r.jpg|1|lbl=33r}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the overrunning. Fencer seek within.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>80</small>
 
| Whoever hunts below<br/>&emsp;Overrun, then they will be shamed.
 
|-
 
| <small>81</small>
 
| When it clashes above,<br/>&emsp;Strengthen, This I wish to praise.
 
|-
 
| <small>82</small>
 
| Make your work<br/>&emsp;Or press hard twice.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxxvii</small>
 
| Whoever presses you down,<br/>&emsp;Overrun them, slash sharply again.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxxviii</small>
 
| From both sides<br/>&emsp;Overrun and remember the cuts.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 33v.jpg|1|lbl=33v}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about offsetting. Learn this well.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>83</small>
 
| Learn to offset<br/>&emsp;Artfully disrupt hews, stabs.
 
|-
 
| <small>84</small>
 
| Whoever stabs upon you<br/>&emsp;Your point hits and his breaks.
 
|-
 
| <small>85</small>
 
| From both sides<br/>&emsp;Hit every time, if you will step.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxxix</small>
 
| In every lesson,<br/>&emsp;Turn the point against one's face.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 34r.jpg|1|lbl=34r}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the changing-through, etc, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>86</small>
 
| Learn to change-through<br/>&emsp;From both sides, with that stab sharply.
 
|-
 
| <small>87</small>
 
| Whoever binds upon you,<br/>&emsp;Change-through, surely find him.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xl</small>
 
| When you have changed-through,<br/>&emsp;Do not slash, stab or wind lax.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xli</small>
 
| Do not hew into the sword<br/>&emsp;Change-through, with that watch.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Here note that the changing-through goes in completely straight from above downwards and from below upwards to both sides if it is otherwise conducted swiftly. Now if you wish to change-through to the right side from above down, then hew an over-hew straight into him also so that you shoot-in your point to his left side above the hilt also so that you hit the same little hole and little window between the edges and the hilt completely straight. If you hit, then you have won. If he wards it so that he leads off and presses-out your point with his sword, then let your point sink from the same side under his sword around it to the other side, not wide around, rather, below on his sword so you may keep close and from there drive-in quite swiftly above the hilt with a good, complete stab and when you feel that you hit, fully pursue. And as you do from one side, below and above, so you do from the other.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 34v.jpg|1|lbl=34v}}
 
 
 
|-
 
|
 
<p>And whoever binds-on with you, rush<ref>rauschen: like a strong wind rustling quickly through the trees</ref> past on his sword with your point against his opening. If he wards, then change-through as before or wind and feel is technique whether it is soft or hard. Thereafter seek hew, stab, or cut against the openings.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 34v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}<!--
 
          --><section begin="Zucken"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the disengaging. Fencer note.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>88</small>
 
| Tread near in the bind<br/>&emsp;The disengaging gives good discoveries.
 
|-
 
| <small>89</small>
 
| Disengage. If he hits, disengage more.<br/>&emsp;If he works, wind that does him woe.
 
|-
 
| <small>90</small>
 
| Disengage all hits<br/>&emsp;Of the masters if you will dupe them.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xlii</small>
 
| Disengage off from the sword<br/>&emsp;And always ponder your drive.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 35r.jpg|1|lbl=35r}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Zucken"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the running-through. Look closely.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>91</small>
 
| Allow the hanging, run-through.<br/>&emsp;Grab with the pommel if you wish to wrangle.
 
|-
 
| <small>92</small>
 
| Whoever comes against the strong<br/>&emsp;Runner-through, with that, note,
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xliii</small>
 
| Run-through and shove.<br/>&emsp;Invert if he grabs for the pommel.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 35v.jpg|1|lbl=35v}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the severing, etc, etc}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>93</small>
 
| Sever the hard-ones<br/>&emsp;From below in both drives.
 
|-
 
| <small>94</small>
 
| Four are the cuts<br/>&emsp;With two below, two above.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xliv</small>
 
| Cross whoever wish to cut.<br/>&emsp;It easily evades the harm.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xlv</small>
 
| Do not cut in fright,<br/>&emsp;Always consider racing before this.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xlvi</small>
 
| You can cut well<br/>&emsp;Any cross, just omit the racing.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xlvii</small>
 
| If you wish to remain without harm,<br/>&emsp;Then do not be too eager with the cutting.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 36r.jpg|1|lbl=36r}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the hand pressing, etc, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>95</small>
 
| Turn your edge<br/>&emsp;Into the flats. Press the hands.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xlviii</small>
 
| Another is turning<br/>&emsp;One's winding. The third, hanging.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xlix</small>
 
| If you wish to make the fencers<br/>&emsp;Weary, then press with contention.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">l</small>
 
| Over the hands,<br/>&emsp;If one hews, cut swiftly.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">li</small>
 
| Also draw the cuts<br/>&emsp;Above, out over the head.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lii</small>
 
| Whoever presses the hands<br/>&emsp;Without harm, disengages from the fingers.
 
|}
 
<p>Also know as soon as you turn away the opponent's hew or stab with the winding, so shall you immediately tread-in and swiftly drive there into the opponent. However lightly you hesitate and delay yourself, so you take harm.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 36v.jpg|1|lbl=36v}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>Also note and know that one with the forward edge of the sword, from the middle of that side to the hilt, turns away all hews and stabs. And the closer the opponent's hew or stab comes to the hilt upon that edge, with that, as he turns his forward edge with it, the better and the more powerful he can turn away hews or stabs. Because the nearer to the hilt, the stronger and the mightier. And the closer to the point, the weaker and the sicklier. Therefore, whoever wishes to be a good fencer, they shall learn to turn away well before anything. For if he turns that away well with this, he comes immediately into the winds. From them he can conduct the skill and beauty of the technique well.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 36v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>The forward edge of the sword is called the right edge and all hews or stabs are ruined with the turning.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 36v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the hanging. Fencer learn this, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>96</small>
 
| Two hangings emerge<br/>&emsp;From each side from the ground
 
|-
 
| <small>97</small>
 
| In all applications<br/>&emsp;Hew, stab, position soft or hard.
 
|-
 
| <small>98</small>
 
| Make the speaking-window<br/>&emsp;Stand freely, seek his trigger.
 
|-
 
| <small>99</small>
 
| Slash that it snaps<br/>&emsp;Whoever withdraws themselves before you.
 
|-
 
| <small>100</small>
 
| I say to you truthfully,<br/>&emsp;No one defends themselves without danger.
 
|-
 
| <small>101</small>
 
| If you have understood,<br/>&emsp;he may scarcely come to blows.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">liii</small>
 
| That is, if you remain<br/>&emsp;Upon the sword, also conduct with that
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">liv</small>
 
| Hews, stabs or cuts.<br/>&emsp;With that, note the feeling
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lv</small>
 
| Without any preference.<br/>&emsp;You shall also not flee from the sword
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lvi</small>
 
| Because master applications<br/>&emsp;Are on the sword by rights.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lvii</small>
 
| Whoever binds onto you<br/>&emsp;The war wrestles with him sharply.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lviii</small>
 
| The noble winding<br/>&emsp;Can also surely find him
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lix</small>
 
| With hewing, with stabbing<br/>&emsp;With cutting you tenaciously find him.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lx</small>
 
| In all winding<br/>&emsp;You shall find hews, stabs, cuts.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lxi</small>
 
| The noble hanging<br/>&emsp;Will not exist without the winding.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lxii</small>
 
| Because from the hangings<br/>&emsp;You shall bring the windings.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss, etc}}. Here note and know that to each side are two hangings: one under-hanging<ref>unterhangen: hang down, like the branches of a tree</ref> and one over-hanging.<ref>überhangen: to hang over, to lean over, to incline</ref> With them, you may come upon the sword of the opponent well. Because they come from the over-hews and the under-hews. Just when it happens that you bind on with someone or as you otherwise come to him on the sword, so shall you remain on the sword and shall wind and shall also quite merrily stay on the sword with him with a good spirit and bravely without fear. And shall quite precisely see, note and watch whatever he will do or what his situation, is with which he will go the rounds against you. And this standing like so on the sword, Liechtenauer calls this a speaking-window. And just when you stand with him on the sword, so shall you quite precisely note and feel his application whether it is soft or hard. Thereafter, you shall then orient yourself as is often spoken before. If he then withdraws himself from the sword before any situation, earlier than you begin, then you shall immediately pursue and shall strike hews or stabs whatever you may most surely deliver, before he comes to anything at all. Because you are always closer to him with that. Thus, you remain on the sword and extend your point against him.</p>
 
 
 
<p>When the opponent withdraws with his, before he recovers himself of one of his strikes he delivered to you, immediately drive on with the point. But if he remains with you on the sword, then always test and note whether he is soft or hard on the sword.</p>
 
 
 
<p>If it is that he is soft and weak, then you shall swiftly and bravely drive full on and charge there with your strong and shall force and press his sword out and shall press and force out his sword and seek his openings to the head, to the body; just wherever you can get to.</p>
 
 
 
<p>If the opponent is subsequently hard and strong on the sword and means to force and force you firmly out, so shall you then be soft and weak against his strong and dissipate his forcing with your sword.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And in that ebbing as his sword crashes and slides away, also as is written about that as before, in that or the moment as that happens to him, before he can recover himself again, so that he cannot come to any strikes or stabs, so shall you explore his openings with hews, stabs or cuts wherever you may most surely possess him according to the afore-written lore swiftly, bravely and quickly so that he can never come to blows.</p>
 
 
 
<p>That's why Liechtenauer says {{red|I say to you truthfully, no one defends themselves without danger. If you have grasped this, he can barely come to blows.}} By this he means that no one may defend themselves without danger or harm if you do this according to the written lore. If you execute and win the fore-strike from him, then they must continually defend or must allow themselves to be struck.</p>
 
 
 
<p>For when you execute the fore-strike, you hit or miss; so shall you swiftly execute the after-strike in one rush before when the opponent comes to any blows. For when you wish to execute the fore-strike, so shall you just as if in one thought and mind also execute the after-strike just as if you will execute them with one another because it likely defends.</p>
 
 
 
<p>That's why Liechtenauer says {{red|Before, After, the two things}}, etc. Because if you execute the fore-strike, you hit or miss, then execute the after-strike verily in one rush, swiftly and quickly so that the opponent comes to blows with nothing and you shall work like this so that you always come earlier than the opponent in all confrontations of fencing. And as soon as you come earlier than the opponent and won the fore-strike, then you immediately execute the after-strike.</p>
 
 
 
<p>When you shall execute no fore-strike, you still have the after-strike along with in sense and in spirit such that you always be in motion and neither dawdle nor hesitate with nothing, especially you always conduct one after the other swiftly and quickly, so that the opponent comes to nothing.</p>
 
 
 
<p>If you truthfully do this, then he must be quite a phenom, whoever comes away from you unstruck. Because with this art or with the advantage that it often happens that a peasant or an unlearned strikes a good master with this for he conducts the fore-strike and bravely hurries there. Because however lightly it is overlooked, it hits within-this and shames him like this and strikes. Because one who takes watch of the blow and will wait for the defence, they are in greater danger than the one who strikes thereupon him and wins the fore-strike. Therefore orchestrate that you are the first in all confrontations of fencing and come to the right side of someone. There you will be surer of everything than the opponent.</p>
 
|
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 37r.jpg|1|lbl=37r|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 37v.jpg|1|lbl=37v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 38r.jpg|1|lbl=38r|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 38v.jpg|1|lbl=38v|p=1}}
 
 
 
|-
 
|
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>108</small>
 
| From both sides<br/>&emsp;Learn eight winds with stepping.
 
|-
 
| <small>106</small>
 
| And always unite them<br/>&emsp;Yoke<ref>menen: treiben, fuhren, leiten</ref> the winds with three plays
 
|-
 
| <small>107</small>
 
| So are they twenty<br/>&emsp;And four. Simply count them.
 
