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| series                =  
 
| series                =  
 
| state of existence    =  
 
| state of existence    =  
| principal manuscript(s)=[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|MS 3227a]]
+
| principal manuscript(s)=
| manuscript(s)        =
+
| manuscript(s)        = [[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|MS 3227a]]
 
| first printed edition = [[Grzegorz Żabiński|Żabiński]], 2008
 
| first printed edition = [[Grzegorz Żabiński|Żabiński]], 2008
 
| wiktenauer compilation by=
 
| wiktenauer compilation by=
 
| translations          = {{collapsible list
 
| translations          = {{collapsible list
  | [http://www.wiktenauer.com/wiki/file:Vodicka_Hs-3227a-transcription_ver17.pdf Alt. Transcription]
+
  | [http://www.wiktenauer.com/wiki/file:Vodicka_Hs-3227a-transcription_ver17.pdf Alternate transcription]
  | [http://www.wiktenauer.com/wiki/file:Chidester_3227a_Translation_23_Dec_2019.pdf Alt. Translation]
+
  | {{English translation|http://www.wiktenauer.com/wiki/file:Chidester_3227a_Translation_23_Dec_2019.pdf|1}}
 
  | {{English translation|http://www.hroarr.com/manuals/liechtenauer/Dobringer_A5_sidebyside.pdf|1}}
 
  | {{English translation|http://www.hroarr.com/manuals/liechtenauer/Dobringer_A5_sidebyside.pdf|1}}
 
  | {{French translation|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)/French|2}}
 
  | {{French translation|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)/French|2}}
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'''"Pseudo-Hans Döbringer"''' is the name given to an anonymous [[century::15th century]] [[nationality::German]] [[fencing master]].<ref>This name stems from the false assumption of many 20th century writers identifying him with [[Hans Döbringer]]. It has been argued that this name is inappropriate because the treatise attributed to pseudo-Döbringer (and also pseudo-Peter von Danzig) are not true pseudepigrapha&mdash;they are internally anonymous. However, many Ancient and Medieval pseudepigraphic texts were originally anonymous and were assigned their false attributions by later readers, and this is also the case with these two glosses in our fledgling tradition.</ref> At some point in the 15th century (or possibly the last decade of the 14th), he dictated a collection of commentary on and expansion of the teachings of the grand master [[Johannes Liechtenauer]], including the only biographical details of the master yet discovered; it is even speculated that he was personally acquainted with Liechtenauer, who was still alive at the time of the writing.<ref>The manuscript uniformly lacks the typical prayer for the dead when mentioning his name.</ref> These comments were written into [[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|MS 3227a]], a [[commonplace book]], by an equally unknown scribe.
+
'''"Pseudo-Hans Döbringer"''' is a nickname given to an anonymous [[century::15th century]] [[nationality::German]] [[fencing master]].<ref>This name stems from the false assumption of many 20th century writers identifying him with [[Hans Döbringer]]. It has been argued that this name is inappropriate because the treatise attributed to pseudo-Döbringer (and also pseudo-Peter von Danzig) are not true pseudepigrapha&mdash;they are internally anonymous. However, many Ancient and Medieval pseudepigraphic texts were originally anonymous and were assigned their false attributions by later readers, and this is also the case with these two glosses in our fledgling tradition.</ref> At some point in the 15th century (or possibly the last decade of the 14th), he dictated a [[gloss]] on and expansion of the teachings of the grand master [[Johannes Liechtenauer]], including the only biographical details of the master yet discovered; it is even speculated that he was personally acquainted with Liechtenauer, who was still alive at the time of the writing.<ref>The manuscript uniformly lacks the typical prayer for the dead when mentioning his name.</ref> These comments were written into [[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|MS 3227a]], a [[commonplace book]], by an equally unknown scribe.
  
== Treatise ==
+
== Textual History ==
  
{{master begin
+
The writings of Pseudo-Hans Döbringer were never completed and exists in only one manuscript. It is the work of a single scribe, and Ondřej Vodička indicates that it was probably dictated directly to the scribe by the (anonymous) author.
| title = Long Sword Gloss
 
| width = 60em
 
}}
 
{| class="master"
 
|-  
 
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Christian Trosclair]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a) (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 
  
|-
+
It was written in at least three distinct phases. First, the author dictated the Recital, and the scribe left blank pages between each segment for commentary (ranging from a half page to five and half); this pass probably included most of the extra verses that he added to Liechtenauer's Recital. In the second pass, the author commented on about half of the verses in the long sword gloss. He also dictated the initial paragraph of each of the other weapon sections in the first or second phase. In the third phase, the author went back and began revising the commentary that he'd already written (for unknown reasons), inserting extra notes and dramatically expanding the common lesson. He also expanded messer, dagger, and wrestling sections.  
| <p>{{red|b=1|H}}ere it begins, Master Liechtenauer's Art of Fencing with the Sword on Foot and on Horse, Bare and in Harness. And before any incidents and confrontations, you shall note and know that there is just one art of the sword and it may have been invented and conceived many hundred years ago. And this is a foundation and core of all of the arts of fencing and Master Liechtenauer had internalized and applied it quite completely and correctly.</p>
 
  
<p>Not that he invented and conceived it himself, as was written before, rather he had traveled through many lands. And through that sought the legitimate and truthful art for the sake that he would experience and know it. And this art is earnest, complete and legitimate; and everything proceeds from it the nearest and shortest, simple and direct. Just as if one would hew or stab someone and that person then bound a thread or cord to his point or edge of his sword and guided or pulled that very point point or edge to the opponent's opening. For he should hew or stab according to the nearest and shortest and most decisive of all. For one would prefer to deliver just that, because that same legitimate fencing will not have handsome and painstaking parries nor wide fencing-around.</p>
+
At this point, the manuscript was apparently abandoned in its half-finished state and the scribe filled the remaining blank pages with unrelated writings. He didn't fill in the gaps inside the fencing sections, though, so perhaps there was an expectation that the author would return to it.
  
<p>With those, people choose to procrastinate and delay themselves. As one finds according to many illegitimate masters, that say they have invented and conceived and possess for themselves from day to day some new art, better and greater. But I would like to see one that would conceive and perform just one application or one hew that does not come from Liechtenauer's art. Just that they will often mix-up and pervert an application. So with that, they give it a new name, each according to their head. Furthermore that they conceive wide fencing-around and parrying and often do two or three hews in place of a single hew. They will be praised by the uncomprehending just for the liveliness of it as they fiendishly arrange themselves with those beautiful parries and wide fencing-around and deliver wide and long hews slowly and sluggishly. With those they quite severely delay and hew-ahead of themselves and also with those give themselves firm openings because they have no measure in their fencing. And anyway, that is not called for in earnest fencing.</p>
+
=== Modern HEMA ===
  
<p>In some cases, it could possibly be somewhat good in school fencing for exercise and enjoyment. But earnest fencing will proceed swift, straight and quite direct without any hesitation nor delay like a string or something like it determined the measure and trajectory. When one shall slash or stab whoever stands there before them, then truly no strike or stab backwards or to the side helps him, nor any wide fencing nor multiple hews. They that would like to end it with someone, they procrastinate and delay themselves so that they preclude the moment of truth.</p>
+
The first transcription of the fencing sections in [[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|MS 3227a]] were completed in 2001 by [[Grzegorz Żabiński]] and posted on ARMA-PL. This was the foundation of the first translations.
  
<p>Rather, one must initiate their hew straight and directly to the person, to the head or to the body according to what is closest and surest. Just as he is able to attain it and judge it, swiftly and quickly and preferably with one strike. Because with four or six, he would give himself away with them. And that one comes effortlessly as opposed to all those because the fore-strike is a great advantage of this fencing as you will hear it hereafter in the text where Liechtenauer names just five hews with other plays that are sufficient for earnest fencing and teaches it according to the correct art, conducted straight and direct toward the closest and surest as it simply can approach and leaves all of the confusing work and new found hews foolishly considered by the illegitimate masters that nevertheless thoroughly depart from his art.</p>
+
In 2005, [[David Lindholm]] ("and friends") completed the first English translation of the long sword and posted in on the ARMA site. A second English translation, including all fencing sections this time, was completed in 2006 by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]; he intended to contribute it to a never-realized book with a complete translation of MS 3227a and thus never released it publicly until he donated it to Wiktenauer in 2013. The first Spanish translation of the long sword was also completed in 2006 by [[Francisco Uribe]] (based on Lindholm's English) and posted on esgrimahistorica.cl; the first French translation of the long sword was completed in 2007 by an anonymous author and posted on the ARDAMHE site.
|
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 13v.jpg|1|lbl=13v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 14r.jpg|1|lbl=14r|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 14v.jpg|1|lbl=14v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|1|lbl=15r|p=1}}
 
  
|-
+
In 2008, Żabiński's English translation of the long sword was published by [[Paladin Press]], along with his transcription, as “Unarmored Longsword Combat by Master Liechtenauer via Priest Döbringer” in ''Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts''. 2008 also saw a new transcription of the fencing teachings in 3227a by [[Dierk Hagedorn]] for his site Hammaborg, and a German modernization of the long sword by Bertram Koch which was posted on Lupi-venaritis. Hagedorn's transcription formed the basis of Francesco Lanza's subsequent Italian translation, which he posted on a blog called “Hanko Döbringer in Italiano” from 2009-11.
| <p>Also note this and know that one cannot speak and explain or write about fencing quite as simply and clearly as one can easily show and inform it with the hand. Therefore act on your judgement and consider the best of it and therein, exercise the bulk of that yourself in play which you think is of the best in earnest. Because practice is better than empty art, for practice is fully sufficient without art but art is not fully sufficient without practice.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
  
|-  
+
A fourth, highly-experimental English translation was self-published by [[Jay Acutt]] in 2010 (under the pen name James Wallhausen) as ''Knightly Martial Arts: An Introduction to Medieval Combat Systems''.
| <p>Also know that a good fencer shall, ahead all confrontations, command and clasp his sword certainly and surely with both hands between the hilt and the pommel. Because like this, he holds the sword much surer than when he clasps it by the pommel with one hand and also strikes much harder and surer like this, because the pommel overthrows itself and swings itself in accordance with the strike, so that the strike arrives much harder than when he clasps the sword with the pommel, because like this, he restrains the strike with the pommel, such that he may not arrive so completely and so strongly, because the sword is just like a scale. For if a sword is large and heavy, so must the pommel also be accordingly heavy, just like a scale.</p>
 
|
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|1|lbl=15v|p=1}}
 
  
|-
+
Since Stoeppler's translation was missing the sword and buckler and staff sections, they were filled in by [[Michael Chidester]] and [[Betsy Winslow]] (respectively) in 2013. In 2017, [[Christian Trosclair]] authored a fifth translation of the long sword (as part of his ongoing project to translate the entire Liechtenauer tradition) which he donated it to Wiktenauer.
| <p>Also know that when one fences with someone, so shall he fully take heed of his steps and be sure in them just as if he shall stand upright upon a scale, shifting backwards or forwards according to that as necessitates itself, connected and nimble, swiftly and quickly. And with good spirit and good consciousness or consideration shall your fencing proceed and without any fear as one will hear that hereafter.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
  
|-
+
The first Polish translation was authored by [[Maciej Hammer]] and submitted to the Uniwersytet Jagielloński as part of his master's thesis in 2015. In 2018, [[Diniz Cabrera]] completed the first Portuguese translation, which was published by [[AGEA Editora]] in ''Há Uma Única Arte da Espada (GNM HS 3227a)''. That same year, [[Ondřej Vodička]] released a third transcription of the fencing portions of 3227a.
| <p>You shall also have measure in your applications accordingly as it necessitates itself and shall not step too wide, so that you may better adjust yourself to another's steps, done backwards or forwards according to that as it will necessitate itself. Also often itself necessitating two short steps for one long and often necessitates itself that one must do a little pre run with short steps and often that one must do a good step or spring.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
  
|-
+
[[Michael Chidester]] released a sixth English translation as a free download on Wiktenauer in 2020. Then in 2021, revised versions of Dierk Hagedorn's transcription and Michael Chidester's translation were published by [[HEMA Bookshelf]] as ''“The Foundation and Core of All the Arts of Fighting”: The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a''; an abbreviated edition containing only the translation was also published. This translation was donated to Wiktenauer in 2022.
| <p>And whatever one will readily conduct in play or in earnest, they shall make that foreign and confusing so that the opponent does not notice what this is meant to conduct against him. And as soon as <ref>The silver "soon" was added later above the line</ref> the opponent then comes at him and also has the measure of the opponent so that he thinks he will have and reach in the opponent well, so shall he brazenly hurry to the opponent and drive swiftly and quickly to the head or to the body. He hits or mises and shall always win the fore-strike and allows the opponent to come with nothing as you will better hear hereafter in the common lore, etc.</p>
 
|
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|4|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|1|lbl=16r|p=1}}
 
  
|-
+
Most recently, [[Christian Henry Tobler]]'s English translation of the wrestling section was published by [[Freelance Academy Press]] in ''Lance, Spear, Sword, & Messer: A German Medieval Martial Arts Miscellany'' in 2022.
| <p>One shall also always prefer to target the upper openings rather than the lower and one drives in over the hilt with hews or with stabs, bravely and quickly. Because one reaches the opponent much better and further over the hilt than under it. And one is also much surer of all fencing like this. For the upper contact one is much better than the lower one. But if it comes to be as such that one were nearer to the lower, then he must target that as this often occurs.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
  
|-
+
== Treatise ==
| <p>Also know that one shall always come to the right side of the opponent in his applications. Because he may better have the opponent in all confrontations of fencing or wrestling than immediately in front of. And whoever knows this part well and delivers well, they are not a bad fencer.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
  
|-  
+
{{Special:RunQuery/Pseudo-Hans Döbringer}}
| <p>Also know when one will earnestly fence, they contemplate a polished play, whichever he wishes that is complete and correct there and earnestly internalize that and keep it in his intent and spirit. Whatever he wishes upon someone just as if he would say: "This I mean to truly conduct" and so this shall and must go forward with the help of god, so it might fail him in nothing. He does what he should when he bravely hurries and charges there with the fore-strike, as one will often hear hereafter.</p>
+
<h3 style="display: none;"> Introduction </h3>
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16v.jpg|1|lbl=16v}}
+
<div id="introduction" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
 +
<table class="master">
 +
<tr>
 +
  <th id="InChidester0"><p>{{rating|B}} (2022)<br/>by [[Michael Chidester]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="InTrosclair0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2022)<br/>by [[Christian Trosclair]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="InStoeppler0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2006)<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="InLindholm0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2005)<br/>by [[David Lindholm]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="InNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]] (1400s){{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></th>
 +
</tr>
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|1
| <p>{{red|b=1|I}}n all fencing<br/>&emsp;Requisite is: the help of god of righteousness,<br/>A straight and healthy body,<br/>&emsp;A soundly manufactured sword,<ref> lit: entirely finished sword</ref> especially,<br/>Before, after, weak, strong<br/>&emsp;Within, with that word, hearken.<br/>Hews, stabs, cuts, pressing,<br/>&emsp;Position, defending, shoving, feeling, disengaging,<br/>Winding and hanging,<br/>&emsp;Backing, strikes, springs, grabbing, wrangling,<br/>Speed, audacity,<br/>&emsp;Prudence, astuteness and ingenuity<br/>Acumen, premeditation, ability<br/>&emsp;Measure, obscuration,<br/>Practice and good spirit,<br/>&emsp;Motion, flexibility, good steps.<br/>In these seven couplets<ref>lit: verses</ref><br/>&emsp;The fundamental principles<br/>And concerns<br/>&emsp;And the entire matter<br/>Of all of the art of fencing are labelled for you.<br/>&emsp;You shall consider this correctly<br/>As you will also actually<br/>&emsp;And in particular hereafter<br/>Hear or read<br/>&emsp;Each according to it's qualities.<br/>Fencer, take heed of it<br/>&emsp;So will these arts reveal to you the art, indeed,<br/>Of the entire sword<br/>&emsp;And many good lively attacks.</p>
+
|
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 17r.jpg|1|lbl=17r}}
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 13v.jpg|1|lbl=13v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 14r.jpg|1|lbl=14r|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 14v.jpg|1|lbl=14v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|1|lbl=15r.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|2
| <p>{{red|b=1|M}}otion, that beautiful word,<br/>&emsp;Is the heart and crown of fencing<br/>The entire matter<br/>&emsp;Of fencing with all concerns<br/>And the sound components<br/>&emsp;Of the fundamentals, the movements<br/>Are named with names<br/>&emsp;And will be revealed better hereafter<br/>However then one simply fights,<br/>&emsp;So are they well directed<br/>And stay in motion<br/>&emsp;And not pause when he<br/>Begins to fence with<br/>&emsp;So he drives-in with correctness<br/>Continually and decisively<br/>&emsp;Bravely one after the other<br/>Stay in a rush<br/>&emsp;Without intervals, immediate.<br/>So that the opponent cannot come<br/>&emsp;To strikes therefore takes this advantage<br/>And harming the opponent.<br/>&emsp;Because he cannot be unstruck<br/>From this coming.<br/>&emsp;Just do this according to the advice<br/>And according to the learning<br/>&emsp;That is written now<br/>For I say to you truthfully,<br/>&emsp;The opponent does not defend themselves without danger.<br/>If you understand<br/>&emsp;He cannot come to blows with anything.</p>
+
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|2|lbl=15r.2}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 17v.jpg|1|lbl=17v}}
+
}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|3
|<p>Here note that constant motion secures him in the beginning, middle and end of all fencing according to this art and lore. As such that one completes the beginning, middle and ending in one rush without pause and without the hindrance of his counter-fencer and does not allow the opponent to come to strikes with anything. Of this, the two words come: before, after. That is, the fore-strike and after-strike. Immediately and at one time as if left without any middle<ref>latin</ref></p>
+
|
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 17v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|3|lbl=15r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|1|lbl=15v.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|4
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is the general preface of the bare-fencing on foot. Mark this well.}}</p>
+
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|2|lbl=15v.2}}
{| class="zettel"
+
}}
|-
 
| <small>1</small>
 
| Young knight learn<br/>&emsp;to love god. Always honor women,
 
|-
 
| <small>2</small>
 
| Thus cultivate your honor.<br/>&emsp;Practice knight-craft and learn
 
|-
 
| <small>3</small>
 
| Art that decorates you<br/>&emsp;and in wars serves well.
 