|-
 
| <small>105</small>
 
| Fencer, mind this<br/>&emsp;And consider the winds correctly
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lxiii</small>
 
| And learn to command them well<br/>&emsp;So you may wound the four openings
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lxiv</small>
 
| Because each opening<br/>&emsp;Objectively has six wounds.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Here note and know that the winds are the right art and fixed foundation of all fencing of the sword. From them, all other applications and plays come. And one might tediously be a good fencer without the winds, although numerous illegitimate masters, they dismiss and say whatever comes from the winds is quite weak and name it "from the shortened sword", for they are simple and approach naively and meaning that they are fought from the long sword whatever arrives with extended arms and with extended sword and whatever arrives quite fiendishly and strong from the entire power of the body will barely flourish to the end and that is terrible to behold when someone extends themselves like this just as if they will run-down a hare. And that is all against the winding and against Liechtenauer's art when there is no strength against. Because if whoever's art differs on this, you should prefer the strong every time.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 39v.jpg|1|lbl=39v}}
 
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 40r.jpg|1|lbl=40r}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|H}}ere the plays and the prescriptions of the unarmored fencing of Master Liechtenauer are recapped and elaborated differently with shorter and simpler speech so as to grant greater and better understanding and comprehension than as it was written before in the rhymes and glosses, unclearly and incomprehensibly. Thus with this short conversation, that will be overcome.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 64r.jpg|1|lbl=64r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 64r.jpg|1|lbl=64r}}
 +
}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Su|2
| <p>First note and know that Liechtenauer's fencing lays entirely upon the five words: {{red|Before}}, {{red|After}}, {{red|Weak}}, {{red|Strong}}, {{red|Within}}. These are the foundation, the core and fundamentals of all fencing. And however much one is able to fence, if he doesn't know about the fundamentals, he will often be shamed by his art. And these same words were often explained before. At that moment, they were just getting at someone being in constant motion and to not celebrate nor idle so that the opponent cannot come to blows. Because {{red|before}} and {{red|after}} signify 'forestrike' and 'afterstrike' as was often written before.</p>
+
|
 +
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 64r.jpg|2|lbl=64r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 64v.jpg|1|lbl=64v.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
<p>And this gets to that which is called 'start and finish', 'beginning and end'. Because a good, earnest fencer fences with someone such that he will slay them with his art and not become struck and this cannot be done without 'beginning and end'. If he will subsequently begin well, then he will ensure that he always has and wins the forestrike and not the opponent. Because the one who strikes at their opponent, they are always surer and better prepared by reason that the opponent must take heed of and watch out for your strike.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Su|3
 
+
|
<p>When he subsequently executes and wins the forestrike, whether he hits or misses, he shall then immediately and without pause in that same rush, execute the afterstrike. That is, the second, the third, the fourth or fifth strikes, be it hew or stab in such a way that he is always in motion and executes one after another without pause so that he does not allow them to ever come to blows.</p>
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 64v.jpg|2|lbl=64v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 65r.jpg|1|lbl=65r.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
<p>Liechtenauer says about this: {{red|I say to you truthfully, no one defends themselves without danger (and without harm).<ref>latin: dampno => damno => harm</ref> If you have understood this, he can hardly come to blows}}. Just do as was often written before and be in motion.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Su|4
 
+
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 65r.jpg|2|lbl=65r.2}}
<p>The word {{red|Within}} gets at the words {{red|before}}, {{red|after}} because when one executes the forestrike and the opponent wards it, 'within' and during the moment that opponent wards it and defends themselves, they can come to the afterstrike well.</p>
 
 
 
<p>It also gets at the words 'weak', 'strong'. These here signify 'the feeling' because when one is on the sword with their opponent, and feels whether they are strong or weak. Thereafter they then execute according to the often written lessons.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And the fundamentals will have these principles in all confrontations: Speed, audacity, prudence, astuteness and ingenuity, etc. And also measure in all things.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Now if he wins the forestrike, then he shall not do it so entirely forceful so that he cannot recover himself for the good of the afterstrike and shall also not step too wide so that he can recover himself for the good of another step forwards or backwards, if it bears itself.</p>
 
 
 
<p>As Liechtenauer spoke: {{red|Thereupon you hold, all things have length and measure}}. Therefore one shall not be hasty and shall think through ahead for themselves what they will execute and then shall bravely execute and driving that swiftly to the head or to the body and never to the sword.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Because if one quite wisely hews that at the head or at the body, that is, to the four openings; they nevertheless often comes to the sword without permission. If the opponent defends themselves such that he defends themselves with the sword, then in this way it comes to the sword.</p>
 
|
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 64r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 64v.jpg|1|lbl=64v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 65r.jpg|1|lbl=65r|p=1}}
 
 
 
|-
 
| class="noline" | <p>Liechtenauer says about this:</p>
 
 
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>xvi</small>
 
| Do not hew to the sword,<br/>&emsp;Rather, stand watch for the openings
 
|-
 
| <small>xvii</small>
 
| In the head, in the body<br/>&emsp;If you wish to remain without harm
 
|-
 
| <small>xviii</small>
 
| You hit or miss<br/>&emsp;Aspiring thus so that you target the openings
 
|-
 
| <small>xix</small>
 
| In every lesson,<br/>&emsp;Turn the point against the openings.
 
|-
 
| <small>xx</small>
 
| Whoever hews around widely,<br/>&emsp;They will often be shamed severely.
 
|-
 
| <small>xxi</small>
 
| At the closest of all,<br/>&emsp;Deliver sudden hews, stabs wisely.
 
|-
 
| <small></small>
 
| And always restrain yourself<br/>&emsp;So that the opponent does not come before you
 
|-
 
| <small></small>
 
| Then you can stand up well<br/>&emsp;Right before a good man.
 
|}
 
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:MS 3227a 65r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
 
 
|}
 
{{master end}}
 
 
 
{{master begin
 
| title = Sword and Shield/Buckler
 
| width = 60em
 
 
}}
 
}}
{| class="master"
 
|-
 
! <p>{{rating|A}}<br/>by [[Michael Chidester]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a) (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 
  
|-
+
</table>
| class="noline" | <p>{{red|b=1|The fencing with the shield begins here, etc.}}</p>
+
</div>
  
<p>{{red|b=1|W}}hoever wants to learn to fence with the shield or with the buckler must first know…<ref>Text cuts off here, and the rest of the page is blank.</ref></p>
+
<h3 style="display: none;"> Sword and Shield/Buckler </h3>
| class="noline" | {{paget|page:MS 3227a|74r|jpg}}
+
<div id="sword_and_buckler" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
 +
<table class="master">
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th id="SBChidester0"><p>{{rating|A}} (2022)<br/>by [[Michael Chidester]]</p></td>
 +
    <th id="SBNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></td>
 +
  </tr>
  
|}
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row SB}}
{{master end}}
 
  
{{master begin
+
</table>
| title = Staff
+
</div>
| width = 60em
 
}}
 
{| class="master"
 
|-
 
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Betsy Winslow]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a) (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 
  
|-  
+
<h3 style="display: none;"> Staff </h3>
| class="noline" | <p>{{red|b=1|Here begins the fighting with the staff}}</p>
+
<div id="staff" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
 +
<table class="master">
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th id="StWinslow0"><p>{{rating|B}} (2014)<br/>by [[Betsy Winslow]]</p></td>
 +
    <th id="StNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></td>
 +
  </tr>
  
<p>{{red|b=1|W}}ho will learn to fight with the staff he shall first before all know and mark that a staff shall rightly be twelve spans long, and that the fighting with the staff is taken from the sword, and as one fights with the sword so he fights also with the staff; and the principles that there pertain to the sword such as, Before, After, Braveness, Quickness, Cunning, Prudence ect… They pertain also to the staff.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row St}}
| class="noline" | {{paget|page:MS 3227a|78r|jpg}}
 
  
|}
+
</table>
{{master end}}
+
</div>
  
{{master begin
+
<h3 style="display: none;"> Messer </h3>
| title = Messer
+
<div id="messer" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
| width = 60em
+
<table class="master">
}}
+
  <tr>
{| class="master"
+
    <th id="MeStoeppler0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2006)<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p></th>
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p>
+
    <th id="MeNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></td>
! <p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a) (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
+
  </tr>
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Me|1
| <p>{{red|b=1|Here begins the fencing with the langen Messer}}</p>
 
 
 
<p>{{red|b=1|B}}ecause the sword was designed based on the knife, anyone who wants to learn fencing with the long knife should know that the foundation and principles that belong to the sword also belong to the knife.</p>
 
 
| {{paget|Page:MS 3227a|82r|jpg}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS 3227a|82r|jpg}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Me|2
| <p>A man has only two hands, and from the hand he has two strikes from above and also from below. From these come thrusts and cuts with the winding, just as it does with the sword.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And each man has four steps, one forward and one backward and one to each side.</p>
 
 
 
<p>All elements of this are based on this writing, which here explain the foundation and the principles.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|1|lbl=82v}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|1|lbl=82v}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Me|3
| <p>Also know that no part of the knife has been invented and constructed for no reason and you should use and handle everything correctly, as the art demands.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Also, there should be no part or limb of the man be idle and passive when it happens that the art demands to be used.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Me|4
| <p>Also know that the right hand should be the enemy of the left and left be the enemy of the right. And one hand should displace and lead off and the other should do damage.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 +
}}
 +
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Me|5
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 +
}}
  
|-
+
</table>
| class="noline" | <p>Also know that there are two shield steps, which are useful for many fencing techniques:</p>
+
</div>
  
<p>One step backward and one forward and these steps are done by crossing one leg over the other in a slinging or slanting motion.</p>
+
<h3 style="display: none;"> Dagger </h3>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
+
<div id="dagger" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
 +
<table class="master">
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th id="DaStoeppler0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2006)<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p></th>
 +
    <th id="DaNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></td>
 +
  </tr>
  
|}
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|1
{{master end}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|1|lbl=84r}}
 
 
{{master begin
 
| title = Dagger
 
| width = 60em
 
 
}}
 
}}
{| class="master"
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|2
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a) (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|Here begins the fencing with the dagger}}</p>
 
 
 
<p>{{red|W}}hoever wants to learn fencing with the dagger he should note, that the blade should be sharp at the point as it is seen in Alexandria:<ref>Latin passage follows; very difficult.</ref></p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|1|lbl=84r}}
 
 
 
|-  
 
| <p>If the dagger, or the short knife that is used in duelling, is turned against you, wind it from your opponent with an inverse grip of your left hand. So that you grab his arm with your left hand and that his knife comes down over your arm ; then turn his arm and knife around and he will loose it.</p>
 
 
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|3
| <p>Also one may defend this winding with four different methods.<ref>Please note that there are only three methods described against the turning-out.</ref></p>
 
 
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|4
| <p>The first is, when someone tries to grab the knife with the left hand, he should turn the point upwards so that he turns around the knife with an inverse grip with the tip pointing upwards, so one winding is defeated. And then you can do what you want.</p>
 
 
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|5
| <p>The second is, when someone again goes for the knife as above, as soon as he notices this, so pull the knife quickly and strongly back towards himself or push it against him again and cut through his arm, hand or thumb whatever he can get with the pulling and instantly he will be free to thrust again.</p>
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|5|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|1|lbl=84v|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|5|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|1|lbl=84v|p=1}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|6
| <p>If someone wants to defend and then break the second method, so he should follow the hand of the so he may get behind the opponent. However, if he does not follow but holds against with strength, he will sustain damage and the other one will win.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|7
| <p>Also, when he managed to grab and hold the arm or hand with his left hand, so he drive his right hand quickly between his left holding hand and the dagger. And with an inverted grip, so that the thumb faces downwards and the small finger upwards, grab the dagger and turn it out of his hand.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|8
| class="noline" | <p>Now if the adversary is slow with the defending and winding, and as soon as he holds the arm tightly, the he should threaten with the dagger, turn the point against his face and press upon him, just as he would intend to thrust him with brute strength.</p>
+
|  
 
 
<p>Now the adversary will want to defend this quickly; and Indes he should wind or squeeze out the dagger outwards from the adversaries arm or inwards and then quickly go for him again with his dagger to the nearest target. This is possible because when he presses in with his dagger using threatening strength, the adversary will not think about the possible winding out and will not expect it - So he will be fooled.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And this is based on the words Vor and Nach, and it means that someone threatens with one technique just as he would really intend to do it, so the one who wants to defend will be fooled if he is not prepared for the second technique. And then, as soon as the adversary does not expect it, he should rush in with the method he already wanted to do. And with this principle you can deceive many people.</p>
 
| class="noline" |  
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|4|lbl=-|p=1}}{{section|Page:MS 3227a 85r.jpg|1|lbl=85r|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|4|lbl=-|p=1}}{{section|Page:MS 3227a 85r.jpg|1|lbl=85r|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|}
+
</table>
{{master end}}
+
</div>
  