|-
 
| <small>4</small>
 
| Wrestling's good grips,<br/>&emsp;Glaive, spear, sword and messer,
 
|-
 
| <small>5</small>
 
| Manfully brandish<br/>&emsp;and in other hands ruin.
 
|-
 
| <small>6</small>
 
| Hew therein and charge there,<br/>&emsp;rushing on, joining or driving out.
 
|-
 
| <small>7</small>
 
| Those maturing in this wisdom,<br/>&emsp;this one sees praising.
 
|-
 
| <small>8</small>
 
| Thereupon you hold,<br/>&emsp;all things have length and measure.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">i</small>
 
| And whatever you wish to conduct,<br/>&emsp;shall stay in the realm of good reason.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ii</small>
 
| In earnest or in play,<br/>&emsp;have a joyous spirit with moderation
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">iii</small>
 
| So that you may pay attention<br/>&emsp;and consider with a good spirit
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">iv</small>
 
| Whatever you shall command<br/>&emsp;and whip up against him.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">v</small>
 
| Because a good spirit with authority<br/>&emsp;someone's rebuke timid.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">vi</small>
 
| Thereafter, orient yourself.<br/>&emsp;Give no advantage with anything.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">vii</small>
 
| Avoid imprudence.<br/>&emsp;Do not step in front of four or six
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">viii</small>
 
| With your overconfidence.<br/>&emsp;Be modest, that is good for you.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">ix</small>
 
| It is a brave man<br/>&emsp;that dares to confront his equal.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">x</small>
 
| It is not shameful<br/>&emsp;to flee four or six at hand.
 
|}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 18r.jpg|1|lbl=18r}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|5
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is the general lore of the sword}}</p>
+
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|3|lbl=15v.3}}
{| class="zettel"
+
}}
|-
 
| <small>9</small>
 
| If you wish to examine<ref> alt: behold, peer-into, witness, probe, observe, perceive, inspect, investigate, realize, comprehend. alt: show, present, embody, illuminate</ref> the art.<br/>&emsp;Go left and right with hewing.
 
|-
 
| <small>10</small>
 
| And left with right<br/>&emsp;is what you strongly desire to fence.
 
|-
 
| <small>11</small>
 
| Whoever chases-after hews,<br/>&emsp;they allow themselves to hardly enjoy the art.
 
|-
 
| <small>12</small>
 
| Hew nearby whatever you wish,<br/>&emsp;No change comes on your shield.
 
|-  
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xi</small>
 
| Do not hew to the sword.<br/>&emsp;Rather, Constantly watch the openings.
 
|-
 
| <small>13</small>
 
| To the head, to the body,<br/>&emsp;Do not omit the flesh-wounds.
 
|-
 
| <small>14</small>
 
| With the entire body fence<br/>&emsp;whatever you desire to conduct strongly.
 
|-
 
| <small>15</small>
 
| Hear what is bad for that:<br/>&emsp;Do not fence from above left if you are right.
 
|-
 
| <small>16</small>
 
| And if you are left,<br/>&emsp;in the right, you are severely hindered.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xii</small>
 
| So always prefer to fence<br/>&emsp;from above left downwards.
 
|-
 
| <small>17</small>
 
| Before, after, the two things<br/>&emsp;are the one origin of all art.
 
|-
 
| <small>18</small>
 
| Weak and strong,<br/>&emsp;Within, with that mark the word.
 
|-
 
| <small>19</small>
 
| So you may learn<br/>&emsp;to defend yourself with art and work.
 
|-
 
| <small>20</small>
 
| If you terrify easily,<br/>&emsp;never learn any fencing.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xii</small>
 
| Audacity and swiftness,<br/>&emsp;prudence, astuteness and ingenuity,
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xiv</small>
 
| Acumen, concealment,<br/>&emsp;measure, obscuration, scouting
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xv</small>
 
| And skill will fencing have<br/>&emsp;and carry a joyous spirit.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|General gloss hereafter.<ref>latin</ref>}} First of all, note and know that the point of the sword is the center, the middle and the core of the sword from which all applications leave and come back into it. So are the hangings and the windings are the attachments and the revolutions of the center and of the core. From them, quite a few good plays of fencing also come. And are invented and conceived so that a fencer, who begins to hew or thrust directly to the point, of course may not hit every single time; yet they can hit someone with those same plays hewing, stabbing or cutting; with treading out and in; and with stepping-around or springing. And if one mislaid or mis-extended the point of his sword with shooting or with lunging<ref>lit: tread-full. completing a step or completing the course of a thing.</ref> then he may realign and retract and shorten it again with winding or treading-out,<ref>alt: giving-way, stepping-off. to give something up. to let something go.</ref> in such a way that he again comes into the certain<ref>alt: safe, sure</ref> plays and principles of fencing. From them, he may bring hews, stabs, or cuts. For according to Liechtenauer's art, the hews, stabs and cuts come from all applications and principles of the art of the sword, as one will hear hereafter how one play and principle comes from the other. And as it goes from one to the other, if the one will be warded, then the other hits and has gone-forward.<ref>alt: has success</ref></p>
 
|
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 18v.jpg|1|lbl=18v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19r.jpg|1|lbl=19r|p=1}}
 
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|6
| <p>On second count, note and know that no part on the sword was invented and conceived without reason.<ref>ume züst => umsonst</ref> In particular, a fencer shall utilize the point, both edges, the hilt, the pommel as it is on the sword accordingly as each has its particular principle in the art of fencing according to these as the practices embody and uncover, as you will hereafter hear and see each in particular.</p>
+
|
|  
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|4|lbl=15v.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|1|lbl=16r.1|p=1}}
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 19r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|1|lbl=19v|p=1}}
+
}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|7
| <p>Also note and know with this as he speaks, {{red|If you wish to examine the art}}, etc. He means that a skilled fencer, they shall: set-forward the left foot and with that, hew from the right side directly to the opponent with threatening hews as long as he sees where he may certainly have the opponent and reach certainly with his stepping. And he means: {{red|when someone wishes to fence strongly}}, so shall he fence from the left side on with the entire body and complete authority to the head and to the body wherever he may solely hit and never to the sword, in particular he shall do it as if the opponent has no sword and as if he cannot see and he shall not omit any flesh-wounds or blows, rather always be in work and in contact so that the opponent cannot come to strikes.</p>
+
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|2|lbl=16r.2}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
}}
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|8
| <p>He also means that one shall not identically follow and track the hew, rather, somewhat aside and curved around so that he comes to the side of the opponent. For there he may have him better with everything than frontally on. Whatever he from then on hews or stabs upon the opponent, that may ward or lead off well any and all changings-through or other applications of the opponent, only if the hews or stabs go forth directly into the opponent against the openings to the head or to the body with stepping-around and treading.</p>
+
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|3|lbl=16r.3}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
+
}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|9
| <p>Also note and know about this when he speaks, {{red|before, after the two things}}, etc. There he means the five words: before, after, weak, strong, within-this. On these words lay the entire art of Master Liechtenauer's and the fixed foundation and the core of all fencing on foot or on horse, uncovered or in harness.</p>
+
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 16v.jpg|1|lbl=16v}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 20r.jpg|1|lbl=20r}}
+
}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|10
| <p>With the word "before", he means that a particularly good fencer shall have and have won the fore-strike every time he hits or misses. As Liechtenauer says, {{red|Hew therein and charge there, rush onwards, hit or let drive}}. When he goes or runs at someone, Just as soon as he sees he may reach him with a step or with a spring, wherever he then sees him somehow open, there he shall drive onwards with ease to the head or to the body, bravely without any fear wherever he may have him with surety. For as such, he always wins the fore-strike, whether it does well or poorly for them. And with that, shall also be certain in his steps and shall have measured them correctly so that he does not step too short nor too long.</p>
+
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 17r.jpg|1|lbl=17r}}
 +
}}
  
<p>Now, when he executes the fore-strike, if he hits, then he quickly pursues the hit. But if he wards the fore-strike of the opponent in such a way, that with his sword, he leads off or commands their fore-strike, be it a hew or stab, So long as he is then still on the sword of the opponent. With it like this, he will lead off from the openings which he had targeted, Then he shall quite precisely feel and note whether the opponent in his leading-off and defense of the hews or stabs is soft or hard, weak or strong on the sword.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|11
 +
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 17v.jpg|1|lbl=17v.1}}
 +
}}
  
<p>That is when he now fully feels how the opponent is in his technique. If within-this, the opponent is strong and hard, now that he completely notes and feels, then he shall within-this or during-this be soft and weak if the opponent defends himself like this. And in that, before the opponent comes to strikes, so shall he then execute the after-strike. That is, he begins to hew while the opponent defends himself and wards himself of the fore-strike, be it hew or stab, so shall he seek out other applications and plays. With those, he shall again hurry and rush into his openings. Also in this, he is continually in motion and in contact so that he also confounds the opponent and soundly robs the opponent amid his defending and warding. Thus has too much work so that he, the defender, cannot come to his strikes. Because someone who shall defend themselves and fixate on the strikes, they are always in greater danger than they that strike at them, so that they must then continually ward the strikes or must allow themselves to be hit, so that they must come to strikes burdensomely by their own accord. About that Liechtenauer speaks: {{red|I say to you truthfully, no one defends themselves without danger. If you have understood this, he cannot come to strikes.}}</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row In|12
 +
|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 17v.jpg|2|lbl=17v.2}}
 +
}}
  
<p>If you execute otherwise according to the five words, this dictum goes entirely against that and all of [that] fencing often results in a peasant slaying a master, because he is brave and won the fore-strike according to this precept.</p>
+
</table>
|
+
</div>
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 20r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 20v.jpg|1|lbl=20v|p=1}}
 
  
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 20r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
+
<h3 style="display: none;"> Long Sword Gloss </h3>
 +
<div id="long_sword" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
 +
<table class="master">
 +
<tr>
 +
  <th id="LSChidester0"><p>{{rating|B}} (2022)<br/>by [[Michael Chidester]]<ref>The original version of the rhyming translation of the Recital, which I based the one used here on, was composed by [[Harrison Ridgeway]].</ref></th>
 +
  <th id="LSTrosclair0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2022)<br/>by [[Christian Trosclair]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="LSStoeppler0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2006)<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="LSLindholm0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2005)<br/>by [[David Lindholm]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="LSNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]] (1400s){{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></th>
 +
</tr>
  
|-
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{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|1|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 18r.jpg|1|lbl=18r}}}}
| <p>Because with the word 'before', as was spoken earlier, he means that someone with a good fore-strike or with the first strike, they shall bravely charge there without any fear and rush against the openings to the head or to the body. He hits or misses such that he also at once stuns, overwhelms and terrifies them so that they do not know what he should do against this and also before the opponent recovers themselves again or comes at him with the same. Then he immediately executes the after-strike and continually compels him to ward and the defend himself so much that he cannot come to strikes.</p>
 
  
<p>Then when the fencer executes the first strike or the fore-strike and the opponent then wards him, in the same warding and defending, the fencer then always comes earlier into the after-strike than the opponent into the first. Then he may: initiate a hew, initiate a drive with the pommel or may come in the thwart-hews, they are good to count on, or may otherwise throw the sword forwards [by means of] the thwart-hew. With that he comes into other applications or else alternately, he may begin well. Before the opponent comes to strikes as you will hear how it makes one from the other so that the opponent may not come from him unstruck if he does differently according to this lesson. Because he shall execute with one mind and with one effort alike,<ref>schlage, not schlag</ref> if it is possible to accomplish, the fore-strike and the after-strike, swiftly and promptly after each other.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|2|
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|1|lbl=21r}}
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{{section|Page:MS 3227a 18v.jpg|1|lbl=18v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19r.jpg|1|lbl=19r.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|-
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{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|3|
| <p>Also, it would fully come to this if the opponent wards the fore-strike. For he must ward it with the sword and in this way, he must always come to the fencer on his sword. And when the opponent subsequently wards somewhat late and unready, the fencer would then remain on the sword and shall then wind at once and shall quite precisely note and feel whether or not the opponent will withdraw themselves from the sword.</p>
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 19r.jpg|2|lbl=19r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|1|lbl=19v.1|p=1}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
}}
  
|-
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{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|4|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|2|lbl=19v.2}}}}
| <p>If the opponent withdraws themselves, when they are engaged with one another on the sword and have extended their points toward one another into the openings, before the opponent can recover themselves again against hew or stab of the fencer with his withdrawal, the fencer immediately pursues with a good stab into the chest with his point or else forwards into wherever he may hit him surest and closest in such a way that the opponent may come from the sword without harm with nothing, because immediately with his following-after, the fencer is always closer to the opponent; as he has arranged his point forward on the sword against the opponent according to the nearest and shortest of all with that.</p>
 
  
<p>When the opponent shall deliver hew or stab wide around at someone with his withdrawal, the fencer can always come before into the after-strike or -stab, before the opponent into the first like this. And Liechtenauer means this with the word: 'after': when someone has done the fore-strike, so shall he immediately without pause upon the same drive execute the after-strike and shall always be in motion and in contact and always conduct one after the other. If the first fails him, then the second, the third or the fourth hits and continually does not allow the opponent come to any blows. Because no one may have greater advantage of fencing than they who execute these five words according to the lesson.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|5|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|3|lbl=19v.3}}}}
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|1|lbl=21v|p=1}}
 
  
|-  
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{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|6|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 20r.jpg|1|lbl=20r.1}}}}
| <p>But if the opponent remains on the sword; with that, as it is coming onto his sword with his warding and defending [himself from] the fencer and it has  drawn itself out like this such that the fencer is remaining with him on the sword and has not yet executed the after-strike, so shall the fencer wind up<ref>aufwinden: 1) to entangle, wind into a ball 2) to turn or twist upwards.</ref> and stay with him like this on the sword and shall quite precisely note and feel whether the opponent is weak or strong on the sword.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|7|
| <p>If then, the fencer notes and feels that the opponent is strong, hard and firm on the sword and the fencer only means to force out<ref>hindringen: to break or force through. overcome</ref> his sword; so shall the fencer be weak and soft against that and shall stand weakening and relinquishing his strength and shall allow his sword to swept out and driven away with his forcing that the opponent executes and the fencer shall then allow his sword to immediately and swiftly lead off and withdraw and shall quickly shall drive that against his openings, to the head or to the body, wherever; with hewing, stabbing and cutting, only where he can approach the closest and surest.</p>
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 20r.jpg|2|lbl=20r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 20v.jpg|1|lbl=20v.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
<p>Because the harder and the surer the opponent forces and presses with his sword and the fencer is then weak and soft against that and allows his sword to lead off and in this way weakens him, the farther and the wider his sword then repels the opponent such that he then becomes quite open and thus the fencer then may hit and wound him according to desire before the opponent can recover himself against the hew or the stab of the fencer.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|8|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 20v.jpg|2|lbl=20v.2}}}}
|
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|1|lbl=22r|p=1}}
 
  
|-  
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{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|9|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|1|lbl=21r.1}}}}
| <p>But if the opponent is weak and soft on the sword, in the same way, if the fencer now notes and feels it, so shall the fencer then be strong and hard against that on the sword and shall then strongly drive out and rush forward equally on the sword with his point against the opponent's openings, wherever he may be closest, just as if a cord or thread were bound forwards on his point earlier, that leads his point to the nearest of the opponent's openings. And with that same stabbing the fencer executes, he becomes fully aware whether the opponent is so weak that they let his sword force them out and lets themselves be struck.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
  
|-
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{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|10|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|2|lbl=21r.2}}}}
| <p>But if he is strong and wards and leads off the stab, such that he again becomes strong on the sword and carries off his sword and wards the stab also that the opponent forces-out the fencer's sword, so shall the fencer again become weak and soft against that and shall allow his sword to lead off and weaken him and swiftly seek his openings with hewing, stabbing and with cutting as it may solely be. And this is what Liechtenauer means with these words: {{red|soft and hard}}.</p>
 
  
<p>And this goes to the Authorities. As Aristotle spoke in the book ''Peri Hermanias'': "Opposites positioned near themselves shine greater, or rather, opposites which adjoin augment. Weak against strong, hard against soft, and contrary." For should it be strong against strong, then the stronger would win every time. Therefore Liechtenauer undertakes fencing according to the more appropriate and truer art, so that one weaker and cunning with his art as surely wins as with one stronger with his strength (for which would be of a different art).</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|11|
|  
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{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|3|lbl=21r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|1|lbl=21v.1|p=1}}
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}}{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|1|lbl=22v|p=1}}
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}}
  
|-
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{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|12|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|2|lbl=21v.2}}}}
| <p>Therefore fencer, learn to feel well as Liechtenauer spoke: {{red|Learn the feeling. Within, that words cuts sharply}}. Because when you are on the sword of the opponent and now feel whether the opponent is weak or strong on the sword well, within-this or during, so you must then consider and know well whatever you shall execute against him according to this aforementioned lore and art. For truly, he cannot withdraw himself from the sword without harm with anything. Because Liechtenauer spoke: {{red|Strike that it snaps whoever withdraws before you}}.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
  
|-
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{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|13|
| <p>If you act according to this lesson, fastening well so that you always have and won the fore-strike and as soon as you execute that, you then hasten the after-strike into the opponent thereafter, immediately without refrain (that is the second, the third or the fourth strike, be it hew or stab) then the opponent can never come to strikes. If you then come onto the sword with him, be surer at the feeling and execute as is written before.</p>
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|3|lbl=21v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|1|lbl=22r.1|p=1}}
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}}
  
<p>Because this is the foundation of fencing that a person is always in motion and not pause and it then comes to the feeling, so do above as able. And whatever you conduct and begin, always have measure and moderation. Like, if you have won the fore-strike, then don't do it so impetuously and so powerfully that you then cannot recover yourself for the after-strike. About this, Liechtenauer spoke: {{red|Thereupon you hold, all things have moderation and measure}}. And also understand this about the stepping and about all other plays and principles of fencing, etc.</p>
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{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|14|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|2|lbl=22r.2}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}<!--
 
          --><section begin="Hauptstücke"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is the text, in this he names the five hews and other plays of fencing.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>21</small>
 
| Five hews learn.<br/>&emsp;From the right hand, endure the weapons.
 
|-
 
| <small>23</small>
 
| Wrath-hew, crook, thwart,<br/>&emsp;have squinter with parters,
 
|-
 
| <small>24</small>
 
| Fool displaces,<br/>&emsp;race-behind, run-across hew disrupt,
 
|-
 
| <small>25</small>
 
| Change-through, disengage,<br/>&emsp;run-through, cut-off, press hands
 
|-
 
| <small>26</small>
 
| Hang, wind amid the openings<br/>&emsp;Strike catch, scrape, stab with colliding.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23r.jpg|1|lbl=23r}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Hauptstücke"/><section begin="Zornhaw"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the Wrath-hew, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>27</small>
 
| Whoever over-hews you,<br/>&emsp;The Wrath-hew point threatens them.
 
|-
 
| <small>28</small>
 
| If he becomes aware of it,<br/>&emsp;Take it off above without fear
 
|-
 
| <small>29</small>
 
| Be stronger, wind against,<br/>&emsp;Thrust. If he sees it, take it below.
 
|-
 
| <small>30</small>
 
| Precisely note this:<br/>&emsp;Hews, stabs, position soft or hard
 
|-
 
| <small>31</small>
 
| Within and before, after<br/>&emsp;Without charging to the wars. Do not be rash.
 
|-
 
| <small>32</small>
 
| Whoever's war targets<br/>&emsp;Above, he will be shamed below.
 
|-
 
| <small>33</small>
 
| In all winds,<br/>&emsp;Learn to find: hews, stabs, cuts.
 
|-
 
| <small>34</small>
 
| You shall also, with that<br/>&emsp;Test hew, stab or cut
 
|-
 
| <small>35</small>
 
| In all hits<br/>&emsp;Of the masters, if you wish to dupe them.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xvi</small>
 
| Do not hew to the sword,<br/>&emsp;Rather, stand watch for the openings
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xvii</small>
 
| In the head, in the body<br/>&emsp;If you wish to remain without harm
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xviii</small>
 
| You hit or miss<br/>&emsp;Aspiring like this so that you target the openings
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xix</small>
 
| In every lesson,<br/>&emsp;Turn the point against the openings.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xx</small>
 
| Whoever hews around widely,<br/>&emsp;They will often be shamed severely.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxi</small>
 
| At the closest of all,<br/>&emsp;Deliver sudden hews, stabs [wisely].<ref>"Wisely" inferred from the summary</ref>
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxii</small>
 
| And one shall also always step<br/>&emsp;To the right side
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxiii</small>
 
| So you may begin<br/>&emsp;Fencing or wrestling with advantage.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Here note and know that Liechtenauer calls an over-hew struck<ref>alt: straight</ref> from the shoulder the wrath-hew. When one is in his fury and wrath of someone, there is no hew as ready as this same over-hew struck from the shoulder to the man. About that, Liechtenauer means when someone begins to hew at you with an over-hew, so shall you counter-hew the wrath-hew against him, and also that you firmly shoot the point against him. If he wards your point from you, then immediately draw off above and drive suddenly<ref>darfahren: unversehens dazu kommen</ref> to the other side of his sword. But if he wards that, then be hard and strong in the sword and wind and stab immediately and bravely. If he wards your stab, separate and immediately initiate a hew below, where you hit to the legs in such a way that you continuously conduct one after the other, so that they cannot come to strikes. And the afore-spoken words: {{red|before, after, within-this, weak, strong and hews, stabs and cuts}}; you shall have them brought to mind at the same time and forget with nothing in the applications.</p>
 
|
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|1|lbl=23v|p=1}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|15|
| <p>You shall also not seriously rush with the war, because if one of which you target fails above, then you you hit below as you will hear how one makes itself out of the other according to the legitimate art, particularly: hews, stabs, cuts.</p>
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|3|lbl=22r.3|p=1}}{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|1|lbl=22v.1|p=1}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
}}
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|16|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|2|lbl=22v.2}}}}
| <p>And [one] shall not hew to the opponent's sword, rather into the opponent, to the head and to the body, wherever one may, etc. One may also consider that the first verse may also state: Whomever you over-hew the wrath-hew, the point of the wrath-hew threatens them, etc. Just act according to this lore and be continuously in motion. Either you hit or do not so that the opponent cannot come to strikes. And with the hewing, always step-out well to the side.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|17|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|3|lbl=22v.3}}}}
| <p>Also know that there are only two hews, all other hews come from them however they are preferred to be named locally. That is the over-hew and the under-hew from both sides. They are the chief hews and foundation of all other hews. However, those hews causally and accordingly come from the point of the sword. Which is the core and the center of all other plays here like what was written well before. And from those same hews come the four displacements from both sides. With them one disrupts and breaks all hews, stabs or positions. And from them one also comes into the four hangings. From them one may conduct art well as one shall hear hereafter. And however one may particularly fence someone, so shall the point ever and always be turned against their face or breast so that each and every time the opponent must discourage themselves so that he cannot come before by sake of<ref>wegen preposition</ref> it, for it has immediately shifted<ref>wegen verb</ref> somewhere<ref>ienen</ref> closer to him.</p>
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|4|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 24r.jpg|1|lbl=24r|p=1}}
 
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|18|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|4|lbl=22v.4}}}}
| <p>And if it happens like this that they won the fore-strike, so shall the fencer be secure and sure and be quick with the winding and as soon as he has wound, so shall he begin to drive to the side agilely and courageously. And his point shall shall seek the opponent's breast, turning and positioning themselves against it. As you will hear better hereafter. And the point, as soon as he comes upon the sword of someone, it shall always come to be around a half an ell away from another's breast or face and take quite good care  that it intends to arrive inside that and certainly to the closest and not wide around, so that the opponent cannot come first by sake of this. Provided the fencer will not allow themselves to become lax and hesitant and ward too lazily nor be willing to arrive too wide and too far around.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 24r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Zornhaw"/><section begin="Blossen"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the four openings, etc, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>36</small>
 
| Know to target the four openings<br/>&emsp;so you strike certainly
 
|-
 
| <small>37</small>
 
| Without any danger<br/>&emsp;without doubt however he behaves.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Note here that Liechtenauer, who tiles a person in four parts, just as if he made a line in front of them from the top of the head downwards on his body just to down-here between his legs. And the second line by the girdle that crosses over the body thus becoming four quarters: a right and a left above the girdle and also in the same way under the girdle. Those are the four openings, which each have their particular applications. He targets them and never against the sword, rather the openings.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 25r.jpg|1|lbl=25r}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|19|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23r.jpg|1|lbl=23r.1}}}}
| <p>{{red|b=1|About the four openings, how one breaks them.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>38</small>
 
| If you wish to reckon yourself,<br/>&emsp;breaking the four openings artfully,
 
|-
 
| <small>39</small>
 
| Double above,<br/>&emsp;Mutate there-below directly.
 
|-  
 
| <small>40</small>
 
| I say truthfully,<br/>&emsp;no one defends themselves without danger.
 
|-
 
| <small>41</small>
 
| If you have understood,<br/>&emsp;he may scarcely come to blows.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 25r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Blossen"/><section begin="Krumphaw"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the crook-hew, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>42</small>
 
| Crook up swiftly,<br/>&emsp;throw your point onto the hands.
 
|-
 
| <small>43</small>
 
| Whoever waits well crooked,<br/>&emsp;disrupts many hews with stepping.
 
|-
 
| <small>44</small>
 
| Hew crooked to the flats<br/>&emsp;of the masters if you wish to weaken them.
 
|-
 
| <small>45</small>
 
| When it sparks above,<br/>&emsp;Then dismount, that I will praise.
 
|-
 
| <small>46</small>
 
| Crook not, hew short.<br/>&emsp;Change through and with that expose him.
 
|-
 
| <small>47</small>
 
| Crook whoever misleads you.<br/>&emsp;The noble war baffles them
 
|-
 
| <small>48</small>
 
| That he truthfully truthfully<br/>&emsp;Does not know where is without danger.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Here note and know that the crook-hew is an over-hew which travels crooked along with a good step outwards, likewise to one side. What Liechtenauer means about this is whoever wishes to command this hew properly, they shall step-out to the right side fully flanking, then he delivers the hew and shall crook-hew fully and swiftly and shall throw or shoot his point over his hilt upon the hands of the opponent or shall hew to the opponent's flat. If he then hits the flat, then he shall remain strong thereupon and press firmly and shall see whatever he may then deliver the most decisive and straightest with hews, stabs or cuts and shall hew too short with nothing and shall not forget of the changing-through if it bears itself.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 25v.jpg|1|lbl=25v}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Krumphaw"/><section begin="Fehler"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>A hew called the failer, and comes from the crook-hew and it stands written after the thwart-hew (where the hand is drawn), and it should stand before the thwart-hew, and it besets<ref>dargehen: the approach something in a hostile manner. Literally: to go-there.</ref> crookedly and obliquely from below, in over the hilt of the opponent, with point shooting right the same as the crook-hew from above downwards.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 26v.jpg|1|lbl=26v}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|20|
|
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23r.jpg|2|lbl=23r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|1|lbl=23v.1|p=1}}
{| class="zettel"
+
}}
|-  
 
| <small>53</small>
 
| The failer misleads<br/>&emsp;It wounds according to desire from below.
 
|-
 
| <small>54</small>
 
| The inverter dominates.<br/>&emsp;The runner through also wrestles with it.
 
|-
 
| <small>55</small>
 
| Take the elbow wisely<br/>&emsp;Spring into his stance.
 
|-
 
| <small>56</small>
 
| The failer doubles.<br/>&emsp;One connects the slice with might.
 
|-
 
| <small>57</small>
 
| Double it further<br/>&emsp;Step to the left and do not be lazy.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxiv</small>
 
| Because all fencing<br/>&emsp;Will by all rights, have speed
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxv</small>
 
| Also in it: audacity,<br/>&emsp;Prudence, astuteness and ingenuity.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 27r.jpg|2|lbl=27r}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Fehler"/><section begin="Twerhaw"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the thwart-hew, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>49</small>
 
| The thwart seizes<br/>&emsp;Whatever comes from the roof.
 
|-
 
| <small>50</small>
 
| Thwart with the strong<br/>&emsp;Remember your work with it.
 
|-
 
| <small>51</small>
 
| Thwart to the plow<br/>&emsp;Yoke it hard to the ox
 
|-
 
| <small>52</small>
 
| Whoever thwarts themselves well<br/>&emsp;Threatens the head<ref>The page is clipped. only 'hew' remains. This manuscript spells 'haupte' as 'hewpte'</ref> with springing
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Here note and know that of the entire sword, no hew is as efficient, so fierce, so complete and so good as is the thwart-hew. And it besets like a crossbar<ref>twer: noun: something that gets in the way, something that cuts across something else, something that crosses. verb: to twist, to twirl, to turn obliquely in relation to something</ref> to both sides: with both edges, the back and the front; to all openings, below and above. And everything that arrives from above, those are the over-hews or whatever otherwise goes from above downward, one breaks and wards those with the thwart-hews.</p>
 
  
<p>They that can deliver or fling the sword forwards well, they twirl before the head to whichever side he wishes. Just like would would come in the upper hangings or windings, only that for someone in the thwart-hew, the flats of the sword turn: one above or upward, the other below or downward; and the edges to the sides. They twirl, one to the right and one to the left side. And it is quite good to come upon the sword of the opponent with these thwart-hews.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|21|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|2|lbl=23v.2}}}}
  
<p>And then, when one comes upon the sword of the opponent, just as it arrives, so that the opponent must come away from it burdensomely, he will be struck from this with the thwart-hews to both sides. For just as he delivers a thwart-hew, to whichever side it is: below or above, the sword then always goes up with the hilt before the head via the hand flung forwards, so that he is absolutely warded and covered. And one shall deliver the thwart-hews with some strength.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|22|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|3|lbl=23v.3}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 27r.jpg|1|lbl=-}}
 
  
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 27v.jpg|1|lbl=27v}}
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|23|
 +
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|4|lbl=23v.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 24r.jpg|1|lbl=24r.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|24|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 24r.jpg|2|lbl=24r.2}}}}
| <p>And when one shall fence for their neck, so shall they proceed with the afore-written lore so that they win the fore-strike with a good thwart-hew. When he closes with someone, as soon as he realizes that he is able to engage the opponent with a step or a spring, he then bursts in there from the right side with a thwart-hew above at the head of the opponent with the back edge of the sword likewise<ref>alt: directly, immediately</ref> above and shall let the point shoot and shall quite fully twirl so that the point careens and winds or girds itself around the opponent's head, like a belt. Because when one thwarts well with a good stepping out or spring, then the opponent must burdensomely defend or escape this. And when he then wins the fore-strike with the thwart-hew like this to the one side, whether he hits or misses, the he shall then immediately win the after-strike in a rush directly without pause with the thwart-hew to the other side with the forward-edge before any strike or little thing somehow redeems them according to the afore-written lore. And shall then thwart to both sides into the oxen and into the plows. That is, into the high openings and into the low from one side to the other, below and above, ceaselessly without pause in this way, so that he is always in motion and does not allow the opponent to come to strikes. And each time he does a thwart-hew above or below, so shall he thwart completely and throw the sword above that they twirl well before his head so that he is well covered.</p>
 
|
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 27v.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 28r.jpg|1|lbl=28r|p=1}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Twerhaw"/><section begin="Schilhaw"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the squint-hew, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>58</small>
 
| The squinter breaks<br/>&emsp;inside Whatever the buffalo cuts or thrusts.
 
|-
 
| <small>59</small>
 
| Whoever threatens to change,<br/>&emsp;the squinter robs him of it.
 
|-
 
| <small>60</small>
 
| Squint. If he short changes you,<br/>&emsp;The changing through defeats him.
 
|-
 
| <small>61</small>
 
| Squint into the point<br/>&emsp;And take the neck without fear.
 
|-
 
| <small>62</small>
 
| Squint to the top of the head<br/>&emsp;If you wish to ruin the hand.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxvi</small>
 
| Squint against the right,<br/>&emsp;if you desire to fence well.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxvii</small>
 
| The squint-hew I prize,<br/>&emsp;if it does not arrive too lazily.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}} Here note and know that a squint-hew is an over-hew from the right side with the back edge of the sword that the left side is approached and goes there just as slanted or skewed, stepping out to one side to the right with a twisted sword and hand flung forwards and this same hew breaks as the buffalo, that is a peasant, might strike from above downward as they incline to do. This also breaks just like the thwart-hew as was written before. And whoever threatens with changing-through, they become shamed with the squint-hew. And one shall squint-hew fully and long enough and shoot the point firmly. Otherwise, he will become impeded with changing-through and one shall squint fully with the point into the throat bravely without fear and...<ref>The comment ends here and remains unfinished.</ref></p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 28v.jpg|1|lbl=28v}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Schilhaw"/>
 
|-
 
|
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 29v.jpg|1|lbl=29v}}
 
<section begin="Scheitelhaw"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the part-hew, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>63</small>
 
| The parter<br/>&emsp;Is dangerous to the face;
 
|-
 
| <small>64</small>
 
| With it's turn<br/>&emsp;The chest is yet endangered.
 
|-
 
| <small>65</small>
 
| Whatever comes from him<br/>&emsp;The crown removes.
 
|-
 
| <small>66</small>
 
| Slice through the crown<br/>&emsp;So that you break it beautifully and hard;
 
|-
 
| <small>67</small>
 
| Press the strokes<br/>&emsp;Snatch them away with slicing.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxviii</small>
 
| The scalp-hew I prize<br/>&emsp;If it arrives not too lazily.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 30r.jpg|1|lbl=30r}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Scheitelhaw"/><section begin="Leger"/>
 
|-
 
| <p><span style="color:#696969;">Liechtenauer holds just a little about the four positions. In that they proceed from the over and under hangings, and from there one may surely bring applications.</span></p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|1|lbl=32r}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row blank|a|{{paget|MS 3227a|24v|jpb|blk=1}}}}
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the four positions, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>68</small>
 
| Four positions alone<br/>&emsp;From there hold and flee the common.
 