{{master begin
+
<h3 style="display: none;"> Grappling </h3>
| title = Grappling
+
<div id="wrestling" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
| width = 60em
+
<table class="master">
}}
+
  <tr>
{| class="master"
+
    <th id="WrStoeppler0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2006)<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p></th>
|-
+
    <th id="WrNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></td>
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p>
+
  </tr>
! <p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a) (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 
 
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about wrestling}}</p>
 
  
<p>{{red|b=1|W}}hoever wants to learn wrestling, he should note at first that the principles Vor, Nach, speed, courage deceit and wits etc also belong to wrestling. And know that all grace and skill comes from wrestling and all fencing comes basically from the wrestling. At first the fencing with the long knife and from that the fencing with the long swords comes and so on.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|1
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 86r.jpg|1|lbl=86r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 86r.jpg|1|lbl=86r}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|2
| <p>Know that Master Liechtenauers wrestling with its different running-ins and other techniques is difficult and hard to understand because it was his intention that not everyone who reads it can understand it.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|1|lbl=87r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|1|lbl=87r}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|3
| <p>The first technique is good for finding an opportunity how he can be trapped or thrown. Listen what I teach: When he comes running at you so see to it that you bump him off from you to both sides. And practice stepping, bumping and winding so you will find many openings.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And learn the second: Learn to put both legs in front and how to break hands whoever he may grab you: Wind your hands around his so his must slide off, high and low, everywhere.</p>
 
 
 
<p>With this you throw him: When he grabs your shoulders hard, you should do nothing else but put your hands crosswise up from below and grab his and press your hands over his. And as you press pull his hands apart and push them away.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|4
| <p>This is the set-up for six felling techniques by putting one leg in front or not. And if your hands are quick or slow, do it as you wish, it is all the same.</p>
 
 
 
<p>1st follow-up from the break of the grab: The first note, that you may grab around, one hand pressing against his heart and putting one leg in front you will throw him down using your whole body.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|5
| <p>The second is done after the set-up by grabbing the elbow, putting one leg in front and throwing over one leg.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|6
| <p>The third is done after the setup when he has pushed the adversary’s hands high, he should keep pressing, and step in front with one leg, and press forward will all strength while jerking his hands upwards and then pushing them away.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|7
| <p>The fourth is after the grab is broken. Then drive your hand against his face from the front against his nose or chin and drive the other hand behind his back. And then by putting one leg in front you throw him over it.</p>
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|6|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|1|lbl=87v|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|6|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|1|lbl=87v|p=1}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|8
| <p>The fifth is, that you may push him at the chest with one hands and grab his head with the other, and by putting one leg in front you throw him on the head.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|9
| <p>The sixth is, that you may grab him by the elbow and by putting one leg forwards throw him on the side, and press with your hand his to the ground. </p>
 
 
 
<p>Remember that these techniques described above can be done with one leg forward or without, as you wish.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|10
| <p>The seventh is, that you may reach into his arm with your hand and with the other grab his hand and with your feet kick his foot on the other side where you are holding him and so he falls on his face.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Alternatively, you may place your leg behind him so you can throw him on his back and break his arm.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|11
| <p>The eighth is similar to the last one, but he will turn his elbow outward and press it towards the other hand which is in front. And with this shove him to the side.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|12
| <p>[The next sentence /och me was../ does not make any sense.]</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|6|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|6|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|13
| <p>Also note that in all techniques you should put the leg in front on the side from which you want to throw him or with which hand you intend wish to throw him. And in all Techniques, if someone traps you by placing his one of his own legs forward, you should kick it away quickly with your other leg and push quickly upwards with your hands and over his back, so he will fall in all trappings.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|7|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|7|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|14
| <p>Sometimes the most direct method is that you grab him by one hand and leave his other, and by placing one leg in front and turning around with his hand you lean or break him over the leg and so he will fall very hard.</p>
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|8|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|1|lbl=88r|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|8|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|1|lbl=88r|p=1}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|15
| <p>The other set up is also that you push away hands high, and here are nine techniques for this.</p>
 
 
 
<p>It is done this way, when he holds you at your shoulders so put your elbow in his hand on the inside and push his hand away. And do the same with the other hand. After that you may use the nine techniques that have been described before in breaking the arms.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|16
| <p>Now learn how you should break low holds, and there are also two methods.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Learn, If he holds you, so push with your hand against his joint from both sides and upwards. From this break there are also nine techniques.</p>
 
 
 
<p>The second low breaking is when you push hard up into his elbows with your hands and from there you can also use nine techniques as it is written before.</p>
 
 
 
<p>This are now four [breakings].</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|17
| <p>Now learn another four, so that you may break the arms.</p>
 
 
 
<p>If he holds you at the shoulders so you should push your hands away downwards with your elbows and so his hands will come at your head. And pull him towards your side, and take care that you grab his arm joint and that you hold his hand back strongly with your head, and with the other hand push away against his chest so you break his arm.<ref>Alternate description follows, it hopefully should make the method clearer:
 
:If he holds you by the shoulders, and you grab his shoulders from the outside. Then you sling your right arm with the elbow over his left and below his right, and push downwards, so his right arm moves up. Take this arm over your head and secure the grip with your left hand behind your head; and then push against his chest with your right again. This will lead to a painful breaking lock.</ref></p>
 
 
 
<p>If you then place your leg behind him, he will fall very hard.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|18
| <p>The other technique is similar to the last one, except that you strike upwards your hands to wind his away; and so his hand will come under your arm and so you can let him run around you, or you put a foot under him and so he will fall.</p>
 
 
 
<p>The same methods you may use from the other side, so these are also four. Now this would be eight.<ref>This is a partner exercise, similar to one I know in chinese shuai chiao</ref></p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|19
| <p>Now learn if you hold close to his body pressing your head hard against his chest and when he then grabs against his chin with one hand and against the head with his other, so push him away. Then push his hands away by placing one leg forward. Now he might kick away your leg with his foot and your body with his hands. And against this you can defend with your wrestling and with your strength.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|6|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|6|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|20
| <p>Now there are eight breaks described, and from each break nine Techniques. Now learn another four and from these can be done nine as before.</p>
 
 
 
<p>When he grabs you frontally at your chest, so push his hands in yours downwards against your chest as it is written before and from there you also have nine, and this is the first.</p>
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|7|lbl=-|p=1}}  {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|1|lbl=88v|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|7|lbl=-|p=1}}  {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|1|lbl=88v|p=1}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|21
| <p>The second is, as before, pushing with your elbow downwards, winding around his hands so you have nine again.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|22
| <p>The third is pushing upwards against the chest and so you have nine again,</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|23
| <p>And the fourth is pushing upwards with your bone (Elbow/forearm strike) so you have nine.</p>
 
 
 
<p>So you have twelve breaks with nine techniques each.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|24
| <p>Note, with this lock or pressing you may move someone away from you. Wherever he tries to hold you, at the sleeve, at the hand, at the sleeve at your elbow joint, or with one hand at the chest or anywhere else – you may drive him away with he same strike and winding around. And after that you may push him as you wish so that he may neither get to you nor that he may lay hand upon you anywhere on your body.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|25
| <p>Learn another running in, when he leaps towards you, and you have placed a leg into his path, he may avoid you with another leap, grabbing your leg with one hand and pushing against your chest with the other so you are going to fall onto your head – and this is another technique – As soon as he goes for your leg, pull it quickly backwards and pull him with it so he falls onto his face.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|6|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|6|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|26
| <p>Learn another principle. If he leaps at you, so he may grab you around the body under your arms and by stepping further with his leg he will throw you on your back fairly hard. And this counters it: As soon as he reaches around you, quickly fall to your side, and this is the fast (buesse) for wrestling.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|7|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|7|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|27
| class="noline" | <p>Learn the third principle if he leaps or steps at you so that may reach you with his both hands frontally at the chest, and then falls down, pulling you over himself by jumping with his feet against you so that you get thrown away very hard, this is the counter: As soon as he grabs you, let yourself drop on him quickly and follow him, so he may not do anything against you.</p>
+
|  
| class="noline" |  
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|8|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 89r.jpg|1|lbl=89r|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|8|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 89r.jpg|1|lbl=89r|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
 
+
</table>
|}
+
</div>
{{master end}}
 
  
 
{{master begin
 
{{master begin
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}}
 
}}
 
For further information, including transcription and translation notes, see the [[Talk:{{PAGENAME}}|discussion page]].
 
For further information, including transcription and translation notes, see the [[Talk:{{PAGENAME}}|discussion page]].
 
+
<!--https://www.thearma.org/Manuals/dobringer.html-->
 
<section begin="sourcebox"/>{{sourcebox header}}
 
<section begin="sourcebox"/>{{sourcebox header}}
 +
{{sourcebox
 +
| work        = Translation (13v - 65r, 74r)
 +
| authors    = [[translator::Michael Chidester]]
 +
| source link =
 +
| source title= Wiktenauer
 +
| license    = noncommercial
 +
}}
 
{{sourcebox
 
{{sourcebox
 
  | work        = Translation (13v - 65r)
 
  | work        = Translation (13v - 65r)
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}}
 
}}
 
{{sourcebox
 
{{sourcebox
  | work        = Translation (74r)
+
  | work        = Translation (13v - 65r, 82r - 89v)
  | authors    = [[translator::Michael Chidester]]
+
  | authors    = [[translator::Thomas Stoeppler]]
 +
| source link =
 +
| source title= Private communication
 +
| license    = copyrighted
 +
}}
 +
{{sourcebox
 +
| work        = Translation (13v - 40r)
 +
| authors    = [[translator::David Lindholm]]
 
  | source link =  
 
  | source link =  
 
  | source title= Wiktenauer
 
  | source title= Wiktenauer
  | license    = noncommercial
+
  | license    = copyrighted
 
}}
 
}}
 
{{sourcebox
 
{{sourcebox
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  | source title= Wiktenauer
 
  | source title= Wiktenauer
 
  | license    = noncommercial
 
  | license    = noncommercial
}}
 
{{sourcebox
 
| work        = Translation (82r - 89v)
 
| authors    = [[translator::Thomas Stoeppler]]
 
| source link =
 
| source title= Private communication
 
| license    = copyrighted
 
 
}}
 
}}
 
{{sourcebox
 
{{sourcebox
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== Additional Resources ==
 
== Additional Resources ==
  
* Alderson, Keith. “Arts and Crafts of War: ''die Kunst des Schwerts'' in its Manuscript Context”. ''Can The Bones Come to Life? Insights from Reconstruction, Reenactment, and Re-creation'' '''1''': 24-29. Wheaton, IL: [[Freelance Academy Press]], 2014. ISBN 978-1-937439-13-2
+
* Alderson, Keith. “Arts and Crafts of War: ''die Kunst des Schwerts'' in its Manuscript Context.''Can The Bones Come to Life? Insights from Reconstruction, Reenactment, and Re-creation'' '''1''': 24-29. Wheaton, IL: [[Freelance Academy Press]], 2014. ISBN 978-1-937439-13-2
* Burkart, Eric. “The Autograph of an Erudite Martial Artist: A Close Reading of Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Hs. 3227a”. ''Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books. Transmission and Tradition of Martial Arts in Europe'': 451-480. Ed. Daniel Jaquet, et al. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2016. {{doi|10.1163/9789004324725_017}}
 
 
* Burkart, Eric. “The Autograph of an Erudite Martial Artist: A Close Reading of Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Hs. 3227a.” ''Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books. Transmission and Tradition of Martial Arts in Europe'': 451-480. Ed. Daniel Jaquet, et al. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2016. ISBN 978-9004312418
 