|-
 
| <small>69</small>
 
| Ox, plow, fool,<br/>&emsp;From-the-roof are not despised by you.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss, etc}}. Here he names the four positions or four guards. About them, little is to be held. Instead, in any confrontation, a person shall absolutely not lay too long therein. For Liechtenauer has a particular proverb: {{red|Whoever lays there, they are dead. Whoever rouses themselves, they yet live}}. And that pertains to the positions that a person shall preferably rouse themselves with applications. Because he that idles [in] the guards, he might preclude the moment of truth with that.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|25|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 25r.jpg|1|lbl=25r.1}}}}
| <p>The first guard, plow, is this in which one lays the point forward, upon the earth or to the side. After the offsetting, this is otherwise called the barrier-guard or the gate.</p>
 
  
<p>The second guard, ox, is the over-hanging<ref>überhangen: to hang over, to lean over, to incline</ref> from the shoulder.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|26|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 25r.jpg|2|lbl=25r.2}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|27|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 25v.jpg|1|lbl=25v}}}}
|
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-  
 
| <small>xxix</small>
 
| The fool always breaks<br/>&emsp;Whatever one hews or stabs
 
|-
 
| <small>xxx</small>
 
| With hanging, strokes [and]<br/>&emsp;Racing-behind, set [into action]<ref>Grimm: setzen C.2)a)</ref> at once.
 
|}
 
<p>The third guard, the fool, is the under-hanging.<ref>unterhangen: hang down, like the branches of a tree</ref> With it, one breaks all hews and stabs, whoever commands it correctly.</p>
 
  
<p>The fourth guard, from-the-roof, is the long-point. Whoever commands it with extended arms, one may not hit them well with hews nor with stabs. Also, it may well be called the hanging over the head.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row blank|b|{{paget|MS 3227a|26r|jpb|blk=1}}}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|28|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 26v.jpg|1|lbl=26v}}}}
| <p>Also know that one breaks all positions and guards with hewing. For one bravely initiates a hew at the opponent with them so they must urgently drive up and defend themselves. Therefore Liechtenauer does not hold much about the positions or guards, rather he preferably crafts it so that someone discourages themselves before him so that he then wins the fore-strike. (As they are able.)</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|5|lbl=-}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Leger"/><section begin="Vorsetzen"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the four displacements}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>70</small>
 
| Four are the displacements<br/>&emsp;Which also severely disrupt the positions.
 
|-
 
| <small>71</small>
 
| Guard yourself from displacing<br/>&emsp;If that happens, it also severely beleaguers you.
 
|-
 
| <small>72</small>
 
| If you are displaced,<br/>&emsp;And as that comes to be,
 
|-
 
| <small>73</small>
 
| Hear what I advise:<br/>&emsp;Deftly leave the cut with haste.
 
|-
 
| <small>74</small>
 
| Place at four extremities<br/>&emsp;Learn to remain upon them if you wish to finish.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxxi</small>
 
| Whoever displaces well,<br/>&emsp;This technique disrupts many hews.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxxii</small>
 
| Because in the hangings<br/>&emsp;You swiftly come with the displacements.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Here note that the four displacements are to both sides. To each side, one over and one under. And they disrupt or break all guards or positions and however you, from above or from below, carry off or reject someone's hew, stab or cut with your sword, that may well be called displacing. And if they will displace you, as that arrives, then withdraw swiftly and with that,  quickly initiate a hew in one charge. If you then displace someone or turn away a hew or stab, so shall you immediately tread in and pursue on the sword so that the opponent cannot withdraw from you and shall then do what you may. However lightly you hesitate and delay yourself, so you take harm. You shall also wind well and turn your point against the opponent's chest every time, so that he must discourage himself.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32v.jpg|1|lbl=32v}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|29|<p><br/></p>
| <p>Also a good fencer shall fully learn coming onto the sword of the opponent and he must do that well with the displacements, because they come from the four hews. From each side, an over-hew and an under-hew and go into the four hangings. For as soon as one displaces from below or above, so shall they immediately come into the hangings. And as he winds-off all hews and stabs with the forward edge, it is as with the displacements.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 32v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Vorsetzen"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the racing behind, etc, etc}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>75</small>
 
| Learn to race behind<br/>&emsp;Twice or cut into the weapon
 
|-
 
| <small>76</small>
 
| Yoke the two to the outside<br/>&emsp;The work begins thereafter
 
|-
 
| <small>77</small>
 
| Testing the attack<br/>&emsp;Whether it is soft or hard
 
|-
 
| <small>78</small>
 
| Learn to feel it<br/>&emsp;Within-this, this word cuts sharply
 
|-
 
| <small>79</small>
 
| Racing twice<br/>&emsp;With that make the parting cut.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxxiii</small>
 
| Follow all hits<br/>&emsp;Then strengthen if you wish to dupe the masters
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxxiv</small>
 
| In every lesson,<br/>&emsp;Turn the point against one's face.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxxv</small>
 
| With the entire body<br/>&emsp;Race behind, always keep your point there.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxxvi</small>
 
| Also learn to swiftly<br/>&emsp;Race, so you may end well.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 33r.jpg|1|lbl=33r}}
 
  
|-
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 27r.jpg|2|lbl=27r.2}}
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the overrunning. Fencer seek within.}}</p>
+
}}
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>80</small>
 
| Whoever hunts below<br/>&emsp;Overrun, then they will be shamed.
 
|-
 
| <small>81</small>
 
| When it clashes above,<br/>&emsp;Strengthen, This I wish to praise.
 
|-
 
| <small>82</small>
 
| Make your work<br/>&emsp;Or press hard twice.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxxvii</small>
 
| Whoever presses you down,<br/>&emsp;Overrun them, slash sharply again.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxxviii</small>
 
| From both sides<br/>&emsp;Overrun and remember the cuts.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 33v.jpg|1|lbl=33v}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|30|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 27r.jpg|1|lbl=27r.1}}
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about offsetting. Learn this well.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-  
 
| <small>83</small>
 
| Learn to offset<br/>&emsp;Artfully disrupt hews, stabs.
 
|-
 
| <small>84</small>
 
| Whoever stabs upon you<br/>&emsp;Your point hits and his breaks.
 
|-
 
| <small>85</small>
 
| From both sides<br/>&emsp;Hit every time, if you will step.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxxix</small>
 
| In every lesson,<br/>&emsp;Turn the point against one's face.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 34r.jpg|1|lbl=34r}}
 
  
|-
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 27v.jpg|1|lbl=27v.1}}}}
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the changing-through, etc, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>86</small>
 
| Learn to change-through<br/>&emsp;From both sides, with that stab sharply.
 
|-
 
| <small>87</small>
 
| Whoever binds upon you,<br/>&emsp;Change-through, surely find him.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xl</small>
 
| When you have changed-through,<br/>&emsp;Do not slash, stab or wind lax.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xli</small>
 
| Do not hew into the sword<br/>&emsp;Change-through, with that watch.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Here note that the changing-through goes in completely straight from above downwards and from below upwards to both sides if it is otherwise conducted swiftly. Now if you wish to change-through to the right side from above down, then hew an over-hew straight into him also so that you shoot-in your point to his left side above the hilt also so that you hit the same little hole and little window between the edges and the hilt completely straight. If you hit, then you have won. If he wards it so that he leads off and presses-out your point with his sword, then let your point sink from the same side under his sword around it to the other side, not wide around, rather, below on his sword so you may keep close and from there drive-in quite swiftly above the hilt with a good, complete stab and when you feel that you hit, fully pursue. And as you do from one side, below and above, so you do from the other.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 34v.jpg|1|lbl=34v}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|31|
|  
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 27v.jpg|2|lbl=27v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 28r.jpg|1|lbl=28r|p=1}}
<p>And whoever binds-on with you, rush<ref>rauschen: like a strong wind rustling quickly through the trees</ref> past on his sword with your point against his opening. If he wards, then change-through as before or wind and feel is technique whether it is soft or hard. Thereafter seek hew, stab, or cut against the openings.</p>
+
}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 34v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}<!--
 
          --><section begin="Zucken"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the disengaging. Fencer note.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>88</small>
 
| Tread near in the bind<br/>&emsp;The disengaging gives good discoveries.
 
|-
 
| <small>89</small>
 
| Disengage. If he hits, disengage more.<br/>&emsp;If he works, wind that does him woe.
 
|-
 
| <small>90</small>
 
| Disengage all hits<br/>&emsp;Of the masters if you will dupe them.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xlii</small>
 
| Disengage off from the sword<br/>&emsp;And always ponder your drive.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 35r.jpg|1|lbl=35r}}<!--
 
          --><section end="Zucken"/>
 
|-
 
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the running-through. Look closely.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>91</small>
 
| Allow the hanging, run-through.<br/>&emsp;Grab with the pommel if you wish to wrangle.
 
|-
 
| <small>92</small>
 
| Whoever comes against the strong<br/>&emsp;Runner-through, with that, note,
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xliii</small>
 
| Run-through and shove.<br/>&emsp;Invert if he grabs for the pommel.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 35v.jpg|1|lbl=35v}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|32|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 28v.jpg|1|lbl=28v}}}}
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the severing, etc, etc}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>93</small>
 
| Sever the hard-ones<br/>&emsp;From below in both drives.
 
|-
 
| <small>94</small>
 
| Four are the cuts<br/>&emsp;With two below, two above.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xliv</small>
 
| Cross whoever wish to cut.<br/>&emsp;It easily evades the harm.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xlv</small>
 
| Do not cut in fright,<br/>&emsp;Always consider racing before this.
 
|-  
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xlvi</small>
 
| You can cut well<br/>&emsp;Any cross, just omit the racing.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xlvii</small>
 
| If you wish to remain without harm,<br/>&emsp;Then do not be too eager with the cutting.
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 36r.jpg|1|lbl=36r}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row blank|c|{{paget|MS 3227a|29r|jpb|blk=1}}}}
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the hand pressing, etc, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>95</small>
 
| Turn your edge<br/>&emsp;Into the flats. Press the hands.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xlviii</small>
 
| Another is turning<br/>&emsp;One's winding. The third, hanging.
 
|-  
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">xlix</small>
 
| If you wish to make the fencers<br/>&emsp;Weary, then press with contention.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">l</small>
 
| Over the hands,<br/>&emsp;If one hews, cut swiftly.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">li</small>
 
| Also draw the cuts<br/>&emsp;Above, out over the head.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lii</small>
 
| Whoever presses the hands<br/>&emsp;Without harm, disengages from the fingers.
 
|}
 
<p>Also know as soon as you turn away the opponent's hew or stab with the winding, so shall you immediately tread-in and swiftly drive there into the opponent. However lightly you hesitate and delay yourself, so you take harm.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 36v.jpg|1|lbl=36v}}
 
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|33|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 29v.jpg|1|lbl=29v}}}}
| <p>Also note and know that one with the forward edge of the sword, from the middle of that side to the hilt, turns away all hews and stabs. And the closer the opponent's hew or stab comes to the hilt upon that edge, with that, as he turns his forward edge with it, the better and the more powerful he can turn away hews or stabs. Because the nearer to the hilt, the stronger and the mightier. And the closer to the point, the weaker and the sicklier. Therefore, whoever wishes to be a good fencer, they shall learn to turn away well before anything. For if he turns that away well with this, he comes immediately into the winds. From them he can conduct the skill and beauty of the technique well.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 36v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|34|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 30r.jpg|1|lbl=30r}}}}
| <p>The forward edge of the sword is called the right edge and all hews or stabs are ruined with the turning.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 36v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row blank|d|{{paget|MS 3227a|30v|jpb|blk=1}}}}
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the hanging. Fencer learn this, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>96</small>
 
| Two hangings emerge<br/>&emsp;From each side from the ground
 
|-
 
| <small>97</small>
 
| In all applications<br/>&emsp;Hew, stab, position soft or hard.
 
|-
 
| <small>98</small>
 
| Make the speaking-window<br/>&emsp;Stand freely, seek his trigger.
 
|-
 
| <small>99</small>
 
| Slash that it snaps<br/>&emsp;Whoever withdraws themselves before you.
 
|-
 
| <small>100</small>
 
| I say to you truthfully,<br/>&emsp;No one defends themselves without danger.
 
|-
 
| <small>101</small>
 
| If you have understood,<br/>&emsp;he may scarcely come to blows.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">liii</small>
 
| That is, if you remain<br/>&emsp;Upon the sword, also conduct with that
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">liv</small>
 
| Hews, stabs or cuts.<br/>&emsp;With that, note the feeling
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lv</small>
 
| Without any preference.<br/>&emsp;You shall also not flee from the sword
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lvi</small>
 
| Because master applications<br/>&emsp;Are on the sword by rights.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lvii</small>
 
| Whoever binds onto you<br/>&emsp;The war wrestles with him sharply.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lviii</small>
 
| The noble winding<br/>&emsp;Can also surely find him
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lix</small>
 
| With hewing, with stabbing<br/>&emsp;With cutting you tenaciously find him.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lx</small>
 
| In all winding<br/>&emsp;You shall find hews, stabs, cuts.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lxi</small>
 
| The noble hanging<br/>&emsp;Will not exist without the winding.
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lxii</small>
 
| Because from the hangings<br/>&emsp;You shall bring the windings.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss, etc}}. Here note and know that to each side are two hangings: one under-hanging<ref>unterhangen: hang down, like the branches of a tree</ref> and one over-hanging.<ref>überhangen: to hang over, to lean over, to incline</ref> With them, you may come upon the sword of the opponent well. Because they come from the over-hews and the under-hews. Just when it happens that you bind on with someone or as you otherwise come to him on the sword, so shall you remain on the sword and shall wind and shall also quite merrily stay on the sword with him with a good spirit and bravely without fear. And shall quite precisely see, note and watch whatever he will do or what his situation, is with which he will go the rounds against you. And this standing like so on the sword, Liechtenauer calls this a speaking-window. And just when you stand with him on the sword, so shall you quite precisely note and feel his application whether it is soft or hard. Thereafter, you shall then orient yourself as is often spoken before. If he then withdraws himself from the sword before any situation, earlier than you begin, then you shall immediately pursue and shall strike hews or stabs whatever you may most surely deliver, before he comes to anything at all. Because you are always closer to him with that. Thus, you remain on the sword and extend your point against him.</p>
 
  
<p>When the opponent withdraws with his, before he recovers himself of one of his strikes he delivered to you, immediately drive on with the point. But if he remains with you on the sword, then always test and note whether he is soft or hard on the sword.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row blank|e|{{paget|MS 3227a|31r|jpb|blk=1}}}}
  
<p>If it is that he is soft and weak, then you shall swiftly and bravely drive full on and charge there with your strong and shall force and press his sword out and shall press and force out his sword and seek his openings to the head, to the body; just wherever you can get to.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row blank|f|{{paget|MS 3227a|31v|jpb|blk=1}}}}
  
<p>If the opponent is subsequently hard and strong on the sword and means to force and force you firmly out, so shall you then be soft and weak against his strong and dissipate his forcing with your sword.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|35|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|1|lbl=32r.1}}}}
  
<p>And in that ebbing as his sword crashes and slides away, also as is written about that as before, in that or the moment as that happens to him, before he can recover himself again, so that he cannot come to any strikes or stabs, so shall you explore his openings with hews, stabs or cuts wherever you may most surely possess him according to the afore-written lore swiftly, bravely and quickly so that he can never come to blows.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|36|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|2|lbl=32r.2}}}}
  
<p>That's why Liechtenauer says {{red|I say to you truthfully, no one defends themselves without danger. If you have grasped this, he can barely come to blows.}} By this he means that no one may defend themselves without danger or harm if you do this according to the written lore. If you execute and win the fore-strike from him, then they must continually defend or must allow themselves to be struck.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|37|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|3|lbl=32r.3}}}}
  
<p>For when you execute the fore-strike, you hit or miss; so shall you swiftly execute the after-strike in one rush before when the opponent comes to any blows. For when you wish to execute the fore-strike, so shall you just as if in one thought and mind also execute the after-strike just as if you will execute them with one another because it likely defends.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|38|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|4|lbl=32r.4}}}}
  
<p>That's why Liechtenauer says {{red|Before, After, the two things}}, etc. Because if you execute the fore-strike, you hit or miss, then execute the after-strike verily in one rush, swiftly and quickly so that the opponent comes to blows with nothing and you shall work like this so that you always come earlier than the opponent in all confrontations of fencing. And as soon as you come earlier than the opponent and won the fore-strike, then you immediately execute the after-strike.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|39| <p><br/></p>
  
<p>When you shall execute no fore-strike, you still have the after-strike along with in sense and in spirit such that you always be in motion and neither dawdle nor hesitate with nothing, especially you always conduct one after the other swiftly and quickly, so that the opponent comes to nothing.</p>
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|5|lbl=32r.5}}}}
  
<p>If you truthfully do this, then he must be quite a phenom, whoever comes away from you unstruck. Because with this art or with the advantage that it often happens that a peasant or an unlearned strikes a good master with this for he conducts the fore-strike and bravely hurries there. Because however lightly it is overlooked, it hits within-this and shames him like this and strikes. Because one who takes watch of the blow and will wait for the defence, they are in greater danger than the one who strikes thereupon him and wins the fore-strike. Therefore orchestrate that you are the first in all confrontations of fencing and come to the right side of someone. There you will be surer of everything than the opponent.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|40|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|6|lbl=32r.6}}}}
|
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 37r.jpg|1|lbl=37r|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 37v.jpg|1|lbl=37v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 38r.jpg|1|lbl=38r|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 38v.jpg|1|lbl=38v|p=1}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|41|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32r.jpg|7|lbl=32r.7}}}}
|
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-
 
| <small>108</small>
 
| From both sides<br/>&emsp;Learn eight winds with stepping.
 
|-
 
| <small>106</small>
 
| And always unite them<br/>&emsp;Yoke<ref>menen: treiben, fuhren, leiten</ref> the winds with three plays
 
|-
 
| <small>107</small>
 
| So are they twenty<br/>&emsp;And four. Simply count them.
 
|-
 
| <small>105</small>
 
| Fencer, mind this<br/>&emsp;And consider the winds correctly
 
|-
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lxiii</small>
 
| And learn to command them well<br/>&emsp;So you may wound the four openings
 
|-  
 
| <small style="color:#696969;">lxiv</small>
 
| Because each opening<br/>&emsp;Objectively has six wounds.
 
|}
 
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Here note and know that the winds are the right art and fixed foundation of all fencing of the sword. From them, all other applications and plays come. And one might tediously be a good fencer without the winds, although numerous illegitimate masters, they dismiss and say whatever comes from the winds is quite weak and name it "from the shortened sword", for they are simple and approach naively and meaning that they are fought from the long sword whatever arrives with extended arms and with extended sword and whatever arrives quite fiendishly and strong from the entire power of the body will barely flourish to the end and that is terrible to behold when someone extends themselves like this just as if they will run-down a hare. And that is all against the winding and against Liechtenauer's art when there is no strength against. Because if whoever's art differs on this, you should prefer the strong every time.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 39v.jpg|1|lbl=39v}}
 
  
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 40r.jpg|1|lbl=40r}}
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|42|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32v.jpg|1|lbl=32v.1}}}}
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|43|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32v.jpg|2|lbl=32v.2}}}}
| <p>{{red|b=1|H}}ere the plays and the prescriptions of the unarmored fencing of Master Liechtenauer are recapped and elaborated differently with shorter and simpler speech so as to grant greater and better understanding and comprehension than as it was written before in the rhymes and glosses, unclearly and incomprehensibly. Thus with this short conversation, that will be overcome.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 64r.jpg|1|lbl=64r}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|44|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 32v.jpg|3|lbl=32v.3}}}}
| <p>First note and know that Liechtenauer's fencing lays entirely upon the five words: {{red|Before}}, {{red|After}}, {{red|Weak}}, {{red|Strong}}, {{red|Within}}. These are the foundation, the core and fundamentals of all fencing. And however much one is able to fence, if he doesn't know about the fundamentals, he will often be shamed by his art. And these same words were often explained before. At that moment, they were just getting at someone being in constant motion and to not celebrate nor idle so that the opponent cannot come to blows. Because {{red|before}} and {{red|after}} signify 'forestrike' and 'afterstrike' as was often written before.</p>
 
  
<p>And this gets to that which is called 'start and finish', 'beginning and end'. Because a good, earnest fencer fences with someone such that he will slay them with his art and not become struck and this cannot be done without 'beginning and end'. If he will subsequently begin well, then he will ensure that he always has and wins the forestrike and not the opponent. Because the one who strikes at their opponent, they are always surer and better prepared by reason that the opponent must take heed of and watch out for your strike.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|45|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 33r.jpg|1|lbl=33r}}}}
  
<p>When he subsequently executes and wins the forestrike, whether he hits or misses, he shall then immediately and without pause in that same rush, execute the afterstrike. That is, the second, the third, the fourth or fifth strikes, be it hew or stab in such a way that he is always in motion and executes one after another without pause so that he does not allow them to ever come to blows.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|46|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 33v.jpg|1|lbl=33v}}}}
  
<p>Liechtenauer says about this: {{red|I say to you truthfully, no one defends themselves without danger (and without harm).<ref>latin: dampno => damno => harm</ref> If you have understood this, he can hardly come to blows}}. Just do as was often written before and be in motion.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|47|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 34r.jpg|1|lbl=34r}}}}
  
<p>The word {{red|Within}} gets at the words {{red|before}}, {{red|after}} because when one executes the forestrike and the opponent wards it, 'within' and during the moment that opponent wards it and defends themselves, they can come to the afterstrike well.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|48|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 34v.jpg|1|lbl=34v.1}}}}
  
<p>It also gets at the words 'weak', 'strong'. These here signify 'the feeling' because when one is on the sword with their opponent, and feels whether they are strong or weak. Thereafter they then execute according to the often written lessons.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|49|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 34v.jpg|2|lbl=34v.2}}}}
  
<p>And the fundamentals will have these principles in all confrontations: Speed, audacity, prudence, astuteness and ingenuity, etc. And also measure in all things.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|50|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 35r.jpg|1|lbl=35r}}}}
  
<p>Now if he wins the forestrike, then he shall not do it so entirely forceful so that he cannot recover himself for the good of the afterstrike and shall also not step too wide so that he can recover himself for the good of another step forwards or backwards, if it bears itself.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|51|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 35v.jpg|1|lbl=35v}}}}
  
<p>As Liechtenauer spoke: {{red|Thereupon you hold, all things have length and measure}}. Therefore one shall not be hasty and shall think through ahead for themselves what they will execute and then shall bravely execute and driving that swiftly to the head or to the body and never to the sword.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|52|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 36r.jpg|1|lbl=36r}}}}
  
<p>Because if one quite wisely hews that at the head or at the body, that is, to the four openings; they nevertheless often comes to the sword without permission. If the opponent defends themselves such that he defends themselves with the sword, then in this way it comes to the sword.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|53|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 36v.jpg|1|lbl=36v.1}}}}
|
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 64r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 64v.jpg|1|lbl=64v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 65r.jpg|1|lbl=65r|p=1}}
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|54|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 36v.jpg|2|lbl=36v.2}}}}
| class="noline" | <p>Liechtenauer says about this:</p>
 
  
{| class="zettel"
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|55|{{section|Page:MS 3227a 36v.jpg|3|lbl=36v.3}}}}
|-
 
| <small>xvi</small>
 
| Do not hew to the sword,<br/>&emsp;Rather, stand watch for the openings
 
|-
 
| <small>xvii</small>
 
| In the head, in the body<br/>&emsp;If you wish to remain without harm
 
|-  
 
| <small>xviii</small>
 
| You hit or miss<br/>&emsp;Aspiring thus so that you target the openings
 
|-
 
| <small>xix</small>
 
| In every lesson,<br/>&emsp;Turn the point against the openings.
 
|-
 
| <small>xx</small>
 
| Whoever hews around widely,<br/>&emsp;They will often be shamed severely.
 
|-
 
| <small>xxi</small>
 
| At the closest of all,<br/>&emsp;Deliver sudden hews, stabs wisely.
 
|-
 
| <small></small>
 
| And always restrain yourself<br/>&emsp;So that the opponent does not come before you
 
|-
 
| <small></small>
 
| Then you can stand up well<br/>&emsp;Right before a good man.
 
|}
 
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:MS 3227a 65r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
  
|}
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|56|
{{master end}}
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 37r.jpg|1|lbl=37r|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 37v.jpg|1|lbl=37v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 38r.jpg|1|lbl=38r|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 38v.jpg|1|lbl=38v|p=1}}
 
 
{{master begin
 
| title = Sword and Shield/Buckler
 
| width = 60em
 
 
}}
 
}}
{| class="master"
 
|-
 
! <p>{{rating|A}}<br/>by [[Michael Chidester]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a) (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 
  
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row blank|g|{{paget|MS 3227a|39r|jpb|blk=1}}}}
| class="noline" | <p>{{red|b=1|The fencing with the shield begins here, etc.}}</p>
 
  
<p>{{red|b=1|W}}hoever wants to learn to fence with the shield or with the buckler must first know…<ref>Text cuts off here, and the rest of the page is blank.</ref></p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row LS|57|<p><br/></p>
| class="noline" | {{paget|page:MS 3227a|74r|jpg}}
 
  
|}
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 39v.jpg|1|lbl=39v}}
{{master end}}
 
  
{{master begin
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 40r.jpg|1|lbl=40r}}}}
| title = Staff
 
| width = 60em
 
}}
 
{| class="master"
 
|-
 
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Betsy Winslow]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a) (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 
  
|-
+
</table>
| class="noline" | <p>{{red|b=1|Here begins the fighting with the staff}}</p>
+
</div>
  
<p>{{red|b=1|W}}ho will learn to fight with the staff he shall first before all know and mark that a staff shall rightly be twelve spans long, and that the fighting with the staff is taken from the sword, and as one fights with the sword so he fights also with the staff; and the principles that there pertain to the sword such as, Before, After, Braveness, Quickness, Cunning, Prudence ect… They pertain also to the staff.</p>
+
<h3 style="display: none;"> Summary of the Long Sword </h3>
| class="noline" | {{paget|page:MS 3227a|78r|jpg}}
+
<div id="summary" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
 +
<table class="master">
 +
<tr>
 +
  <th id="SuChidester0"><p>{{rating|B}} (2022)<br/>by [[Michael Chidester]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="SuTrosclair0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2022)<br/>by [[Christian Trosclair]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="SuStoeppler0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2006)<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p></th>
 +
  <th id="SuNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]] (1400s){{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></th>
 +
</tr>
  
|}
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Su|1
{{master end}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 64r.jpg|1|lbl=64r}}
 +
}}
  
{{master begin
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Su|2
| title = Messer
+
|
| width = 60em
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 64r.jpg|2|lbl=64r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 64v.jpg|1|lbl=64v.1|p=1}}
 
}}
 
}}
{| class="master"
 
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a) (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Su|3
| <p>{{red|b=1|Here begins the fencing with the langen Messer}}</p>
+
|
 +
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 64v.jpg|2|lbl=64v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 65r.jpg|1|lbl=65r.1|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
<p>{{red|b=1|B}}ecause the sword was designed based on the knife, anyone who wants to learn fencing with the long knife should know that the foundation and principles that belong to the sword also belong to the knife.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Su|4
| {{paget|Page:MS 3227a|82r|jpg}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 65r.jpg|2|lbl=65r.2}}
 +
}}
  
|-
+
</table>
| <p>A man has only two hands, and from the hand he has two strikes from above and also from below. From these come thrusts and cuts with the winding, just as it does with the sword.</p>
+
</div>
  
<p>And each man has four steps, one forward and one backward and one to each side.</p>
+
<h3 style="display: none;"> Sword and Shield/Buckler </h3>
 +
<div id="sword_and_buckler" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
 +
<table class="master">
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th id="SBChidester0"><p>{{rating|A}} (2022)<br/>by [[Michael Chidester]]</p></td>
 +
    <th id="SBNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></td>
 +
  </tr>
  
<p>All elements of this are based on this writing, which here explain the foundation and the principles.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row SB}}
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|1|lbl=82v}}
 
  
|-
+
</table>
| <p>Also know that no part of the knife has been invented and constructed for no reason and you should use and handle everything correctly, as the art demands.</p>
+
</div>
  
<p>Also, there should be no part or limb of the man be idle and passive when it happens that the art demands to be used.</p>
+
<h3 style="display: none;"> Staff </h3>
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
<div id="staff" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
 +
<table class="master">
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th id="StWinslow0"><p>{{rating|B}} (2014)<br/>by [[Betsy Winslow]]</p></td>
 +
    <th id="StNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></td>
 +
  </tr>
  
|-
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row St}}
| <p>Also know that the right hand should be the enemy of the left and left be the enemy of the right. And one hand should displace and lead off and the other should do damage.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
  
|-
+
</table>
| class="noline" | <p>Also know that there are two shield steps, which are useful for many fencing techniques:</p>
+
</div>
  
<p>One step backward and one forward and these steps are done by crossing one leg over the other in a slinging or slanting motion.</p>
+
<h3 style="display: none;"> Messer </h3>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
+
<div id="messer" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
 +
<table class="master">
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th id="MeStoeppler0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2006)<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p></th>
 +
    <th id="MeNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></td>
 +
  </tr>
  
|}
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Me|1
{{master end}}
+
| {{paget|Page:MS 3227a|82r|jpg}}
 +
}}
 +
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Me|2
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|1|lbl=82v}}
 +
}}
 +
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Me|3
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 +
}}
 +
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Me|4
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 +
}}
 +
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Me|5
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 82v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 +
}}
  
{{master begin
+
</table>
| title = Dagger
+
</div>
| width = 60em
 
}}
 
{| class="master"
 
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a) (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 
  
|-  
+
<h3 style="display: none;"> Dagger </h3>
| <p>{{red|b=1|Here begins the fencing with the dagger}}</p>
+
<div id="dagger" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
 +
<table class="master">
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th id="DaStoeppler0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2006)<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p></th>
 +
    <th id="DaNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></td>
 +
  </tr>
  
<p>{{red|W}}hoever wants to learn fencing with the dagger he should note, that the blade should be sharp at the point as it is seen in Alexandria:<ref>Latin passage follows; very difficult.</ref></p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|1
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|1|lbl=84r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|1|lbl=84r}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|2
| <p>If the dagger, or the short knife that is used in duelling, is turned against you, wind it from your opponent with an inverse grip of your left hand. So that you grab his arm with your left hand and that his knife comes down over your arm ; then turn his arm and knife around and he will loose it.</p>
 
 
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|3
| <p>Also one may defend this winding with four different methods.<ref>Please note that there are only three methods described against the turning-out.</ref></p>
 
 
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|4
| <p>The first is, when someone tries to grab the knife with the left hand, he should turn the point upwards so that he turns around the knife with an inverse grip with the tip pointing upwards, so one winding is defeated. And then you can do what you want.</p>
 
 
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|5
| <p>The second is, when someone again goes for the knife as above, as soon as he notices this, so pull the knife quickly and strongly back towards himself or push it against him again and cut through his arm, hand or thumb whatever he can get with the pulling and instantly he will be free to thrust again.</p>
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|5|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|1|lbl=84v|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 84r.jpg|5|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|1|lbl=84v|p=1}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|6
| <p>If someone wants to defend and then break the second method, so he should follow the hand of the so he may get behind the opponent. However, if he does not follow but holds against with strength, he will sustain damage and the other one will win.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|7
| <p>Also, when he managed to grab and hold the arm or hand with his left hand, so he drive his right hand quickly between his left holding hand and the dagger. And with an inverted grip, so that the thumb faces downwards and the small finger upwards, grab the dagger and turn it out of his hand.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Da|8
| class="noline" | <p>Now if the adversary is slow with the defending and winding, and as soon as he holds the arm tightly, the he should threaten with the dagger, turn the point against his face and press upon him, just as he would intend to thrust him with brute strength.</p>
+
|  
 
 
<p>Now the adversary will want to defend this quickly; and Indes he should wind or squeeze out the dagger outwards from the adversaries arm or inwards and then quickly go for him again with his dagger to the nearest target. This is possible because when he presses in with his dagger using threatening strength, the adversary will not think about the possible winding out and will not expect it - So he will be fooled.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And this is based on the words Vor and Nach, and it means that someone threatens with one technique just as he would really intend to do it, so the one who wants to defend will be fooled if he is not prepared for the second technique. And then, as soon as the adversary does not expect it, he should rush in with the method he already wanted to do. And with this principle you can deceive many people.</p>
 
| class="noline" |  
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|4|lbl=-|p=1}}{{section|Page:MS 3227a 85r.jpg|1|lbl=85r|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 84v.jpg|4|lbl=-|p=1}}{{section|Page:MS 3227a 85r.jpg|1|lbl=85r|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
|}
+
</table>
{{master end}}
+
</div>
 
 
{{master begin
 
| title = Grappling
 
| width = 60em
 
}}
 
{| class="master"
 
|-
 
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a) (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 
  
|-  
+
<h3 style="display: none;"> Grappling </h3>
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about wrestling}}</p>
+
<div id="wrestling" style="background:transparent; clear:both; font-weight:normal; padding:3px; text-align:left; width:0em; min-width:0em;">
 +
<table class="master">
 +
  <tr>
 +
    <th id="WrStoeppler0"><p>{{rating|C}} (2006)<br/>by [[Thomas Stoeppler]]</p></th>
 +
    <th id="WrNuremberg0"><p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p></td>
 +
  </tr>
  
<p>{{red|b=1|W}}hoever wants to learn wrestling, he should note at first that the principles Vor, Nach, speed, courage deceit and wits etc also belong to wrestling. And know that all grace and skill comes from wrestling and all fencing comes basically from the wrestling. At first the fencing with the long knife and from that the fencing with the long swords comes and so on.</p>
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|1
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 86r.jpg|1|lbl=86r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 86r.jpg|1|lbl=86r}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|2
| <p>Know that Master Liechtenauers wrestling with its different running-ins and other techniques is difficult and hard to understand because it was his intention that not everyone who reads it can understand it.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|1|lbl=87r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|1|lbl=87r}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|3
| <p>The first technique is good for finding an opportunity how he can be trapped or thrown. Listen what I teach: When he comes running at you so see to it that you bump him off from you to both sides. And practice stepping, bumping and winding so you will find many openings.</p>
 
 
 
<p>And learn the second: Learn to put both legs in front and how to break hands whoever he may grab you: Wind your hands around his so his must slide off, high and low, everywhere.</p>
 
 
 
<p>With this you throw him: When he grabs your shoulders hard, you should do nothing else but put your hands crosswise up from below and grab his and press your hands over his. And as you press pull his hands apart and push them away.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|4
| <p>This is the set-up for six felling techniques by putting one leg in front or not. And if your hands are quick or slow, do it as you wish, it is all the same.</p>
 