* Burkart, Eric. “The Autograph of an Erudite Martial Artist: A Close Reading of Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Hs. 3227a.” ''Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books. Transmission and Tradition of Martial Arts in Europe'': 451-480. Ed. Daniel Jaquet, et al. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2016. ISBN 978-9004312418
* Burkart, Eric (in German). “Informationsverarbeitung durch autographe Notizen: Die ältesten Aufzeichnungen zur Kampfkunst des Johannes Liechtenauer als Spuren einer Aneignung praktischen Wissens.” 2020. {{doi|10.26012/mittelalter-25866}}
+
* Burkart, Eric (in German). “Informationsverarbeitung durch autographe Notizen: Die ältesten Aufzeichnungen zur Kampfkunst des Johannes Liechtenauer als Spuren einer Aneignung praktischen Wissens.” 2020. {{doi|10.26012/mittelalter-25866}}{{doi|10.1163/9789004324725_017}}
 +
* Cabreira, Diniz (in Portuguese). ''Há Uma Única Arte da Espada (GNM HS 3227a)''. Santiago de Compostela: [[AGEA Editora]], 2018. ISBN 978-84-948682-6-9
 
* [[Michael Chidester|Chidester, Michael]]. ''The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a.'' Somerville, MA: [[HEMA Bookshelf]], 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-13-7
 
* [[Michael Chidester|Chidester, Michael]]. ''The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a.'' Somerville, MA: [[HEMA Bookshelf]], 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-13-7
 
* [[Michael Chidester|Chidester, Michael]] and [[Dierk Hagedorn|Hagedorn, Dierk]]. ''“The Foundation and Core of All the Arts of Fighting”: The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a.'' Somerville, MA: [[HEMA Bookshelf]], 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-05-2
 
* [[Michael Chidester|Chidester, Michael]] and [[Dierk Hagedorn|Hagedorn, Dierk]]. ''“The Foundation and Core of All the Arts of Fighting”: The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a.'' Somerville, MA: [[HEMA Bookshelf]], 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-05-2
* [[Albrecht Dürer|Dürer, Albrecht]] and [[Karl Wassmannsdorff|Wassmannsdorff, Karl]]. {{Google books|hb1AAAAAcAAJ|Die Ringkunst des deutschen Mittelalters}}. Liepzig: Priber, 1870.
+
* [[Albrecht Dürer|Dürer, Albrecht]] and [[Karl Wassmannsdorff|Wassmannsdorff, Karl]] (in German). {{Google books|hb1AAAAAcAAJ|Die Ringkunst des deutschen Mittelalters}}. Liepzig: Priber, 1870.
* Verelst, Karin. "Finding a Way through the Labyrinth: Some Methodological Remarks on Critically Editing the Fight Book Corpus". ''Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books. Transmission and Tradition of Martial Arts in Europe'': 117-188. Ed. Daniel Jaquet, Karin Verelst, and Timothy Dawson. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2016. {{doi|10.1163/9789004324725_008}}
+
* Hammer, Maciej. ''Tłumaczenie traktatu szermierczego zawartego w rękopisie Nürnberger Handschrift 3227a z wyszczególnieniem trudności zaistniałych podczas przekładu'' [unpublished thesis]. Uniwersytet Jagielloński Wydział Filologiczny, 2015.
* [[Ondrej Vodicka|Vodička, Ondřej]]. “Origin of the oldest German Fencing Manual Compilation (GNM Hs. 3227a)”. ''Waffen- und Kostümkunde'' '''61'''(1): 87-108, 2019.
+
* [[Christian Henry Tobler|Tobler, Christian Henry]]. ''Lance, Spear, Sword, & Messer: A German Medieval Martial Arts Miscellany''. Wheaton, IL: [[Freelance Academy Press]], 2022. ISBN 978-1-937439-64-4
 +
* [[Ondrej Vodicka|Vodička, Ondřej]]. “Origin of the oldest German Fencing Manual Compilation (GNM Hs. 3227a).” ''Waffen- und Kostümkunde'' '''61'''(1): 87-108, 2019.
 
* [[Jay Acutt|Wallhausen, James]]. ''Knightly Martial Arts: An Introduction to Medieval Combat Systems''. Self-published, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4457-3736-2
 
* [[Jay Acutt|Wallhausen, James]]. ''Knightly Martial Arts: An Introduction to Medieval Combat Systems''. Self-published, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4457-3736-2
* [[Rainer Welle|Welle, Rainer]]. ''"...und wisse das alle höbischeit kompt von deme ringen". Der Ringkampf als adelige Kunst im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert.'' Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1993. ISBN 3-89085-755-8
+
* [[Rainer Welle|Welle, Rainer]] (in German). ''...und wisse das alle höbischeit kompt von deme ringen”. Der Ringkampf als adelige Kunst im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert.'' Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1993. ISBN 3-89085-755-8
 
* [[Grzegorz Żabiński|Żabiński, Grzegorz]]. “Unarmored Longsword Combat by Master Liechtenauer via Priest Döbringer.” ''Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts'': 59-116. Ed. Jeffrey Hull. Boulder, CO: [[Paladin Press]], 2008. ISBN 978-1-58160-668-3
 
* [[Grzegorz Żabiński|Żabiński, Grzegorz]]. “Unarmored Longsword Combat by Master Liechtenauer via Priest Döbringer.” ''Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts'': 59-116. Ed. Jeffrey Hull. Boulder, CO: [[Paladin Press]], 2008. ISBN 978-1-58160-668-3
  

Revision as of 04:53, 28 November 2022

Here begins Master Liechtenauer's art of fencing
Hie hebt sich an meister lichtenawers kunst des fechtens
Author(s) Unknown
Ascribed to Pseudo-Hans Döbringer
Date before 1495
Genre
Language Early New High German
Manuscript(s) MS 3227a
First Printed
English Edition
Żabiński, 2008
Translations

"Pseudo-Hans Döbringer" is a nickname given to an anonymous 15th century German fencing master.[1] At some point in the 15th century (or possibly the last decade of the 14th), he dictated a gloss on and expansion of the teachings of the grand master Johannes Liechtenauer, including the only biographical details of the master yet discovered; it is even speculated that he was personally acquainted with Liechtenauer, who was still alive at the time of the writing.[2] These comments were written into MS 3227a, a commonplace book, by an equally unknown scribe.

Textual History

The writings of Pseudo-Hans Döbringer were never completed and exists in only one manuscript. It is the work of a single scribe, and Ondřej Vodička indicates that it was probably dictated directly to the scribe by the (anonymous) author.

It was written in at least three distinct phases. First, the author dictated the Recital, and the scribe left blank pages between each segment for commentary (ranging from a half page to five and half); this pass probably included most of the extra verses that he added to Liechtenauer's Recital. In the second pass, the author commented on about half of the verses in the long sword gloss. He also dictated the initial paragraph of each of the other weapon sections in the first or second phase. In the third phase, the author went back and began revising the commentary that he'd already written (for unknown reasons), inserting extra notes and dramatically expanding the common lesson. He also expanded messer, dagger, and wrestling sections.

At this point, the manuscript was apparently abandoned in its half-finished state and the scribe filled the remaining blank pages with unrelated writings. He didn't fill in the gaps inside the fencing sections, though, so perhaps there was an expectation that the author would return to it.

Modern HEMA

The first transcription of the fencing sections in MS 3227a were completed in 2001 by Grzegorz Żabiński and posted on ARMA-PL. This was the foundation of the first translations.

In 2005, David Lindholm ("and friends") completed the first English translation of the long sword and posted in on the ARMA site. A second English translation, including all fencing sections this time, was completed in 2006 by Thomas Stoeppler; he intended to contribute it to a never-realized book with a complete translation of MS 3227a and thus never released it publicly until he donated it to Wiktenauer in 2013. The first Spanish translation of the long sword was also completed in 2006 by Francisco Uribe (based on Lindholm's English) and posted on esgrimahistorica.cl; the first French translation of the long sword was completed in 2007 by an anonymous author and posted on the ARDAMHE site.

In 2008, Żabiński's English translation of the long sword was published by Paladin Press, along with his transcription, as “Unarmored Longsword Combat by Master Liechtenauer via Priest Döbringer” in Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts. 2008 also saw a new transcription of the fencing teachings in 3227a by Dierk Hagedorn for his site Hammaborg, and a German modernization of the long sword by Bertram Koch which was posted on Lupi-venaritis. Hagedorn's transcription formed the basis of Francesco Lanza's subsequent Italian translation, which he posted on a blog called “Hanko Döbringer in Italiano” from 2009-11.

A fourth, highly-experimental English translation was self-published by Jay Acutt in 2010 (under the pen name James Wallhausen) as Knightly Martial Arts: An Introduction to Medieval Combat Systems.

Since Stoeppler's translation was missing the sword and buckler and staff sections, they were filled in by Michael Chidester and Betsy Winslow (respectively) in 2013. In 2017, Christian Trosclair authored a fifth translation of the long sword (as part of his ongoing project to translate the entire Liechtenauer tradition) which he donated it to Wiktenauer.

The first Polish translation was authored by Maciej Hammer and submitted to the Uniwersytet Jagielloński as part of his master's thesis in 2015. In 2018, Diniz Cabrera completed the first Portuguese translation, which was published by AGEA Editora in Há Uma Única Arte da Espada (GNM HS 3227a). That same year, Ondřej Vodička released a third transcription of the fencing portions of 3227a.

Michael Chidester released a sixth English translation as a free download on Wiktenauer in 2020. Then in 2021, revised versions of Dierk Hagedorn's transcription and Michael Chidester's translation were published by HEMA Bookshelf as “The Foundation and Core of All the Arts of Fighting”: The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a; an abbreviated edition containing only the translation was also published. This translation was donated to Wiktenauer in 2022.

Most recently, Christian Henry Tobler's English translation of the wrestling section was published by Freelance Academy Press in Lance, Spear, Sword, & Messer: A German Medieval Martial Arts Miscellany in 2022.

Treatise

Select one or more fencing styles using the checkboxes below to view the associated treatises.

The number in brackets at the beginning of each translation box is a paragraph number assigned by Wiktenauer; clicking it will take you to the translation page. The numbers in brackets in the transcription with an "r" or "v" are manuscript folio numbers; clicking them will take you to original page scan with the transcription alongside for comparison.

Introduction

Translations

Complete Translation Complete translation (2022) by Michael Chidester

Draft Translation Draft translation (2022) by Christian Trosclair

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006) by Thomas Stoeppler

Draft Translation Draft translation (2005) by David Lindholm

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Long Sword

Translations

Complete Translation Complete translation (2022) by Michael Chidester

Draft Translation Draft translation (2022) by Christian Trosclair

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006) by Thomas Stoeppler

Draft Translation Draft translation (2005) by David Lindholm

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Summary of the Long Sword

Translations

Complete Translation Complete translation (2022) by Michael Chidester

Draft Translation Draft translation (2022) by Christian Trosclair

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006) by Thomas Stoeppler

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Sword and Buckler

Translations

Featured Translation Featured translation (2022) by Michael Chidester

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Staff

Translations

Complete Translation Complete translation (2014) by Betsy Winslow

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Messer

Translations

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006) by Thomas Stoeppler

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Dagger

Translations

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006) by Thomas Stoeppler

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Grappling

Translations

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006) by Thomas Stoeppler

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Introduction

Complete Translation Complete translation (2022)
by Michael Chidester

Draft Translation Draft translation (2022)
by Christian Trosclair

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006)
by Thomas Stoeppler

Draft Translation Draft translation (2005)
by David Lindholm

Nuremberg Version (1400s) [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

[13v] HIe hebt sich an meister lichtenawers kunst des fechtens mit deme swerte czu fusse vnd czu rosse / blos vnd yn harnüsche / Vnd vor allen dingn vnd sachen / saltu merken vnd wissen / das nür eyne kunst ist des swertes / vnd dy mag vor manchen hvndert Jaren seyn fvnden vnd irdocht / vnd dy ist eyn grunt vnd kern aller künsten des fechtens / Vnd dy hat meister lichtnawer gancz vertik vnd gerecht gehabt vnd gekunst / Nicht das her sy selber haben fvnden vnd irdocht / als vor ist geschreben / Sonder / her hat manche lant / durchfaren vnd gesucht / durch der selben rechtvertigen vnd warhaftigen unst wille / das her dy io irvaren vnd wissen wolde / Vnd dy selbe kunst ist ernst gancz vnd rechtvertik / Vnd get of das aller neheste vnd kors körtzste / slecht vnd gerade czu / Recht zam wen eyner eynen hawen ader stechen welde / vnd das man im denne eynen vadem ader snure an seynen ort ader sneyde des swertes bünde / vnd leytet aber czöge den selben ort ader sneide off ienes blössen / [14r] den her hawen ader stechen selde / noch dem aller nehesten · kortzsten · vnd endlichsten / als man das nür dar bregen mochte / wen das selbe rechtvertige vechten / wil nicht hobisch vnd weislich paryren haben / vnd weit vmbefechten / mit deme sich lewte mochten lassen vnd vorzümen / Als man noch manche leychmeistere vindet dy do sprechen / das sy selber newe kunst vinden vnd irdenken vnd meynen das sich dy kunst des fechtens von tage czu tage besser vnd mere / Aber ich wölde gerne eynen sehn der do / möchte nür eyn gefechte / ader eynen haw / irdenken vnd tuen / der do nicht aus lichtnawers kunst gynge / Nür das sy ofte eyn gefechte vorwandeln vnd vorkeren wöllen / mit deme / das sy im newe namen gebe/ itzlicher noch seyme hawpte / Vnd das sy weit vmbefechten vnd paryrn irdenken / vnd oft vör eynen haw / czwene ader dreye tuen / nür durch wolstehens wille / do von sy von den unvorstendigen gelobt wollen werden / mit dem höbschen paryrn vnd weit vmbefechten / als sy sich veyntlich stellen / vnd weite vnd lange hewe dar brengen / lanksam vnd trege / mit deme sy sich gar sere vorhawen [14v] vnd zeümen / vnd sich auch do mite vaste blos gebe/ wen sy keyne mosse yn irem fechten nicht haben / vnd das gehört doch nicht czu ernstem fechten / zonder czu schulvechten durch vbunge vnd gebrawchunge wille mochte is wol eczwas gut seyn / Aber ernste vechten wil risch slecht vnd gar gerade dar gehen / an alles lassen vnd zümenüss / zam noch eyner snuren / ader zam itzlichs besunder gemessen vnd gewegen were / wen sal eyner eynen slaen ader stechen / der do vor im stet / zo hilft in io keyn slag ader stich / vor sich vn ader hindersich / ader neben sich / noch keynerley weitvechten / ader vil hewe / das mit eyme möchte enden / mit deme her sich zümet vnd last / das her dy schantcze vorsleft / Sonder her mus io / slecht vnd gleich czu hawen / czum manne / czu kop / ader czu leibe / noch dem aller nehesten / vnd schiresten als her in nür gehaben mag vnd irreichen / v/risch vnd snelle vnd liber mit eyme slage wen mit viern ader sechen mit deme her sich möchte lassen / vnd das iener leichte e queme denne her / wen der vorslag / eyn gros vorteil ist / of deme vechten / als du es als hernoch wirst horen yn dem texte / Do nennet lichtnawer / nür fümff hewe / mit andern stöcken / dy do nütcze seyn czu erstem vechten / vnd leret dy noch [15r.1] rechter kunst slecht vnd gerade dar brengen noch dem aller nehesten uvnd schiresten / als mag is nür dar komen / Vnd lest alles trummel werk / vnd new fvnden hewe vnderwegen / von den leichmeistere / Dy doch gruntlich aus syner kunst dar komen /

[15r.3]  Auch wisse das eyn guter fechter sal vör allen sachen syn swert gewisse vnd sicher füren vnd fassen / mit beiden henden / czwischen gehilcze vnd lac klos / wen alzo helt her das swert vil sicher / den das hers bey dem klosse vasset mit eyner hant / vnd slet auch vil harter vnd sürer / alzo / wen der klos öberwirft sich vnd swenkt sich noch dem slage das der slag vil harter / dar kumpt / den das her das swert mit dem klosse vasset / wen alzo / czöge her den slag / mit dem klosse weder / das her nicht zo voelkömlich vnd zo stark möchte dar komen / Wen das swert [15v.1] ist recht zam eyn woge / den ist eyn swert gros vnd swer / zo mus der klos auch dornoch swer syn / recht zam noch eyner wogen

[15v.4]  Vnd was eyner redlichs wil treiben czu schimpfe / ader czu ernste / das sal her eyme vor den ogen / fremde vnd vorworren machen / das iener nicht merkt was deser keyn im meynt czutreiben / [16r.1] Vnd als bald wenn her denne czu im kumpt vnd dy moße also czu im hat das in dünkt her welle in nu wol haben vnd irreichen / zo sal her kunlich czu im hurten vnd varen / snelle vnd risch / czu koppe ader czu leibe / her treffe ader vele / vnd sal io den vorslag gewynnen / vnd ienen mit nichte lassen czu(n?) dingen komen / als du bas hernoch wirst hören yn der gemeynen lere etc

Long Sword Gloss

Complete Translation Complete translation (2022)
by Michael Chidester[27]

Draft Translation Draft translation (2022)
by Christian Trosclair

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006)
by Thomas Stoeppler

Draft Translation Draft translation (2005)
by David Lindholm

Nuremberg Version (1400s) [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

[18v] Das ist eyne gemeyne lere des swertes

wWIltu kunst schawen ·
sich link gen vnd recht mete hawen ·
Vnd link mit rechten
is das du stark gerest fechten ·
Wer noch get hewen ·
der darf sich kunst kleyne frewen ·
haw nu was du wilt ·
keyn wechsler kawm an dich schild/
{Haw nicht czum swerte
zonder / stets der bloße warte /}
Czu koppe czu leibe ·
dy czecken do nicht vormeide /
Mit ganczem leibe ·
ficht was du stark gerest treiben /
Höer was do slecht ist ·
ficht nicht oben link zo du recht pist /
Vnd ob du link pist /
ym rechten auch sere hinkest /
So vicht io liber ·
von oben recht linkischen nider /
Vor · noch · dy czwey dink ·
syn allen kunsten eyn orsprink /
Swach · vnde · sterke ·
Indes · das wort mete merke /
So machstu leren ·
mit / vnd erb / kunst vnd erbeit dich weren /
Irschrikstu gerne ·
keyn fechten nymmer lerne /
Kunheit vnd rischeit ·
vorsichtikeit list vnd klugheit / /
†† {Vornunft verborgenheit /
moße bevorbetrachtunge / hobsheit / fetikeit /}
Wil fechten haben ·
vnd frölichs gemüte tragen

Glosa generalis huius sequitur / Von allerersten merke vnd wisse / das der ort des swertes · ist das czentrum vnd das mittel vnd der kern · des swertes · aus deme alle gefechte gen / vnd weder / yn in komen · So sint dy hengen / vnd dy winden / synt dy anhenge vnd dy vmlewfe des czentrums vnd des kerns [19r.1] aus den auch / gar vil guter stöcke des fechtens komen / vnd sint dorvm fvnden vnd irdocht / das eyn fechter / der da gleich czum orte czu hewt ader sticht / nicht wol allemal treffen mak / das der mit den selben stöcken / hawende stechende ader sneydende / mit abe / vnd czutreten / vnd mit vmbeschreiten ader springen eynen treffen mag / vnd ab eyner syn ort des swertes / mit schißen ader mit voltreten / vorlewst ader vorlengt / zo mag her in mit winden ader abetreten / weder / irlengen vnd / ynbrengen vnd körczen / alzo das her weder yn gewisse stöcke vnd gesetze kümpt des fechtens / aus den her hewe stiche ader snete brengen mag / wen noch lychtnawers kunst / zo komen aus allen gefechten vnd gesetze des f der kunst des swertes / hewe stiche vnd snete / als man wirt hernoch hören / wy eyn stöcke vnd gesetze aus dem andern kumpt / vnd wy sich eyns aus dem andern macht / ab eyns wirt geweret / das daz ander treffe vnd vorgank habe

[19r.2]  Czu dem andern mal merke vnd wisse / daz keyn dink an dem swerte / vmbe züst funden vnd irdocht ist / zvnder eyn fechter / den ort / beide sneiden · gehilcze · klos / vnd als das am swerte ist / nütczen sal / noch dem [19v.1] als itzlieichs syn sönderleichs gesetze hat yn der kunst des fechtens / noch dem als dy Übunge hat vnd findert / als du itzlichs besvnder hernoch wirst sehen vnd hören /

[20r.2]  Mit deme worte · Vor · meynt her das eyn itzlicher guter fechter / sal alle mal den vorslag haben vnd gewinnen /  {her treffe ader vele / als lichnawer / spricht / Haw dreyn vnd hurt dar / rawsche hin trif ader la var} wenne her czu / eyme gehet ader lewft / als balde als her nur siet / das her in mit eynem schrete / ader mit eynem sprunge / dirreichen mag / wo her denne indert in blos siet / do sal her hin varn / mit frewden / czu koppe ader czu leibe / künlich an alle vorchte wo her in am gewisten gehaben mag / alzo das her ia den vorslag gewinne / is tu ieme wol ader we · vnd sal auch mit dem / in synen schreten gewisse sein / vnd sal dy haben recht zam gemessen / das her nicht czu korcz ader czu lank schreite / wen her nü den vorslag / tuet / trift her zo volge her dem treffen vaste / noch · weret · her aber iener den vorslag alzo das her im den vorslag / is sy haw ader stich mit syme swerte / abeweiset vnd leitet / Dy weile her denne ieme noch / an syme swerte ist / mit deme als her wirt abe geweist / von der blößen / der her geremet / hat / zo sal her gar eben fülen vnd merken [20v.1] ab iener in syme abeleiten vnd schützen der hewe ader stiche / an syme swerte / weich ader herte / swach ader stark / sey / Ist denne das her nü wol fület / wy iener in syme geferte ist / Is das iener stark vnd herte ist / Indes / das hers nü genczlich merkt vnd fület / zo sal her ader Indes ader vnderdez das sich iener zo schützt / weich vnd swach dirweder syn / vnd in dem selben / ·· den / das iener czu keyme slage kome / zo sal her denne den nochslag tuen / das ist / das her czu hant / dy weile sich iener schützt vnd sich des vorslags weret / is sy haw ader stich zo sal her ander gefechte vnd stöcke hervör süchen / mit den her aber czu synen blößen hurt vnd rawschet / alzo dis her vmmermer in bewegunge vnd in berürunge sy · das her ienen als irre / vnd betawbet mache / das iener mit syme schützen vnd weren / alzo vil czu schaffen habe / das her / der schützer / czu syner slege / keyne komen mag / wen eyner der sich sal schützen / vnd der slege warnemen / der ist alle mal in grösser var / denne der /· der da slet of in / denne her mus ia dy slege weren / ader mus sich laen treffen / daz her selber mülich / czu slage mag komen / Dorvm spricht lichtnawer / Ich sage vorware · sich schutzt keyn man ane vare / Hastu vornomen · czu slage mag her kleyne komen / Tustu anders noch den fünff wörtern / of dy dese rede gar get / vnd alles fechten

[21r.3]  Czewt sich iener ab / als sy nü vor mit eynnander an dy swert sint komen / vnd dy orter keyn eynnander recken / czu den blossen / E denne sich / denne iener keyns haws ader stichs / of eyn news weder [21v.1] irholen mag mit syme abeczihen · zo hat im deser czu hant / mit syme orte noch gevolget / mit eynem guten stiche czu der brost / ader söst vorne czu wo her in am schiresten vnd nehesten getreffen mag / alzo das im iener mit nichte / ane schaden von dem swerte mag komen / wenn deser hat io / czu hant mit syme nochvolgen / neher czu ieme / mit dem als her synen ort / vor / an dem swerte gestalt hat keyn ieme / noch dem aller nehesten vnd körczsten / wenn das iener mit syme abeczihen / of / eyn news solde hewe ader stiche / weit vmbe / dar brengen / alzo mag io deser alle mal ·· czu dem nochslage ader stiche komen / ·· denne iener czu dem ersten / Vnd das meynt lichtnawer mit dem worte / noch / wenn eyner im den vorslag hat getan / zo sal her czu hant an vnderloz / of der selben vart den nochslag / tuen / vnd sal vmmermer in bewegunge / vnd in rürunge syn / vnd vmmmer eyns noch dem andern treibe/ ab ym das erste vele / das daz ander das dritte ader daz vierde treffe / vnd io ienen nicht lasse czu keyme slage komen / Wen keyn / mag grosser vorteil of fechten haben / den der nach der lere / deser fünff / wörter tuet /