 
 
<p>1st follow-up from the break of the grab: The first note, that you may grab around, one hand pressing against his heart and putting one leg in front you will throw him down using your whole body.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|5
| <p>The second is done after the set-up by grabbing the elbow, putting one leg in front and throwing over one leg.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|6
| <p>The third is done after the setup when he has pushed the adversary’s hands high, he should keep pressing, and step in front with one leg, and press forward will all strength while jerking his hands upwards and then pushing them away.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|7
| <p>The fourth is after the grab is broken. Then drive your hand against his face from the front against his nose or chin and drive the other hand behind his back. And then by putting one leg in front you throw him over it.</p>
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|6|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|1|lbl=87v|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 87r.jpg|6|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|1|lbl=87v|p=1}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|8
| <p>The fifth is, that you may push him at the chest with one hands and grab his head with the other, and by putting one leg in front you throw him on the head.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|9
| <p>The sixth is, that you may grab him by the elbow and by putting one leg forwards throw him on the side, and press with your hand his to the ground. </p>
 
 
 
<p>Remember that these techniques described above can be done with one leg forward or without, as you wish.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|10
| <p>The seventh is, that you may reach into his arm with your hand and with the other grab his hand and with your feet kick his foot on the other side where you are holding him and so he falls on his face.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Alternatively, you may place your leg behind him so you can throw him on his back and break his arm.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|11
| <p>The eighth is similar to the last one, but he will turn his elbow outward and press it towards the other hand which is in front. And with this shove him to the side.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|12
| <p>[The next sentence /och me was../ does not make any sense.]</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|6|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|6|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|13
| <p>Also note that in all techniques you should put the leg in front on the side from which you want to throw him or with which hand you intend wish to throw him. And in all Techniques, if someone traps you by placing his one of his own legs forward, you should kick it away quickly with your other leg and push quickly upwards with your hands and over his back, so he will fall in all trappings.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|7|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|7|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|14
| <p>Sometimes the most direct method is that you grab him by one hand and leave his other, and by placing one leg in front and turning around with his hand you lean or break him over the leg and so he will fall very hard.</p>
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|8|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|1|lbl=88r|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 87v.jpg|8|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|1|lbl=88r|p=1}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|15
| <p>The other set up is also that you push away hands high, and here are nine techniques for this.</p>
 
 
 
<p>It is done this way, when he holds you at your shoulders so put your elbow in his hand on the inside and push his hand away. And do the same with the other hand. After that you may use the nine techniques that have been described before in breaking the arms.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|16
| <p>Now learn how you should break low holds, and there are also two methods.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Learn, If he holds you, so push with your hand against his joint from both sides and upwards. From this break there are also nine techniques.</p>
 
 
 
<p>The second low breaking is when you push hard up into his elbows with your hands and from there you can also use nine techniques as it is written before.</p>
 
 
 
<p>This are now four [breakings].</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|17
| <p>Now learn another four, so that you may break the arms.</p>
 
 
 
<p>If he holds you at the shoulders so you should push your hands away downwards with your elbows and so his hands will come at your head. And pull him towards your side, and take care that you grab his arm joint and that you hold his hand back strongly with your head, and with the other hand push away against his chest so you break his arm.<ref>Alternate description follows, it hopefully should make the method clearer:
 
:If he holds you by the shoulders, and you grab his shoulders from the outside. Then you sling your right arm with the elbow over his left and below his right, and push downwards, so his right arm moves up. Take this arm over your head and secure the grip with your left hand behind your head; and then push against his chest with your right again. This will lead to a painful breaking lock.</ref></p>
 
 
 
<p>If you then place your leg behind him, he will fall very hard.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|18
| <p>The other technique is similar to the last one, except that you strike upwards your hands to wind his away; and so his hand will come under your arm and so you can let him run around you, or you put a foot under him and so he will fall.</p>
 
 
 
<p>The same methods you may use from the other side, so these are also four. Now this would be eight.<ref>This is a partner exercise, similar to one I know in chinese shuai chiao</ref></p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|19
| <p>Now learn if you hold close to his body pressing your head hard against his chest and when he then grabs against his chin with one hand and against the head with his other, so push him away. Then push his hands away by placing one leg forward. Now he might kick away your leg with his foot and your body with his hands. And against this you can defend with your wrestling and with your strength.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|6|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|6|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|20
| <p>Now there are eight breaks described, and from each break nine Techniques. Now learn another four and from these can be done nine as before.</p>
 
 
 
<p>When he grabs you frontally at your chest, so push his hands in yours downwards against your chest as it is written before and from there you also have nine, and this is the first.</p>
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|7|lbl=-|p=1}}  {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|1|lbl=88v|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 88r.jpg|7|lbl=-|p=1}}  {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|1|lbl=88v|p=1}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|21
| <p>The second is, as before, pushing with your elbow downwards, winding around his hands so you have nine again.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|22
| <p>The third is pushing upwards against the chest and so you have nine again,</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|23
| <p>And the fourth is pushing upwards with your bone (Elbow/forearm strike) so you have nine.</p>
 
 
 
<p>So you have twelve breaks with nine techniques each.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|24
| <p>Note, with this lock or pressing you may move someone away from you. Wherever he tries to hold you, at the sleeve, at the hand, at the sleeve at your elbow joint, or with one hand at the chest or anywhere else – you may drive him away with he same strike and winding around. And after that you may push him as you wish so that he may neither get to you nor that he may lay hand upon you anywhere on your body.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|25
| <p>Learn another running in, when he leaps towards you, and you have placed a leg into his path, he may avoid you with another leap, grabbing your leg with one hand and pushing against your chest with the other so you are going to fall onto your head – and this is another technique – As soon as he goes for your leg, pull it quickly backwards and pull him with it so he falls onto his face.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|6|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|6|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|26
| <p>Learn another principle. If he leaps at you, so he may grab you around the body under your arms and by stepping further with his leg he will throw you on your back fairly hard. And this counters it: As soon as he reaches around you, quickly fall to your side, and this is the fast (buesse) for wrestling.</p>
 
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|7|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|7|lbl=-}}
 
+
}}
|-  
+
{{Pseudo-Döbringer row Wr|27
| class="noline" | <p>Learn the third principle if he leaps or steps at you so that may reach you with his both hands frontally at the chest, and then falls down, pulling you over himself by jumping with his feet against you so that you get thrown away very hard, this is the counter: As soon as he grabs you, let yourself drop on him quickly and follow him, so he may not do anything against you.</p>
+
|  
| class="noline" |  
 
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|8|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 89r.jpg|1|lbl=89r|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 88v.jpg|8|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 89r.jpg|1|lbl=89r|p=1}}
 +
}}
  
 
+
</table>
|}
+
</div>
{{master end}}
 
  
 
{{master begin
 
{{master begin
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For further information, including transcription and translation notes, see the [[Talk:{{PAGENAME}}|discussion page]].
 
For further information, including transcription and translation notes, see the [[Talk:{{PAGENAME}}|discussion page]].
 
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<!--https://www.thearma.org/Manuals/dobringer.html-->
 
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{{sourcebox
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| work        = Translation (13v - 65r, 74r)
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| authors    = [[translator::Michael Chidester]]
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| source link =
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| source title= Wiktenauer
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| license    = noncommercial
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  | work        = Translation (74r)
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  | work        = Translation (13v - 65r, 82r - 89v)
  | authors    = [[translator::Michael Chidester]]
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  | authors    = [[translator::Thomas Stoeppler]]
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| source link =
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| source title= Private communication
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| license    = copyrighted
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}}
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{{sourcebox
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| work        = Translation (13v - 40r)
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| authors    = [[translator::David Lindholm]]
 
  | source link =  
 
  | source link =  
 
  | source title= Wiktenauer
 
  | source title= Wiktenauer
  | license    = noncommercial
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  | source title= Wiktenauer
 
  | source title= Wiktenauer
 
  | license    = noncommercial
 
  | license    = noncommercial
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{{sourcebox
 
| work        = Translation (82r - 89v)
 
| authors    = [[translator::Thomas Stoeppler]]
 
| source link =
 
| source title= Private communication
 
| license    = copyrighted
 
 
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== Additional Resources ==
 
== Additional Resources ==
  
* Alderson, Keith. “Arts and Crafts of War: ''die Kunst des Schwerts'' in its Manuscript Context”. ''Can The Bones Come to Life? Insights from Reconstruction, Reenactment, and Re-creation'' '''1''': 24-29. Wheaton, IL: [[Freelance Academy Press]], 2014. ISBN 978-1-937439-13-2
+
* Alderson, Keith. “Arts and Crafts of War: ''die Kunst des Schwerts'' in its Manuscript Context.''Can The Bones Come to Life? Insights from Reconstruction, Reenactment, and Re-creation'' '''1''': 24-29. Wheaton, IL: [[Freelance Academy Press]], 2014. ISBN 978-1-937439-13-2
* Burkart, Eric. “The Autograph of an Erudite Martial Artist: A Close Reading of Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Hs. 3227a”. ''Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books. Transmission and Tradition of Martial Arts in Europe'': 451-480. Ed. Daniel Jaquet, et al. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2016. ISBN 978-9004312418.
+
* Burkart, Eric. “The Autograph of an Erudite Martial Artist: A Close Reading of Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Hs. 3227a.''Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books. Transmission and Tradition of Martial Arts in Europe'': 451-480. Ed. Daniel Jaquet, et al. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2016. ISBN 978-9004312418
 +
* Burkart, Eric (in German). “Informationsverarbeitung durch autographe Notizen: Die ältesten Aufzeichnungen zur Kampfkunst des Johannes Liechtenauer als Spuren einer Aneignung praktischen Wissens.” 2020. {{doi|10.26012/mittelalter-25866}}{{doi|10.1163/9789004324725_017}}
 +
* Cabreira, Diniz (in Portuguese). ''Há Uma Única Arte da Espada (GNM HS 3227a)''. Santiago de Compostela: [[AGEA Editora]], 2018. ISBN 978-84-948682-6-9
 
* [[Michael Chidester|Chidester, Michael]]. ''The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a.'' Somerville, MA: [[HEMA Bookshelf]], 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-13-7
 
* [[Michael Chidester|Chidester, Michael]]. ''The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a.'' Somerville, MA: [[HEMA Bookshelf]], 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-13-7
 
* [[Michael Chidester|Chidester, Michael]] and [[Dierk Hagedorn|Hagedorn, Dierk]]. ''“The Foundation and Core of All the Arts of Fighting”: The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a.'' Somerville, MA: [[HEMA Bookshelf]], 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-05-2
 
* [[Michael Chidester|Chidester, Michael]] and [[Dierk Hagedorn|Hagedorn, Dierk]]. ''“The Foundation and Core of All the Arts of Fighting”: The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a.'' Somerville, MA: [[HEMA Bookshelf]], 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-05-2
* [[Albrecht Dürer|Dürer, Albrecht]] and [[Karl Wassmannsdorff|Wassmannsdorff, Karl]]. {{Google books|hb1AAAAAcAAJ|Die Ringkunst des deutschen Mittelalters}}. Liepzig: Priber, 1870.
+
* [[Albrecht Dürer|Dürer, Albrecht]] and [[Karl Wassmannsdorff|Wassmannsdorff, Karl]] (in German). {{Google books|hb1AAAAAcAAJ|Die Ringkunst des deutschen Mittelalters}}. Liepzig: Priber, 1870.
* [[Ondrej Vodicka|Vodička, Ondřej]]. “Origin of the oldest German Fencing Manual Compilation (GNM Hs. 3227a)”. ''Waffen- und Kostümkunde'' '''61'''(1): 87-108, 2019.
+
* Hammer, Maciej. ''Tłumaczenie traktatu szermierczego zawartego w rękopisie Nürnberger Handschrift 3227a z wyszczególnieniem trudności zaistniałych podczas przekładu'' [unpublished thesis]. Uniwersytet Jagielloński Wydział Filologiczny, 2015.
 +
* [[Christian Henry Tobler|Tobler, Christian Henry]]. ''Lance, Spear, Sword, & Messer: A German Medieval Martial Arts Miscellany''. Wheaton, IL: [[Freelance Academy Press]], 2022. ISBN 978-1-937439-64-4
 +
* [[Ondrej Vodicka|Vodička, Ondřej]]. “Origin of the oldest German Fencing Manual Compilation (GNM Hs. 3227a).” ''Waffen- und Kostümkunde'' '''61'''(1): 87-108, 2019.
 
* [[Jay Acutt|Wallhausen, James]]. ''Knightly Martial Arts: An Introduction to Medieval Combat Systems''. Self-published, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4457-3736-2
 
* [[Jay Acutt|Wallhausen, James]]. ''Knightly Martial Arts: An Introduction to Medieval Combat Systems''. Self-published, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4457-3736-2
* [[Rainer Welle|Welle, Rainer]]. ''"...und wisse das alle höbischeit kompt von deme ringen". Der Ringkampf als adelige Kunst im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert.'' Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1993. ISBN 3-89085-755-8
+
* [[Rainer Welle|Welle, Rainer]] (in German). ''...und wisse das alle höbischeit kompt von deme ringen”. Der Ringkampf als adelige Kunst im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert.'' Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1993. ISBN 3-89085-755-8
 
* [[Grzegorz Żabiński|Żabiński, Grzegorz]]. “Unarmored Longsword Combat by Master Liechtenauer via Priest Döbringer.” ''Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts'': 59-116. Ed. Jeffrey Hull. Boulder, CO: [[Paladin Press]], 2008. ISBN 978-1-58160-668-3
 
* [[Grzegorz Żabiński|Żabiński, Grzegorz]]. “Unarmored Longsword Combat by Master Liechtenauer via Priest Döbringer.” ''Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts'': 59-116. Ed. Jeffrey Hull. Boulder, CO: [[Paladin Press]], 2008. ISBN 978-1-58160-668-3
  

Revision as of 04:53, 28 November 2022

Here begins Master Liechtenauer's art of fencing
Hie hebt sich an meister lichtenawers kunst des fechtens
Author(s) Unknown
Ascribed to Pseudo-Hans Döbringer
Date before 1495
Genre
Language Early New High German
Manuscript(s) MS 3227a
First Printed
English Edition
Żabiński, 2008
Translations

"Pseudo-Hans Döbringer" is a nickname given to an anonymous 15th century German fencing master.[1] At some point in the 15th century (or possibly the last decade of the 14th), he dictated a gloss on and expansion of the teachings of the grand master Johannes Liechtenauer, including the only biographical details of the master yet discovered; it is even speculated that he was personally acquainted with Liechtenauer, who was still alive at the time of the writing.[2] These comments were written into MS 3227a, a commonplace book, by an equally unknown scribe.

Textual History

The writings of Pseudo-Hans Döbringer were never completed and exists in only one manuscript. It is the work of a single scribe, and Ondřej Vodička indicates that it was probably dictated directly to the scribe by the (anonymous) author.

It was written in at least three distinct phases. First, the author dictated the Recital, and the scribe left blank pages between each segment for commentary (ranging from a half page to five and half); this pass probably included most of the extra verses that he added to Liechtenauer's Recital. In the second pass, the author commented on about half of the verses in the long sword gloss. He also dictated the initial paragraph of each of the other weapon sections in the first or second phase. In the third phase, the author went back and began revising the commentary that he'd already written (for unknown reasons), inserting extra notes and dramatically expanding the common lesson. He also expanded messer, dagger, and wrestling sections.

At this point, the manuscript was apparently abandoned in its half-finished state and the scribe filled the remaining blank pages with unrelated writings. He didn't fill in the gaps inside the fencing sections, though, so perhaps there was an expectation that the author would return to it.

Modern HEMA

The first transcription of the fencing sections in MS 3227a were completed in 2001 by Grzegorz Żabiński and posted on ARMA-PL. This was the foundation of the first translations.

In 2005, David Lindholm ("and friends") completed the first English translation of the long sword and posted in on the ARMA site. A second English translation, including all fencing sections this time, was completed in 2006 by Thomas Stoeppler; he intended to contribute it to a never-realized book with a complete translation of MS 3227a and thus never released it publicly until he donated it to Wiktenauer in 2013. The first Spanish translation of the long sword was also completed in 2006 by Francisco Uribe (based on Lindholm's English) and posted on esgrimahistorica.cl; the first French translation of the long sword was completed in 2007 by an anonymous author and posted on the ARDAMHE site.

In 2008, Żabiński's English translation of the long sword was published by Paladin Press, along with his transcription, as “Unarmored Longsword Combat by Master Liechtenauer via Priest Döbringer” in Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts. 2008 also saw a new transcription of the fencing teachings in 3227a by Dierk Hagedorn for his site Hammaborg, and a German modernization of the long sword by Bertram Koch which was posted on Lupi-venaritis. Hagedorn's transcription formed the basis of Francesco Lanza's subsequent Italian translation, which he posted on a blog called “Hanko Döbringer in Italiano” from 2009-11.

A fourth, highly-experimental English translation was self-published by Jay Acutt in 2010 (under the pen name James Wallhausen) as Knightly Martial Arts: An Introduction to Medieval Combat Systems.

Since Stoeppler's translation was missing the sword and buckler and staff sections, they were filled in by Michael Chidester and Betsy Winslow (respectively) in 2013. In 2017, Christian Trosclair authored a fifth translation of the long sword (as part of his ongoing project to translate the entire Liechtenauer tradition) which he donated it to Wiktenauer.