[21v.3]  Ist denne das deser merkt vnd fület / das iener stark herte vnd veste an dem swerte ist / vnd desen / nü meynt syn swert hin dringen · zo sal deser denne swach vnd weich dirweder syn / vnd sal syner sterke weichen vnd stat geben / vnd sal im syn swert / hin lassen preln vnd wer varn / mit syn dringen daz her tuet / vnd deser sal denne syn swert snelle [22r.1] lassen abegleiten · vnd abeczihen / balde vnd risch · vnd sal snelle dar varn keyn synen blossen / czu koppe ader czu leibe / wo / mit hewen stichen vnd sneten / wo her nür / am nehesten vnd schiresten mag czu komen / wen e · herter vnd ·· sürer iener dringt vnd druckt mit syme swerte / vnd deser denne swach vnd weich dirweder ist · vnd syn swert lest abegleiten / vnd im alzo weicht / ·· verrer vnd ·· weiter denne ieme syn swert wek prelt · das her denne gar blos wirt / vnd das in denne deser noch wonsche mag treffen vnd rüren / ·· denne her sich selber / keyns haws ader stichs irholen mag /

[22r.3]  Is das her stark wirt weder an dem swerte / vnd desem syn swert abeweiset vnd den stich weret / also das her desen syn swert vaste hin dringt / zo sal deser aber swach vnd weich dirweder werden / vnd sal syn swert lassen abegleiten / vnd im weichen / vnd syne blossen rischlichen süchen / mit hewen stichen ader mit sneten wy her nür mag · Vnd das meynt lichtnawer / mit desen wörter / · weich · vnd herte / vnd das get of dy auctori=[22v.1] tas / als aristotyles spricht in libro peryarmenias · Opposita iuxta se posita · magis elucescun/ vel / opposita oppositis amantur / Swach weder stark / herte weder weich / et equatur / Denne solde stark weder stark syn / zo gesigt allemal der sterker / · dorvm get lichtnawer fechten noch rechter vnd worhaftiger kunst dar / das eyn swacher mit syner kunst vnd list / als schire gesigt / mit / als eyn starker mit syner sterke / worvm were anders kunst /

[23r.2] Das ist von deme Czornhawe etc ~

wDEr dir oberhawet ·
czornhaw ort deme drewet /
Wirt her is gewar ·
nym is oben ab / ane vaer /
Pis sterker / weder
wint / stich / siet her is / nym is neder /
Das eben merke ·
hewe · stiche · leger weich · ader herte /
Indes vnd · vor · noch ·
ane hurt deme krige sey nicht goch /
wes der krig remet ·
oben / neden wirt her beschemet /
In allen winden /·
hewe · stiche · snete · lere finden /
Auch saltu mete ·
prüfen hewe stiche ader snete /
In allen treffen /·
den meistern wiltu sie effen /
Haw nicht czum swerte ·
zonder stets der blößen warte /
Czu koppe czu leibe ·
wiltu an schaden bleyben /
du trefts ader ader velest ·
zo trachte das du der blossen remest
* {In aller lere /
den ort / keyn den blößen kere /
Wer weit vmbe hewet /
der wirt oft sere bescheme[t]
Off das aller neste /
brenge hewe stiche dar gew[isse?]
Vnd salt auch io schreiten /
eyme czu der rechten seiten /
[So magstu mit gewynne][94]
fechtens ader ringens begynnen/

Glosa Hie merke vnd wisse das lichtnawer / eyn öberhaw slecht von der achsel / heisset den czornhaw / Den eyn wen eym itzlichem in syme grymme vnd czorne [23v.1] zo ist im keyn haw als bereit / als der selbe oberhaw slecht von der achsel / czum manne / Dorüm meynt lichtnawer / Wenn dir eyner czu hewt / mit eym obirhaw / zo salt du keyn im weder hawen den czornhaw / alzo das du mit dyme ort vaste keyn im schisset / wert her dir dyn ort / zo czewch balde oben ab / vnd var czu der andern syten dar / syns swerts · wert her dir daz aber / zo bis harte vnd stark im swerte / vnd wind / vnd stich balde vnd kunlich / wert her dir den / stich / zo smeis vnd haw balde vnden czu / wo du trifst / czun beynen / alzo das du vmmermer eyns noch dem andern treibest / das iener nicht czu slage kome / Vnd dy vorgesprochen wörter · vor · noch · Indes · swach · stark / vnd · hewe · stiche · vnd · snete · der saltu czu male wol gedenken / vnd mit nichte vorgessen in deme gefechte

[23v.4] Auch wisse das nur czwene hewe seyn aus den alle ander hewe[99] wy dy komen wy dy vmmer genant mögen werdn / das [24r.1] das ist der öberhaw · vnd der vnderhaw / von beiden seiten · dy sint dy hawpt hewe vnd grunt aller ander hewe / wy wol dy selben vrsachlich vnd gruntlich / auch komen aus dem orte des swertes / der do ist der kern vnd das czentrum aller andern stocke / als das wol vor ist geschrebn # {vnd}} aus den selben hewen komen dy vier vorsetczen von beiden seiten / mit den man alle hewe vnd stiche ader leger / letzt vnd bricht / vnd aus den man auch yn dy vier hengen kumpt / aus den man[100] wol kunst treiben mag / als man hernoch wirt horen} Vnd wy eyn man nur ficht / zo sal io allemal den ort keyn eyns gesichte / ader brust keren / zo mus sich iener alleczeit besorgen · das her icht · e kome wenn her · wen her io neher czu im hat wenn iener /


[27v.2]  Vnd wen eyner üm synen hals sölde fechten · So solde her schaffen / mit her der vorgeschreben [28r] lere / das her mit eyme guten twerhawe den vorslag / gewunn· wen her mit eyme czu ginge als balde als her irkente / das her ienen dir reichen mochte / mit eynem schrete ader spronge das her denne dar placzte / mit eyme twerhaw oben von der rechten seiten / mit der hindern sneiden ieme gleich oben czu hawpte czu / vnd sal den ort lassen schiessen / vnd sal gar wol tweren das sich der ort wol lenke / vnd winde / ader gorte vm iens hawpt / zam eyn rime / we denne wen eyner wol tweret / mit eyme guten ausschrete ader spronge / zo mag sichs iener mülich schutzen / ader abewende/ Vnd wenn her denne den vorslag alzo gewint mit dem twerhaw her treffe / czu der eynen seyten / her treffe ader vele · zo sal her denne als balde in eyme rawsche immediate an vnderloz / den nochslag gewinnen / mit dem twerhaw czu der andern seiten / mit der vördern sneiden / ·· den sich iener keyns slags ader ichsichcz irhole / noch der vorgeschreben lere / Vnd sal denne twern czu beiden seiten / czum ochsen vnd czum pfluge / das ist / czu den obern blössen vnd czu den vnder/ von eyner seiten of dy ander / vnden vnd oben / vmmermer / an vnderloz / alzo das her vmermer in motu sey vnd ienen nicht losse czu slage komen / vnd als oft / als her eynen twerhaw tuet oben ader vnden / zo sal her io wol tweren / vnd das swert oben dy twer / wol vor syn hawpt / werfen / das her wol bedekt sey /


[37r] Das ist von hengen / ffecht° daz lere / etc

cCZwey hengen werden ·
aus eyner hant von der erden /
In allen / ·geferten /
hewe · stiche · leger · weich ader herte /
Sprechfenster mache ·
stant frölich sich syne sache /Sch /
Slach · das her snabe ·
wer vor dir zich czewt abe /
Ich sage vor ware /
sich schützt keyn man ane vare /
Hastu vornomen ·
czu slage mag her kleyne komen /
Is das du bleibest ·
am swerte da mete auch treibest /
Hewe stiche ader snete ·
das fülen merke mete /
An alles vorczhczihen ·
vom swerte du // auch nicht salt flien /
wen meister gefechte /
ist am swerte von rechte /
wer an dich bindet ·
krik mit im sere ringet /
Das edle winden ·
kan in auch schire vinden /
Mit hewen mit stichen
mit sneten vindest in werlichen /
In allen winden
hewe stiche snete saltu vinden /
Das edle hengen /
wil nicht syn an dy winden
wen aus den hengen ·
saltu dy winden brengen /

Glosa etc Hie merke vnd wisse das czu itzlicher seiten sint czwey hengen · Eyn vnderhengen / vnd eyn öbirhengen / mit den du eyme wol an das swert magst komen + {wen}} dy komen aus den öberhewen vnd vnderhewen} / Wen das nu geschiet / das du mit eyme an bindest / ader wy du süst mit im an das swert kömps zo salt du an dem swerte bleyben vnd salt vnd salt winden · vnd salt alzo mit im gar [37v] frölichen / mit gutem mute / vnd künlichen an alle vorchte · an dem swerte stehen / Vnd salt gar eben sehen / merken vnd warten was her wolle tuen / ader was syne sache sey / der her keyn dir pflegen wölle / Vnd daz stehen / alzo an deme swerte / das heisset lichtnawer eyn sprechvanster · Vnd wen du nü mit im alzo an dem swerte stehst / zo salt du gar eben merken vnd fülen syne geferte / ab sie sint weich aber herte / dornoch salt du dich denne richten als vor ofte gesprochen ist · Ist / das her sich vör allen sachen / ·· denne du noch ichsicht begynnest / abe czewt von deme swerte / zo salt du czu hant noch volgen vnd salt in slaen hawen ader stechen was du am schiresten magst dar brengen / ·· den her czu keynerleye dinge kome + {wenne}} du hast io neher czu im mit dem das du am swerte blibest / vnd dyn ort keyn im reckest / wenn iener mit syme abe czihen / den ·· her sich eyns slags erholt dir dar brengt / zo var czu hant dar mit dyn orte /} / Bleibt her aber mit dir an dem swerte / zo prüfe / io vnd merke / ab her sy weich aber herte an dem swerte / Ist das her ist / weich vnd swach / zo saltu rischlichen vnd künlichen volvaren vnd dar hurten / mit dyner sterke / vnd salt / im syn swert hin dringen vnd drücken / vnd süchen syne bloßen / czu koppe ader czu leibe / wo du nür czu magst komen / Ist iener aer denne herte vnd stark an deme swerte / vnd meynt dich vaste hin dringen vnd stossen zo saltu denne weich vnd swach seyn / keyn syner sterke / vnd salt syner sterke vnd syme dringen mit dynen swerte entwychen / [38r] vnd yn dem weichen als im syn swert im hin prelt vnd wischt / als vor auch von deme geschreben ist / In deme ader dy weile als das im geschit / ·· denne her sichs weder irholen mag / dar her czu keyme slage ader stiche kome / Zo saltu selber syner blössen war nemen / mit hewen stichen ader sneten / wo du in am schiresten gehaben magst / noch der vorgeschreben lere / risch / künlich vnd snelle das io iener mit nichte czu slage kome Dorvm spricht lichtnawer / ich sag vorwar · sich schutzt keyn man ane var / Hastu vornomen / czu slage mag er kleyne komen / Do mitt meynt her / das sich keyner mag ane var ader ane schaden schutczen / Is das du tust noch der geschreben lere / Ab du im den vorslag gewynnest vnd tust den mus io iener weren / ader mus sich lasse slaen / wen du denne den vorslag tust / du trefst ader velest / zo saltu rischlich vnd in eyme rawsche den nochslag tuen / ·· denne iener czu keyme slage kome / Denne wen du den vorslag wilt tuen / zo saltu recht / zam yn eyme gedanke vnd mute den nochslag auch tuen / recht zam du sy mit eynnander wellest tuen / wenn is möglich were / Dorvm spricht her / vor · noch · dy cwey dink etc den tust du den vorslag / du treffest / ader velest / zo tu io / in eyme rawsche / risch vnd snelle den nochslag / das iener mit nichte [38v] czu slage kome / vnd alzo saltu schaffen das du yn allen sachen des fechtens io ·· komest denne iener / vnd als balde als du / ·· kummest denne iener / vnd den vorslag gewinnest / zo tu czu hant den nochslag / · Wen du salt keyn vorslag tuen / du habst io / den nochslag auch mete ym synne vnd ym mute / also dastu vmmer in motu seist / vnd mit nichte feyerst ader last / zonder vmmermer eyns noch dem andern treibst · risch · vnd snelle das iener czu keynen dingen moge komen / · Vorwar tustu / das / zo mus her gar eyn guter syn der ungeslagen von dir kummet / · Wenne mit der selben kunst / ader mit dem vorteil das / kumpt is oft / das eyn pawer ader eyn ungelarter eyn guten meister / slet / mit deme · das her den vorslag tuet / vnd künlich dar hurt / den wy leiche ist das obersehe/ das in/deß trift vnd in alzo beschemet vnd slet / denne eyner der der slege war nymmet / vnd des schütczens wil warten / der ist io in grosser var / denne iener der do of in slet / vnd den vorslag gewynnet / Dorvmme schaffe / das du yn allen sachen des fechtens der erste bist / vnd io eyme of dy linke rechte / seiten komest / do bist du wol aller dinge sicher denne iener /