The first Polish translation was authored by Maciej Hammer and submitted to the Uniwersytet Jagielloński as part of his master's thesis in 2015. In 2018, Diniz Cabrera completed the first Portuguese translation, which was published by AGEA Editora in Há Uma Única Arte da Espada (GNM HS 3227a). That same year, Ondřej Vodička released a third transcription of the fencing portions of 3227a.

Michael Chidester released a sixth English translation as a free download on Wiktenauer in 2020. Then in 2021, revised versions of Dierk Hagedorn's transcription and Michael Chidester's translation were published by HEMA Bookshelf as “The Foundation and Core of All the Arts of Fighting”: The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a; an abbreviated edition containing only the translation was also published. This translation was donated to Wiktenauer in 2022.

Most recently, Christian Henry Tobler's English translation of the wrestling section was published by Freelance Academy Press in Lance, Spear, Sword, & Messer: A German Medieval Martial Arts Miscellany in 2022.

Treatise

Select one or more fencing styles using the checkboxes below to view the associated treatises.

The number in brackets at the beginning of each translation box is a paragraph number assigned by Wiktenauer; clicking it will take you to the translation page. The numbers in brackets in the transcription with an "r" or "v" are manuscript folio numbers; clicking them will take you to original page scan with the transcription alongside for comparison.

Introduction

Translations

Complete Translation Complete translation (2022) by Michael Chidester

Draft Translation Draft translation (2022) by Christian Trosclair

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006) by Thomas Stoeppler

Draft Translation Draft translation (2005) by David Lindholm

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Long Sword

Translations

Complete Translation Complete translation (2022) by Michael Chidester

Draft Translation Draft translation (2022) by Christian Trosclair

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006) by Thomas Stoeppler

Draft Translation Draft translation (2005) by David Lindholm

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Summary of the Long Sword

Translations

Complete Translation Complete translation (2022) by Michael Chidester

Draft Translation Draft translation (2022) by Christian Trosclair

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006) by Thomas Stoeppler

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Sword and Buckler

Translations

Featured Translation Featured translation (2022) by Michael Chidester

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Staff

Translations

Complete Translation Complete translation (2014) by Betsy Winslow

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Messer

Translations

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006) by Thomas Stoeppler

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Dagger

Translations

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006) by Thomas Stoeppler

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Grappling

Translations

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006) by Thomas Stoeppler

Transcription

Nuremberg Version (1400s) by Dierk Hagedorn

Introduction

Complete Translation Complete translation (2022)
by Michael Chidester

Draft Translation Draft translation (2022)
by Christian Trosclair

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006)
by Thomas Stoeppler

Draft Translation Draft translation (2005)
by David Lindholm

Nuremberg Version (1400s) [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

[13v] HIe hebt sich an meister lichtenawers kunst des fechtens mit deme swerte czu fusse vnd czu rosse / blos vnd yn harnüsche / Vnd vor allen dingn vnd sachen / saltu merken vnd wissen / das nür eyne kunst ist des swertes / vnd dy mag vor manchen hvndert Jaren seyn fvnden vnd irdocht / vnd dy ist eyn grunt vnd kern aller künsten des fechtens / Vnd dy hat meister lichtnawer gancz vertik vnd gerecht gehabt vnd gekunst / Nicht das her sy selber haben fvnden vnd irdocht / als vor ist geschreben / Sonder / her hat manche lant / durchfaren vnd gesucht / durch der selben rechtvertigen vnd warhaftigen unst wille / das her dy io irvaren vnd wissen wolde / Vnd dy selbe kunst ist ernst gancz vnd rechtvertik / Vnd get of das aller neheste vnd kors körtzste / slecht vnd gerade czu / Recht zam wen eyner eynen hawen ader stechen welde / vnd das man im denne eynen vadem ader snure an seynen ort ader sneyde des swertes bünde / vnd leytet aber czöge den selben ort ader sneide off ienes blössen / [14r] den her hawen ader stechen selde / noch dem aller nehesten · kortzsten · vnd endlichsten / als man das nür dar bregen mochte / wen das selbe rechtvertige vechten / wil nicht hobisch vnd weislich paryren haben / vnd weit vmbefechten / mit deme sich lewte mochten lassen vnd vorzümen / Als man noch manche leychmeistere vindet dy do sprechen / das sy selber newe kunst vinden vnd irdenken vnd meynen das sich dy kunst des fechtens von tage czu tage besser vnd mere / Aber ich wölde gerne eynen sehn der do / möchte nür eyn gefechte / ader eynen haw / irdenken vnd tuen / der do nicht aus lichtnawers kunst gynge / Nür das sy ofte eyn gefechte vorwandeln vnd vorkeren wöllen / mit deme / das sy im newe namen gebe/ itzlicher noch seyme hawpte / Vnd das sy weit vmbefechten vnd paryrn irdenken / vnd oft vör eynen haw / czwene ader dreye tuen / nür durch wolstehens wille / do von sy von den unvorstendigen gelobt wollen werden / mit dem höbschen paryrn vnd weit vmbefechten / als sy sich veyntlich stellen / vnd weite vnd lange hewe dar brengen / lanksam vnd trege / mit deme sy sich gar sere vorhawen [14v] vnd zeümen / vnd sich auch do mite vaste blos gebe/ wen sy keyne mosse yn irem fechten nicht haben / vnd das gehört doch nicht czu ernstem fechten / zonder czu schulvechten durch vbunge vnd gebrawchunge wille mochte is wol eczwas gut seyn / Aber ernste vechten wil risch slecht vnd gar gerade dar gehen / an alles lassen vnd zümenüss / zam noch eyner snuren / ader zam itzlichs besunder gemessen vnd gewegen were / wen sal eyner eynen slaen ader stechen / der do vor im stet / zo hilft in io keyn slag ader stich / vor sich vn ader hindersich / ader neben sich / noch keynerley weitvechten / ader vil hewe / das mit eyme möchte enden / mit deme her sich zümet vnd last / das her dy schantcze vorsleft / Sonder her mus io / slecht vnd gleich czu hawen / czum manne / czu kop / ader czu leibe / noch dem aller nehesten / vnd schiresten als her in nür gehaben mag vnd irreichen / v/risch vnd snelle vnd liber mit eyme slage wen mit viern ader sechen mit deme her sich möchte lassen / vnd das iener leichte e queme denne her / wen der vorslag / eyn gros vorteil ist / of deme vechten / als du es als hernoch wirst horen yn dem texte / Do nennet lichtnawer / nür fümff hewe / mit andern stöcken / dy do nütcze seyn czu erstem vechten / vnd leret dy noch [15r.1] rechter kunst slecht vnd gerade dar brengen noch dem aller nehesten uvnd schiresten / als mag is nür dar komen / Vnd lest alles trummel werk / vnd new fvnden hewe vnderwegen / von den leichmeistere / Dy doch gruntlich aus syner kunst dar komen /

[15r.3]  Auch wisse das eyn guter fechter sal vör allen sachen syn swert gewisse vnd sicher füren vnd fassen / mit beiden henden / czwischen gehilcze vnd lac klos / wen alzo helt her das swert vil sicher / den das hers bey dem klosse vasset mit eyner hant / vnd slet auch vil harter vnd sürer / alzo / wen der klos öberwirft sich vnd swenkt sich noch dem slage das der slag vil harter / dar kumpt / den das her das swert mit dem klosse vasset / wen alzo / czöge her den slag / mit dem klosse weder / das her nicht zo voelkömlich vnd zo stark möchte dar komen / Wen das swert [15v.1] ist recht zam eyn woge / den ist eyn swert gros vnd swer / zo mus der klos auch dornoch swer syn / recht zam noch eyner wogen

[15v.4]  Vnd was eyner redlichs wil treiben czu schimpfe / ader czu ernste / das sal her eyme vor den ogen / fremde vnd vorworren machen / das iener nicht merkt was deser keyn im meynt czutreiben / [16r.1] Vnd als bald wenn her denne czu im kumpt vnd dy moße also czu im hat das in dünkt her welle in nu wol haben vnd irreichen / zo sal her kunlich czu im hurten vnd varen / snelle vnd risch / czu koppe ader czu leibe / her treffe ader vele / vnd sal io den vorslag gewynnen / vnd ienen mit nichte lassen czu(n?) dingen komen / als du bas hernoch wirst hören yn der gemeynen lere etc

Long Sword Gloss

Complete Translation Complete translation (2022)
by Michael Chidester[27]

Draft Translation Draft translation (2022)
by Christian Trosclair

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006)
by Thomas Stoeppler

Draft Translation Draft translation (2005)
by David Lindholm

Nuremberg Version (1400s) [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

[18v] Das ist eyne gemeyne lere des swertes

wWIltu kunst schawen ·
sich link gen vnd recht mete hawen ·
Vnd link mit rechten
is das du stark gerest fechten ·
Wer noch get hewen ·
der darf sich kunst kleyne frewen ·
haw nu was du wilt ·
keyn wechsler kawm an dich schild/
{Haw nicht czum swerte
zonder / stets der bloße warte /}
Czu koppe czu leibe ·
dy czecken do nicht vormeide /
Mit ganczem leibe ·
ficht was du stark gerest treiben /
Höer was do slecht ist ·
ficht nicht oben link zo du recht pist /
Vnd ob du link pist /
ym rechten auch sere hinkest /
So vicht io liber ·
von oben recht linkischen nider /
Vor · noch · dy czwey dink ·
syn allen kunsten eyn orsprink /
Swach · vnde · sterke ·
Indes · das wort mete merke /
So machstu leren ·
mit / vnd erb / kunst vnd erbeit dich weren /
Irschrikstu gerne ·
keyn fechten nymmer lerne /
Kunheit vnd rischeit ·
vorsichtikeit list vnd klugheit / /
†† {Vornunft verborgenheit /
moße bevorbetrachtunge / hobsheit / fetikeit /}
Wil fechten haben ·
vnd frölichs gemüte tragen

Glosa generalis huius sequitur / Von allerersten merke vnd wisse / das der ort des swertes · ist das czentrum vnd das mittel vnd der kern · des swertes · aus deme alle gefechte gen / vnd weder / yn in komen · So sint dy hengen / vnd dy winden / synt dy anhenge vnd dy vmlewfe des czentrums vnd des kerns [19r.1] aus den auch / gar vil guter stöcke des fechtens komen / vnd sint dorvm fvnden vnd irdocht / das eyn fechter / der da gleich czum orte czu hewt ader sticht / nicht wol allemal treffen mak / das der mit den selben stöcken / hawende stechende ader sneydende / mit abe / vnd czutreten / vnd mit vmbeschreiten ader springen eynen treffen mag / vnd ab eyner syn ort des swertes / mit schißen ader mit voltreten / vorlewst ader vorlengt / zo mag her in mit winden ader abetreten / weder / irlengen vnd / ynbrengen vnd körczen / alzo das her weder yn gewisse stöcke vnd gesetze kümpt des fechtens / aus den her hewe stiche ader snete brengen mag / wen noch lychtnawers kunst / zo komen aus allen gefechten vnd gesetze des f der kunst des swertes / hewe stiche vnd snete / als man wirt hernoch hören / wy eyn stöcke vnd gesetze aus dem andern kumpt / vnd wy sich eyns aus dem andern macht / ab eyns wirt geweret / das daz ander treffe vnd vorgank habe

[19r.2]  Czu dem andern mal merke vnd wisse / daz keyn dink an dem swerte / vmbe züst funden vnd irdocht ist / zvnder eyn fechter / den ort / beide sneiden · gehilcze · klos / vnd als das am swerte ist / nütczen sal / noch dem [19v.1] als itzlieichs syn sönderleichs gesetze hat yn der kunst des fechtens / noch dem als dy Übunge hat vnd findert / als du itzlichs besvnder hernoch wirst sehen vnd hören /

[20r.2]  Mit deme worte · Vor · meynt her das eyn itzlicher guter fechter / sal alle mal den vorslag haben vnd gewinnen /  {her treffe ader vele / als lichnawer / spricht / Haw dreyn vnd hurt dar / rawsche hin trif ader la var} wenne her czu / eyme gehet ader lewft / als balde als her nur siet / das her in mit eynem schrete / ader mit eynem sprunge / dirreichen mag / wo her denne indert in blos siet / do sal her hin varn / mit frewden / czu koppe ader czu leibe / künlich an alle vorchte wo her in am gewisten gehaben mag / alzo das her ia den vorslag gewinne / is tu ieme wol ader we · vnd sal auch mit dem / in synen schreten gewisse sein / vnd sal dy haben recht zam gemessen / das her nicht czu korcz ader czu lank schreite / wen her nü den vorslag / tuet / trift her zo volge her dem treffen vaste / noch · weret · her aber iener den vorslag alzo das her im den vorslag / is sy haw ader stich mit syme swerte / abeweiset vnd leitet / Dy weile her denne ieme noch / an syme swerte ist / mit deme als her wirt abe geweist / von der blößen / der her geremet / hat / zo sal her gar eben fülen vnd merken [20v.1] ab iener in syme abeleiten vnd schützen der hewe ader stiche / an syme swerte / weich ader herte / swach ader stark / sey / Ist denne das her nü wol fület / wy iener in syme geferte ist / Is das iener stark vnd herte ist / Indes / das hers nü genczlich merkt vnd fület / zo sal her ader Indes ader vnderdez das sich iener zo schützt / weich vnd swach dirweder syn / vnd in dem selben / ·· den / das iener czu keyme slage kome / zo sal her denne den nochslag tuen / das ist / das her czu hant / dy weile sich iener schützt vnd sich des vorslags weret / is sy haw ader stich zo sal her ander gefechte vnd stöcke hervör süchen / mit den her aber czu synen blößen hurt vnd rawschet / alzo dis her vmmermer in bewegunge vnd in berürunge sy · das her ienen als irre / vnd betawbet mache / das iener mit syme schützen vnd weren / alzo vil czu schaffen habe / das her / der schützer / czu syner slege / keyne komen mag / wen eyner der sich sal schützen / vnd der slege warnemen / der ist alle mal in grösser var / denne der /· der da slet of in / denne her mus ia dy slege weren / ader mus sich laen treffen / daz her selber mülich / czu slage mag komen / Dorvm spricht lichtnawer / Ich sage vorware · sich schutzt keyn man ane vare / Hastu vornomen · czu slage mag her kleyne komen / Tustu anders noch den fünff wörtern / of dy dese rede gar get / vnd alles fechten

[21r.3]  Czewt sich iener ab / als sy nü vor mit eynnander an dy swert sint komen / vnd dy orter keyn eynnander recken / czu den blossen / E denne sich / denne iener keyns haws ader stichs / of eyn news weder [21v.1] irholen mag mit syme abeczihen · zo hat im deser czu hant / mit syme orte noch gevolget / mit eynem guten stiche czu der brost / ader söst vorne czu wo her in am schiresten vnd nehesten getreffen mag / alzo das im iener mit nichte / ane schaden von dem swerte mag komen / wenn deser hat io / czu hant mit syme nochvolgen / neher czu ieme / mit dem als her synen ort / vor / an dem swerte gestalt hat keyn ieme / noch dem aller nehesten vnd körczsten / wenn das iener mit syme abeczihen / of / eyn news solde hewe ader stiche / weit vmbe / dar brengen / alzo mag io deser alle mal ·· czu dem nochslage ader stiche komen / ·· denne iener czu dem ersten / Vnd das meynt lichtnawer mit dem worte / noch / wenn eyner im den vorslag hat getan / zo sal her czu hant an vnderloz / of der selben vart den nochslag / tuen / vnd sal vmmermer in bewegunge / vnd in rürunge syn / vnd vmmmer eyns noch dem andern treibe/ ab ym das erste vele / das daz ander das dritte ader daz vierde treffe / vnd io ienen nicht lasse czu keyme slage komen / Wen keyn / mag grosser vorteil of fechten haben / den der nach der lere / deser fünff / wörter tuet /

[21v.3]  Ist denne das deser merkt vnd fület / das iener stark herte vnd veste an dem swerte ist / vnd desen / nü meynt syn swert hin dringen · zo sal deser denne swach vnd weich dirweder syn / vnd sal syner sterke weichen vnd stat geben / vnd sal im syn swert / hin lassen preln vnd wer varn / mit syn dringen daz her tuet / vnd deser sal denne syn swert snelle [22r.1] lassen abegleiten · vnd abeczihen / balde vnd risch · vnd sal snelle dar varn keyn synen blossen / czu koppe ader czu leibe / wo / mit hewen stichen vnd sneten / wo her nür / am nehesten vnd schiresten mag czu komen / wen e · herter vnd ·· sürer iener dringt vnd druckt mit syme swerte / vnd deser denne swach vnd weich dirweder ist · vnd syn swert lest abegleiten / vnd im alzo weicht / ·· verrer vnd ·· weiter denne ieme syn swert wek prelt · das her denne gar blos wirt / vnd das in denne deser noch wonsche mag treffen vnd rüren / ·· denne her sich selber / keyns haws ader stichs irholen mag /

[22r.3]  Is das her stark wirt weder an dem swerte / vnd desem syn swert abeweiset vnd den stich weret / also das her desen syn swert vaste hin dringt / zo sal deser aber swach vnd weich dirweder werden / vnd sal syn swert lassen abegleiten / vnd im weichen / vnd syne blossen rischlichen süchen / mit hewen stichen ader mit sneten wy her nür mag · Vnd das meynt lichtnawer / mit desen wörter / · weich · vnd herte / vnd das get of dy auctori=[22v.1] tas / als aristotyles spricht in libro peryarmenias · Opposita iuxta se posita · magis elucescun/ vel / opposita oppositis amantur / Swach weder stark / herte weder weich / et equatur / Denne solde stark weder stark syn / zo gesigt allemal der sterker / · dorvm get lichtnawer fechten noch rechter vnd worhaftiger kunst dar / das eyn swacher mit syner kunst vnd list / als schire gesigt / mit / als eyn starker mit syner sterke / worvm were anders kunst /