Summary of the Long Sword

Complete Translation Complete translation (2022)
by Michael Chidester

Draft Translation Draft translation (2022)
by Christian Trosclair

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006)
by Thomas Stoeppler

Nuremberg Version (1400s) [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

[64r.2]  Czu dem ersten merke vnd wisse / das lichtnawers fechten leit gar an den fünff wörter· vor · noch · swach · stark · Indes · / Dy eyn grunt / kern vnd fundament / seyn alles fechtens / vnd wy vil eyner fechtens kan · weis her nür des fundamentz nicht / zo wirt her oft bey seyner kunst beschemet / vnd dy selben wörter sint vor oft aus gelegt / wen si nür of das gehen das eyner vmmermer in motu sey vnd nicht veyer ader lasse · das iener icht czu slage kome / wen · vor · noch / bedewten / vorslag / vnd nochslag / als vor oft ist geschreben / vnd das gehet of das / daz do heisset / principium vnd finis / anhebunge vnd endunge / wen eyn ernster guter fechter · ficht dorüm mit eyme / das her mit syner kunst eynen wil slaen / vnd nicht geslagen werden / vnd das mag her nicht tuen an anhebunge vnd ane endunge / wil her denne wol anheben / zo schaffe her das her io den vorslag / habe vnd gewinne / vnd nicht iener / den eyner der do slet of eynen / der ist io / [64v.1] sicher / vnd bas bewart / dez halben denne iener der / der slege mus war nemen · vnd · warten / wen her denne den vorslag gewint vnd tuet / her treffe ader vele / zo sal her denne dornoch / immediate ane vnderloz in dem selben rawsche den nochslag tuen / das ist den andern slag / den dritten den vierden ader den fümften / is sey haw ader stich alzo das her vmmermer in motu sey / Vnd eyns noch dem andern treibe / ane vnderloz das her io ienen nicht las czu slage komen / Dorüm spricht lichtnawer Ich sage vorware / sich schützt keyn man ane vare + {sine dampno} / Hastu vornomen / czu slage mag her kleyne komen / Tu / nür als vor oft geschreben ist / vnd bis in motu / Das wort Indes get of dy wörter · vor · noch · den wen eyner den vorslag tuet / vnd iener den weret · Indes · vnd dyweile das in iener weret vnd sich schützt zo mag deser wol czu dem nochslag / komen / Auch get is of dy wörter · swach · stark / dy do bedewten daz fülen / den wen eyner an dem swerte ist / mit ieme · vnd fület · ab iener stark ader swach ist / dornoch tut her denne noch der oft geschreben lere /

[64v.2]  Vnd das fundament wil vor allen sachen dy principia habe/ Kunheit / Rischeit / Vorsichtikeit / list / vnd klukheit / etc · Vnd och yn allen dingen moze / ab her nü den vorslag gewinnet / den sal her nicht zo gar swinde tuen das her sich deste bas des nochslags irholen mag / vnd sal och nicht czuweit schreiten / das d her sich deste bas eyns [65r.1] andern schretes hindersich ader vorsich ab sichs gepürt möchte irholen / als lichtnawer spricht Dorof dich · zoße / alle dink haben lenge vnd moße / Dorvm sal eyner nicht gehe syn / vnd sal sich vor / wol bedenken was her treiben wil vnd das selbe sal her denne künlich treiben vnd eyme rischlich dar varn czu koppe ader czu leibe / vnd mit nichte czum swerte / wen ab eyner im eyme gar gewislich eyme hewt czu koppe ader czu leibe / daz ist czu den vier blossen / dennoch kumpt ist oft czum swerte an eyns dank / Is das sich iener schützt / zo schützt her sich mit dem swerte / alzo das is dennoch czum swerten kumpt /

Sword and Shield/Buckler

Featured Translation Featured translation (2022)
by Michael Chidester

Nuremberg Version [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

Staff

Complete Translation Complete translation (2014)
by Betsy Winslow

Nuremberg Version [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

Messer

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006)
by Thomas Stoeppler

Nuremberg Version [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

Dagger

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006)
by Thomas Stoeppler

Nuremberg Version [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

Czum ander mol / wen im eyner greift noch dem messer als vor / als balde als her das nur merkt / zo rükke her vnd czihe syn messer rich risch [84v] vnd sterklich an sich[247] / ader keyn im weder / vnd sneid im durch arm · hant / dawmen ader was her begreift mit dem rücken / vnd czihen Indes zo wirt seyn stechen weder frey als ··

Ist denne das dezer mit deme weren vnd winden / laz ist vnd trege / mit deme / alz her ieme den arm begriffen hat / vnd in gar veste helt / zo sal iener mit syme / degen im drewen vnd of in dringen / recht zam her in mit gewalt wölle stechen / vnd den ort io keyn sy deses gesichte keren / zo wil daz selbe / deser / vaste weren / Indes / zo sal deseriener / denne / auswendig / deses armes / ader ynnewenig / den degen auswinden vnd würgen / vnd snelle weder czuvarn / mit dem degen of das aller neste / wen deser / mit deme als im iener alzo derwt vnd of in dringt / mit dem degen / zo besorgt her sich nicht vor deme auswinden / vnd hat nicht / achtunge dorof / vnd mit deme wirt her ge=[85r] tüscht / vnd das get of dy wörter / vor / noch / alzo das eyner mit eyme dinge eyme vor drewe / recht zam her das selbe io meyne czutreiben / zo wil es denne iener io weren / vnd hat nicht achtunge of eyn anders / Indes als is denne iener am mynsten getrawt / zo sal deser dar varn / mit deme das her meynt czu treiben vnd vor im / mute hat gehabt / vnd mit deme principio tewscht man vil lewte mete /

Grappling

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006)
by Thomas Stoeppler

Nuremberg Version [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

Das vierde ist / wen her erste mal gebricht / dornoch var im mit dyner hant / an syn antlitz / [87v] czu vor aus an dy naze / ader kynne / vnd mit der / andern hant an den rucke / vnd mit eyn peyn vorsetcze / vnd wirf in dorober

Och mag / das / daz neste syn / daz du in nymbest pey der eynen hant / vnd lest im dy ander gen / mit eym peyn vorsetczen / vnd dich mit syner hant vm gekart / vnd neige ader prich in ober [88r] das peyn zo vellet her sere

Vor hatzstu nu achte [88v] vnd aus itzlichen newn / Nu merke aber ander vire vnd aus itzlichen gen irer newne als vor / Wen her dich begreift an dyne brust vorne / zo drucke syne hende mit dynen von oben neder an dy brust / als vor / der hastu noch newne / daz ist nu das erstesyme fuze enkegen / vnd wirft dich ober syn hawpt /

Merke das dritte gesetcze wen her czu dir springt ader schreit / zo mag her dich derwischen mit synen peiden vör dy prust dyn / vnd vellet neder vnd rückt dich of noch ym / vnd springt dir mit syme fuze enkegen / vnd wirft dich ober syn hawpt / [89r] das du verre enweghin schüst / Das ist do wider / wen her dich zo greift / snelle vnd gar balde valle of yn / vnd volge ym / zo mag her dir nicht getun /

Additional Resources

  • Alderson, Keith. “Arts and Crafts of War: die Kunst des Schwerts in its Manuscript Context.” Can The Bones Come to Life? Insights from Reconstruction, Reenactment, and Re-creation 1: 24-29. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-937439-13-2
  • Burkart, Eric. “The Autograph of an Erudite Martial Artist: A Close Reading of Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Hs. 3227a.” Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books. Transmission and Tradition of Martial Arts in Europe: 451-480. Ed. Daniel Jaquet, et al. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2016. ISBN 978-9004312418
  • Burkart, Eric (in German). “Informationsverarbeitung durch autographe Notizen: Die ältesten Aufzeichnungen zur Kampfkunst des Johannes Liechtenauer als Spuren einer Aneignung praktischen Wissens.” 2020. doi:10.26012/mittelalter-25866doi:10.1163/9789004324725_017
  • Cabreira, Diniz (in Portuguese). Há Uma Única Arte da Espada (GNM HS 3227a). Santiago de Compostela: AGEA Editora, 2018. ISBN 978-84-948682-6-9
  • Chidester, Michael. The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a. Somerville, MA: HEMA Bookshelf, 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-13-7
  • Chidester, Michael and Hagedorn, Dierk. “The Foundation and Core of All the Arts of Fighting”: The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a. Somerville, MA: HEMA Bookshelf, 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-05-2
  • Dürer, Albrecht and Wassmannsdorff, Karl (in German). Die Ringkunst des deutschen Mittelalters. Liepzig: Priber, 1870.
  • Hammer, Maciej. Tłumaczenie traktatu szermierczego zawartego w rękopisie Nürnberger Handschrift 3227a z wyszczególnieniem trudności zaistniałych podczas przekładu [unpublished thesis]. Uniwersytet Jagielloński Wydział Filologiczny, 2015.
  • Tobler, Christian Henry. Lance, Spear, Sword, & Messer: A German Medieval Martial Arts Miscellany. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2022. ISBN 978-1-937439-64-4
  • Vodička, Ondřej. “Origin of the oldest German Fencing Manual Compilation (GNM Hs. 3227a).” Waffen- und Kostümkunde 61(1): 87-108, 2019.
  • Wallhausen, James. Knightly Martial Arts: An Introduction to Medieval Combat Systems. Self-published, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4457-3736-2
  • Welle, Rainer (in German). “...und wisse das alle höbischeit kompt von deme ringen”. Der Ringkampf als adelige Kunst im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert. Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1993. ISBN 3-89085-755-8
  • Żabiński, Grzegorz. “Unarmored Longsword Combat by Master Liechtenauer via Priest Döbringer.” Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts: 59-116. Ed. Jeffrey Hull. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-58160-668-3

References

  1. This name stems from the false assumption of many 20th century writers identifying him with Hans Döbringer. It has been argued that this name is inappropriate because the treatise attributed to pseudo-Döbringer (and also pseudo-Peter von Danzig) are not true pseudepigrapha—they are internally anonymous. However, many Ancient and Medieval pseudepigraphic texts were originally anonymous and were assigned their false attributions by later readers, and this is also the case with these two glosses in our fledgling tradition.
  2. The manuscript uniformly lacks the typical prayer for the dead when mentioning his name.
  3. Here the author seems to be referring to (and disagreeing with) an earlier writing about Liechtenauer which stated that he invented the art of fencing. There’s no way to know what writing this is referring to, but the glosses of Sigmund Ainringck, Pseudo-Peter von Danzig, and Nicolaus all make this claim, and it is therefore likely to have come from the original ur-gloss of that tradition. If that is what the author is referring to, it is yet another sign that this gloss was written in the 15th century (and also evidence that the author had access to those teachings, even though he didn’t incorporate them into his gloss).
  4. Leichmeister is a pun that I can’t capture in English: leich means a dance or other rhythmic movement, and leiche means corpse. Leichmeister seem to be masters who teach fencing that is more like dancing than fighting, and get their students killed if they ever have to fight a duel. "Masters of the deadly dance" might capture the double meaning, but it makes them sound awesome which is hardly the intent. Alternatively, the pseudo-Danzig gloss makes reference to leichtfertigen schirmaister ("careless/frivolous fencing masters"), and leichmeister could be read as a shortening of that epithet.
  5. False masters
  6. Place of combat
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 Leychmeistere
  8. Vorschlag
  9. Liechtenauer’s
  10. the steps or movements
  11. The silver "soon" was added later above the line
  12. This folio, containing two poems and a lesson on continual motion, marks the beginning of the second quire. It's made of parchment and is a remnant of the cover that the quire had when it was a separate booklet (prior to being bound into the manuscript). Since they're written on the cover and no other quire had its cover written on, it's possible that these writings were added after the rest of the text was written.
  13. lit: entirely finished sword
  14. lit: verses
  15. Vor
  16. Nach
  17. Weich
  18. Hart
  19. Indes
  20. Stossen; Jeffrey Hull made the suggestion that Stossen might also refer to pushing someones body, either away or to the side. This is also a possible interpretation.
  21. This final quatrain is taken from the Recital, verses 40-41 and 100-101.
  22. Motus
  23. 23.0 23.1 Latin
  24. The following part has proven as untranslatable so far and here I can only guess the meaning! "And this should fool him prior I even have to move." – I guess this is about the concealed quality of the strikes, but I am not sure.
  25. Frequens motus
  26. Nachschlag
  27. The original version of the rhyming translation of the Recital, which I based the one used here on, was composed by Harrison Ridgeway.
  28. Possibly: "If one cannot flee, then do something cunning, that is my advice."
  29. blossfechten
  30. I believe Döbringer is referring to strikes. But it might also be opponents
  31. Text is blacked out.
  32. Wechsler
  33. 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Czucken
  34. 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.7 Indes
  35. 35.00 35.01 35.02 35.03 35.04 35.05 35.06 35.07 35.08 35.09 35.10 35.11 35.12 35.13 35.14 35.15 35.16 35.17 Winden
  36. Hawende
  37. Stechende
  38. Sneydende
  39. Abe und czutreten
  40. Umbeschreiten
  41. Springen
  42. Ort
  43. Sneiden
  44. 44.0 44.1 44.2 Gehilcze
  45. Klos
  46. Verse 9.
  47. the opponent
  48. Liechtenauer
  49. In front of the words “denne” and “her” there are oblique insertion marks, which indicate a reverse order – as shown here.
  50. Verse 17.
  51. Harnusche
  52. Blos
  53. Verse 6.
  54. Verses 40-41 (also 100-101).
  55. 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 Vorschlag
  56. 56.0 56.1 Abweisest or Abeleitest
  57. 57.0 57.1 57.2 Nachschlag
  58. The text beginning with this paragraph and going to the end of the section is written on an extra bifolium (double-page) inserted into the book late in the creation process.
  59. This paragraph is somewhat ambiguous about who is who, and some other translators interpret it as saying that *you* can always deliver a following strike faster than your opponent. This is an equally valid read language-wise, but I don't think it makes as much sense with the overall thrust of the teachings.
  60. Liechtenauer
  61. 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.03 61.04 61.05 61.06 61.07 61.08 61.09 61.10 61.11 61.12 61.13 61.14 Twerhaw
  62. 62.00 62.01 62.02 62.03 62.04 62.05 62.06 62.07 62.08 62.09 62.10 Twer
  63. Here the writing is cut off by manuscript trimming.
  64. 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 64.4 64.5 64.6 Wind
  65. his
  66. Veste
  67. Weich
  68. "On Interpretation", the second section of Aristotle's Organon. This, along with "Categories" (the first section), was the only work by Aristotle known to Western Europeans during most of the Middle Ages, and only through a 6th-century Latin translation by Boethius. These works nevertheless formed an important foundation of Scholasticism. By the time of Liechtenauer, though, many other writings of Aristotle had been rediscovered in the Middle East and made widely available across Europe.
  69. This doesn't match any recognizable Aristotelian quotation, though the idea is present in many places in his work.
  70. conflicting
  71. pushes you aside
  72. Verse 78.
  73. Verse 99.
  74. Alternative interpretation: keep your blade on top of his.
  75. Verse 12.
  76. Limpf
  77. Masse
  78. Verse 22 is omitted for unknown reasons.
  79. 79.0 79.1 79.2 Alber
  80. 80.0 80.1 80.2 Vorsetzen
  81. Zuckt
  82. When the manuscript was being written, the scribe included small guide letters to tell the rubricator what large red initial letters to add. In this case, the rubricator was careless and changed the word Wer to Der.
  83. 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4 83.5 83.6 83.7 Keren.
  84. Maciej Talaga reads this as "when they cut over you".
  85. "Wisely" inferred from the summary
  86. Wrath strike
  87. Thrust exchange from the bind
  88. striking the wrist and arms
  89. point
  90. Strike from above
  91. Zornhaw
  92. or slide?
  93. Oberhaw
  94. Supplemented according to fol. 29v.
  95. Verse 27.
  96. strike from above
  97. strike from below
  98. the next sentence is unfinished
  99. The two words “hewe” and “ander” are interchanged in the manuscript, as indicated by corresponding insertion characters.
  100. At this point there is an ink stain which might hide an original “g” (which can only be seen indistinctly).
  101. 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 101.4 101.5 101.6 101.7 Wenden.
  102. Literally "half an ell"; the length of a Medieval ell varied by city and region, but is generally based on either the length someone's elbow to fingertips, or six times the width of someone's hand. I find the hand-breadth measure to be easier to visualize.
  103. first strike
  104. turning-off
  105. roughly 30 cm
  106. Vorreben?
  107. 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 Wenden
  108. 30–40cm
  109. Note that Medieval people generally wore their belts at the top of their waists, meaning at their navels or just below their ribs.
  110. Blossen
  111. Duplier
  112. Mutier
  113. "With your" and "their sword" are inserted over the deletions and seem intended to replace them. However, the deletions describe the typical teaching of the curved cut, whereas the insertions seem to represent a unique idea or teaching. For this reason, unlike other instances of deletion, both the original and the replacement text are translated here for comparison.
  114. to the side, apart, sideways
  115. 115.0 115.1 115.2 Krumphaw
  116. 116.0 116.1 116.2 116.3 116.4 116.5 Krum
  117. the other
  118. feint
  119. 119.0 119.1 Veller
  120. feint
  121. inverse strike
  122. feint
  123. Cut to the hands and then cut the throat
  124. The page is clipped. only 'cut' remains. This manuscript spells 'haupte' as 'cutpte'
  125. transversal strike
  126. from above; the high guard
  127. upper opening
  128. lower opening
  129. crossing strikes
  130. 130.0 130.1 130.2 Pflug
  131. Ochsen
  132. von dem tage
  133. "Hew" is inserted in the margin.
  134. 134.0 134.1 134.2 134.3 134.4 134.5 134.6 Abwenden.
  135. first strike
  136. i.e. for your life
  137. 137.0 137.1 137.2 137.3 137.4 Abwenden
  138. Twerhaw
  139. 139.0 139.1 139.2 Ochs
  140. Verwenden.
  141. Text ends here abruptly.
  142. The comment ends here and remains unfinished
  143. 143.0 143.1 143.2 143.3 143.4 Schilhaw
  144. 144.0 144.1 Schiler
  145. or a fool
  146. Wechsel
  147. 147.0 147.1 147.2 147.3 147.4 Schil
  148. probably the opponent’s right side, but it could be your own as well
  149. schilende
  150. a peasant, that is
  151. At first glance, this appears to be a poem of the author's own devising, but many of the verses are based on couplets from Liechtenauer's Recital (the ones written in grey ink); the couplets in grey italics are based on those of the Recital on short sword fencing. The lines in black text are original, but several of them appear elsewhere in this text and only three couplets are completely unique.
     This is a fine example of the Medieval practice of using the text of a mnemonic (like the Recital) to teach different, distinct lessons, through paraphrase and reorganization. Here, he seems to have stitched together fragments from those sources in order to present a new teaching: a general lesson on fencing from the draw.
     Because the verses are rarely in their exact normal form, the rhyming translation has not been used and instead they are translated more literally.
  152. In all other extant versions this is "point"
  153. Vorschlag
  154. Nachschlag
  155. Vertex strike
  156. crown displacement technique
  157. Scheitelhaw
  158. Scheitler
  159. 159.0 159.1 Kron
  160. Scheitelhaw
  161. Unlike other places where there are definitely passages originally forgotten and inserted with a caret, such is missing here. Thus, it can be conjectured that this is a later addition or comment.
  162. This proverb doesn't come from the Recital and doesn't appear in any other source in the Liechtenauer tradition.
  163. Guards
  164. Ox
  165. Plough
  166. fool
  167. high guard
  168. Liechtenauer
  169. Leger or Hut
  170. dueling yard
  171. Vier Leger
  172. 172.0 172.1 Vom Tag
  173. Leger or Huten
  174. parrying
  175. Absetzen
  176. Schranckhut
  177. Pforte
  178. Alber
  179. your opponent
  180. Hengen
  181. Nochreizen
  182. This last sentence was added after the rest of the text on the page, in the same ink and script as the text at the top of the page.
  183. High guard
  184. Langen Ort
  185. The text here runs into the destroyed corner of the page, and what remains is ut ptu͞it s. Based on 22v, I read this ut patuit s[upra].
  186. This verse is phrased similarly to 43.
  187. versetzen
  188. that is, when the opponent parries
  189. Illegible deleted character.
  190. Nochvolgen
  191. strike from above
  192. strike from below
  193. This verse is phrased similarly to both 35 and 90.
  194. This verse is phrased similarly to 14.
  195. adhering
  196. Nochreisen
  197. Ewsere nymme
  198. overreaching
  199. Oberlawfen
  200. setting aside
  201. Abesetczen
  202. changing through
  203. with your thrust
  204. Durchwechsel
  205. or with doing the changing through, do it at once
  206. pulling
  207. or perhaps strike at you
  208. Durchlawfen
  209. Rangen
  210. Vorkeren
  211. in this case inverting is also possible
  212. cutting off
  213. adhering
  214. Abschneiden
  215. alone?
  216. a possible meaning is do not waste time stepping when you cut, but do it as a stationary movement
  217. The gap between the verse and the explanation here, along with the lack of a gloss label (which is present in every other section with commentary), makes it questionable whether this text is intended to explain the verses on hand-pressing or to be a separate teaching.
  218. pressing the hands
  219. Hende drucken
  220. you catch the attack
  221. Verses 100-101 (also 40-41).
  222. Verse 17.
  223. hanging
  224. speaking window
  225. lower hanging
  226. upper hanging
  227. high strike and low strike
  228. speaking window
  229. skilled
  230. Hengen
  231. 231.0 231.1 Sprechfenster
  232. Ober
  233. away from his body since he is pushing yours
  234. In motu seist
  235. This is the only place in the treatise where verses from the Recital are presented out of order. Furthermore, verses 102-104 are omitted entirely, as is 109 (though 109 is itself a repetition of verse 77).
  236. This phrase is written in both Latin and German, so I left the Latin untranslated.
  237. Verses 40-41 and 100-101.
  238. marginal insertion. latin: dampno => damno => harm
  239. weak and strong
  240. Verses 8.
  241. The word »Nicht«, which cannot be clearly assigned, is added on the side of the page.
  242. Text cuts off here, and the rest of the page is blank.
  243. Falchion
  244. Latin passage follows; very difficult.
  245. Grzegorz Żabiński offers: ++ rape radices viole et mitte contare tibi hinssis debtem urgre et quocumque tetigeris suas operis
  246. please note that there are only three methods described against the turning-out
  247. Korrigiert aus »sin«.
  248. The next sentence /och me was…/ does not make any sense.
  249. alternate description follows, it hopefully should make the method clearer: If he holds you by the shoulders, and you grab his shoulders from the outside. Then you sling your right arm with the elbow over his left and below his right, and push downwards, so his right arm moves up. Take this arm over your head and secure the grip with your left hand behind your head; and then push against his chest with your right again. This will lead to a painful breaking lock.
  250. this is a partner exercise, similar to one I know in chinese shuai chiao
  251. Elbow/forearm strike
  252. Oder »slosse«? Unleserlich.
  253. buesse