[23r.2] Das ist von deme Czornhawe etc ~

wDEr dir oberhawet ·
czornhaw ort deme drewet /
Wirt her is gewar ·
nym is oben ab / ane vaer /
Pis sterker / weder
wint / stich / siet her is / nym is neder /
Das eben merke ·
hewe · stiche · leger weich · ader herte /
Indes vnd · vor · noch ·
ane hurt deme krige sey nicht goch /
wes der krig remet ·
oben / neden wirt her beschemet /
In allen winden /·
hewe · stiche · snete · lere finden /
Auch saltu mete ·
prüfen hewe stiche ader snete /
In allen treffen /·
den meistern wiltu sie effen /
Haw nicht czum swerte ·
zonder stets der blößen warte /
Czu koppe czu leibe ·
wiltu an schaden bleyben /
du trefts ader ader velest ·
zo trachte das du der blossen remest
* {In aller lere /
den ort / keyn den blößen kere /
Wer weit vmbe hewet /
der wirt oft sere bescheme[t]
Off das aller neste /
brenge hewe stiche dar gew[isse?]
Vnd salt auch io schreiten /
eyme czu der rechten seiten /
[So magstu mit gewynne][94]
fechtens ader ringens begynnen/

Glosa Hie merke vnd wisse das lichtnawer / eyn öberhaw slecht von der achsel / heisset den czornhaw / Den eyn wen eym itzlichem in syme grymme vnd czorne [23v.1] zo ist im keyn haw als bereit / als der selbe oberhaw slecht von der achsel / czum manne / Dorüm meynt lichtnawer / Wenn dir eyner czu hewt / mit eym obirhaw / zo salt du keyn im weder hawen den czornhaw / alzo das du mit dyme ort vaste keyn im schisset / wert her dir dyn ort / zo czewch balde oben ab / vnd var czu der andern syten dar / syns swerts · wert her dir daz aber / zo bis harte vnd stark im swerte / vnd wind / vnd stich balde vnd kunlich / wert her dir den / stich / zo smeis vnd haw balde vnden czu / wo du trifst / czun beynen / alzo das du vmmermer eyns noch dem andern treibest / das iener nicht czu slage kome / Vnd dy vorgesprochen wörter · vor · noch · Indes · swach · stark / vnd · hewe · stiche · vnd · snete · der saltu czu male wol gedenken / vnd mit nichte vorgessen in deme gefechte

[23v.4] Auch wisse das nur czwene hewe seyn aus den alle ander hewe[99] wy dy komen wy dy vmmer genant mögen werdn / das [24r.1] das ist der öberhaw · vnd der vnderhaw / von beiden seiten · dy sint dy hawpt hewe vnd grunt aller ander hewe / wy wol dy selben vrsachlich vnd gruntlich / auch komen aus dem orte des swertes / der do ist der kern vnd das czentrum aller andern stocke / als das wol vor ist geschrebn # {vnd}} aus den selben hewen komen dy vier vorsetczen von beiden seiten / mit den man alle hewe vnd stiche ader leger / letzt vnd bricht / vnd aus den man auch yn dy vier hengen kumpt / aus den man[100] wol kunst treiben mag / als man hernoch wirt horen} Vnd wy eyn man nur ficht / zo sal io allemal den ort keyn eyns gesichte / ader brust keren / zo mus sich iener alleczeit besorgen · das her icht · e kome wenn her · wen her io neher czu im hat wenn iener /


[27v.2]  Vnd wen eyner üm synen hals sölde fechten · So solde her schaffen / mit her der vorgeschreben [28r] lere / das her mit eyme guten twerhawe den vorslag / gewunn· wen her mit eyme czu ginge als balde als her irkente / das her ienen dir reichen mochte / mit eynem schrete ader spronge das her denne dar placzte / mit eyme twerhaw oben von der rechten seiten / mit der hindern sneiden ieme gleich oben czu hawpte czu / vnd sal den ort lassen schiessen / vnd sal gar wol tweren das sich der ort wol lenke / vnd winde / ader gorte vm iens hawpt / zam eyn rime / we denne wen eyner wol tweret / mit eyme guten ausschrete ader spronge / zo mag sichs iener mülich schutzen / ader abewende/ Vnd wenn her denne den vorslag alzo gewint mit dem twerhaw her treffe / czu der eynen seyten / her treffe ader vele · zo sal her denne als balde in eyme rawsche immediate an vnderloz / den nochslag gewinnen / mit dem twerhaw czu der andern seiten / mit der vördern sneiden / ·· den sich iener keyns slags ader ichsichcz irhole / noch der vorgeschreben lere / Vnd sal denne twern czu beiden seiten / czum ochsen vnd czum pfluge / das ist / czu den obern blössen vnd czu den vnder/ von eyner seiten of dy ander / vnden vnd oben / vmmermer / an vnderloz / alzo das her vmermer in motu sey vnd ienen nicht losse czu slage komen / vnd als oft / als her eynen twerhaw tuet oben ader vnden / zo sal her io wol tweren / vnd das swert oben dy twer / wol vor syn hawpt / werfen / das her wol bedekt sey /


[37r] Das ist von hengen / ffecht° daz lere / etc

cCZwey hengen werden ·
aus eyner hant von der erden /
In allen / ·geferten /
hewe · stiche · leger · weich ader herte /
Sprechfenster mache ·
stant frölich sich syne sache /Sch /
Slach · das her snabe ·
wer vor dir zich czewt abe /
Ich sage vor ware /
sich schützt keyn man ane vare /
Hastu vornomen ·
czu slage mag her kleyne komen /
Is das du bleibest ·
am swerte da mete auch treibest /
Hewe stiche ader snete ·
das fülen merke mete /
An alles vorczhczihen ·
vom swerte du // auch nicht salt flien /
wen meister gefechte /
ist am swerte von rechte /
wer an dich bindet ·
krik mit im sere ringet /
Das edle winden ·
kan in auch schire vinden /
Mit hewen mit stichen
mit sneten vindest in werlichen /
In allen winden
hewe stiche snete saltu vinden /
Das edle hengen /
wil nicht syn an dy winden
wen aus den hengen ·
saltu dy winden brengen /

Glosa etc Hie merke vnd wisse das czu itzlicher seiten sint czwey hengen · Eyn vnderhengen / vnd eyn öbirhengen / mit den du eyme wol an das swert magst komen + {wen}} dy komen aus den öberhewen vnd vnderhewen} / Wen das nu geschiet / das du mit eyme an bindest / ader wy du süst mit im an das swert kömps zo salt du an dem swerte bleyben vnd salt vnd salt winden · vnd salt alzo mit im gar [37v] frölichen / mit gutem mute / vnd künlichen an alle vorchte · an dem swerte stehen / Vnd salt gar eben sehen / merken vnd warten was her wolle tuen / ader was syne sache sey / der her keyn dir pflegen wölle / Vnd daz stehen / alzo an deme swerte / das heisset lichtnawer eyn sprechvanster · Vnd wen du nü mit im alzo an dem swerte stehst / zo salt du gar eben merken vnd fülen syne geferte / ab sie sint weich aber herte / dornoch salt du dich denne richten als vor ofte gesprochen ist · Ist / das her sich vör allen sachen / ·· denne du noch ichsicht begynnest / abe czewt von deme swerte / zo salt du czu hant noch volgen vnd salt in slaen hawen ader stechen was du am schiresten magst dar brengen / ·· den her czu keynerleye dinge kome + {wenne}} du hast io neher czu im mit dem das du am swerte blibest / vnd dyn ort keyn im reckest / wenn iener mit syme abe czihen / den ·· her sich eyns slags erholt dir dar brengt / zo var czu hant dar mit dyn orte /} / Bleibt her aber mit dir an dem swerte / zo prüfe / io vnd merke / ab her sy weich aber herte an dem swerte / Ist das her ist / weich vnd swach / zo saltu rischlichen vnd künlichen volvaren vnd dar hurten / mit dyner sterke / vnd salt / im syn swert hin dringen vnd drücken / vnd süchen syne bloßen / czu koppe ader czu leibe / wo du nür czu magst komen / Ist iener aer denne herte vnd stark an deme swerte / vnd meynt dich vaste hin dringen vnd stossen zo saltu denne weich vnd swach seyn / keyn syner sterke / vnd salt syner sterke vnd syme dringen mit dynen swerte entwychen / [38r] vnd yn dem weichen als im syn swert im hin prelt vnd wischt / als vor auch von deme geschreben ist / In deme ader dy weile als das im geschit / ·· denne her sichs weder irholen mag / dar her czu keyme slage ader stiche kome / Zo saltu selber syner blössen war nemen / mit hewen stichen ader sneten / wo du in am schiresten gehaben magst / noch der vorgeschreben lere / risch / künlich vnd snelle das io iener mit nichte czu slage kome Dorvm spricht lichtnawer / ich sag vorwar · sich schutzt keyn man ane var / Hastu vornomen / czu slage mag er kleyne komen / Do mitt meynt her / das sich keyner mag ane var ader ane schaden schutczen / Is das du tust noch der geschreben lere / Ab du im den vorslag gewynnest vnd tust den mus io iener weren / ader mus sich lasse slaen / wen du denne den vorslag tust / du trefst ader velest / zo saltu rischlich vnd in eyme rawsche den nochslag tuen / ·· denne iener czu keyme slage kome / Denne wen du den vorslag wilt tuen / zo saltu recht / zam yn eyme gedanke vnd mute den nochslag auch tuen / recht zam du sy mit eynnander wellest tuen / wenn is möglich were / Dorvm spricht her / vor · noch · dy cwey dink etc den tust du den vorslag / du treffest / ader velest / zo tu io / in eyme rawsche / risch vnd snelle den nochslag / das iener mit nichte [38v] czu slage kome / vnd alzo saltu schaffen das du yn allen sachen des fechtens io ·· komest denne iener / vnd als balde als du / ·· kummest denne iener / vnd den vorslag gewinnest / zo tu czu hant den nochslag / · Wen du salt keyn vorslag tuen / du habst io / den nochslag auch mete ym synne vnd ym mute / also dastu vmmer in motu seist / vnd mit nichte feyerst ader last / zonder vmmermer eyns noch dem andern treibst · risch · vnd snelle das iener czu keynen dingen moge komen / · Vorwar tustu / das / zo mus her gar eyn guter syn der ungeslagen von dir kummet / · Wenne mit der selben kunst / ader mit dem vorteil das / kumpt is oft / das eyn pawer ader eyn ungelarter eyn guten meister / slet / mit deme · das her den vorslag tuet / vnd künlich dar hurt / den wy leiche ist das obersehe/ das in/deß trift vnd in alzo beschemet vnd slet / denne eyner der der slege war nymmet / vnd des schütczens wil warten / der ist io in grosser var / denne iener der do of in slet / vnd den vorslag gewynnet / Dorvmme schaffe / das du yn allen sachen des fechtens der erste bist / vnd io eyme of dy linke rechte / seiten komest / do bist du wol aller dinge sicher denne iener /


Summary of the Long Sword

Complete Translation Complete translation (2022)
by Michael Chidester

Draft Translation Draft translation (2022)
by Christian Trosclair

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006)
by Thomas Stoeppler

Nuremberg Version (1400s) [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

[64r.2]  Czu dem ersten merke vnd wisse / das lichtnawers fechten leit gar an den fünff wörter· vor · noch · swach · stark · Indes · / Dy eyn grunt / kern vnd fundament / seyn alles fechtens / vnd wy vil eyner fechtens kan · weis her nür des fundamentz nicht / zo wirt her oft bey seyner kunst beschemet / vnd dy selben wörter sint vor oft aus gelegt / wen si nür of das gehen das eyner vmmermer in motu sey vnd nicht veyer ader lasse · das iener icht czu slage kome / wen · vor · noch / bedewten / vorslag / vnd nochslag / als vor oft ist geschreben / vnd das gehet of das / daz do heisset / principium vnd finis / anhebunge vnd endunge / wen eyn ernster guter fechter · ficht dorüm mit eyme / das her mit syner kunst eynen wil slaen / vnd nicht geslagen werden / vnd das mag her nicht tuen an anhebunge vnd ane endunge / wil her denne wol anheben / zo schaffe her das her io den vorslag / habe vnd gewinne / vnd nicht iener / den eyner der do slet of eynen / der ist io / [64v.1] sicher / vnd bas bewart / dez halben denne iener der / der slege mus war nemen · vnd · warten / wen her denne den vorslag gewint vnd tuet / her treffe ader vele / zo sal her denne dornoch / immediate ane vnderloz in dem selben rawsche den nochslag tuen / das ist den andern slag / den dritten den vierden ader den fümften / is sey haw ader stich alzo das her vmmermer in motu sey / Vnd eyns noch dem andern treibe / ane vnderloz das her io ienen nicht las czu slage komen / Dorüm spricht lichtnawer Ich sage vorware / sich schützt keyn man ane vare + {sine dampno} / Hastu vornomen / czu slage mag her kleyne komen / Tu / nür als vor oft geschreben ist / vnd bis in motu / Das wort Indes get of dy wörter · vor · noch · den wen eyner den vorslag tuet / vnd iener den weret · Indes · vnd dyweile das in iener weret vnd sich schützt zo mag deser wol czu dem nochslag / komen / Auch get is of dy wörter · swach · stark / dy do bedewten daz fülen / den wen eyner an dem swerte ist / mit ieme · vnd fület · ab iener stark ader swach ist / dornoch tut her denne noch der oft geschreben lere /

[64v.2]  Vnd das fundament wil vor allen sachen dy principia habe/ Kunheit / Rischeit / Vorsichtikeit / list / vnd klukheit / etc · Vnd och yn allen dingen moze / ab her nü den vorslag gewinnet / den sal her nicht zo gar swinde tuen das her sich deste bas des nochslags irholen mag / vnd sal och nicht czuweit schreiten / das d her sich deste bas eyns [65r.1] andern schretes hindersich ader vorsich ab sichs gepürt möchte irholen / als lichtnawer spricht Dorof dich · zoße / alle dink haben lenge vnd moße / Dorvm sal eyner nicht gehe syn / vnd sal sich vor / wol bedenken was her treiben wil vnd das selbe sal her denne künlich treiben vnd eyme rischlich dar varn czu koppe ader czu leibe / vnd mit nichte czum swerte / wen ab eyner im eyme gar gewislich eyme hewt czu koppe ader czu leibe / daz ist czu den vier blossen / dennoch kumpt ist oft czum swerte an eyns dank / Is das sich iener schützt / zo schützt her sich mit dem swerte / alzo das is dennoch czum swerten kumpt /

Sword and Shield/Buckler

Featured Translation Featured translation (2022)
by Michael Chidester

Nuremberg Version [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

Staff

Complete Translation Complete translation (2014)
by Betsy Winslow

Nuremberg Version [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

Messer

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006)
by Thomas Stoeppler

Nuremberg Version [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

Dagger

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006)
by Thomas Stoeppler

Nuremberg Version [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

Czum ander mol / wen im eyner greift noch dem messer als vor / als balde als her das nur merkt / zo rükke her vnd czihe syn messer rich risch [84v] vnd sterklich an sich[247] / ader keyn im weder / vnd sneid im durch arm · hant / dawmen ader was her begreift mit dem rücken / vnd czihen Indes zo wirt seyn stechen weder frey als ··

Ist denne das dezer mit deme weren vnd winden / laz ist vnd trege / mit deme / alz her ieme den arm begriffen hat / vnd in gar veste helt / zo sal iener mit syme / degen im drewen vnd of in dringen / recht zam her in mit gewalt wölle stechen / vnd den ort io keyn sy deses gesichte keren / zo wil daz selbe / deser / vaste weren / Indes / zo sal deseriener / denne / auswendig / deses armes / ader ynnewenig / den degen auswinden vnd würgen / vnd snelle weder czuvarn / mit dem degen of das aller neste / wen deser / mit deme als im iener alzo derwt vnd of in dringt / mit dem degen / zo besorgt her sich nicht vor deme auswinden / vnd hat nicht / achtunge dorof / vnd mit deme wirt her ge=[85r] tüscht / vnd das get of dy wörter / vor / noch / alzo das eyner mit eyme dinge eyme vor drewe / recht zam her das selbe io meyne czutreiben / zo wil es denne iener io weren / vnd hat nicht achtunge of eyn anders / Indes als is denne iener am mynsten getrawt / zo sal deser dar varn / mit deme das her meynt czu treiben vnd vor im / mute hat gehabt / vnd mit deme principio tewscht man vil lewte mete /

Grappling

Draft Translation Draft translation (2006)
by Thomas Stoeppler

Nuremberg Version [edit]
by Dierk Hagedorn

Das vierde ist / wen her erste mal gebricht / dornoch var im mit dyner hant / an syn antlitz / [87v] czu vor aus an dy naze / ader kynne / vnd mit der / andern hant an den rucke / vnd mit eyn peyn vorsetcze / vnd wirf in dorober

Och mag / das / daz neste syn / daz du in nymbest pey der eynen hant / vnd lest im dy ander gen / mit eym peyn vorsetczen / vnd dich mit syner hant vm gekart / vnd neige ader prich in ober [88r] das peyn zo vellet her sere

Vor hatzstu nu achte [88v] vnd aus itzlichen newn / Nu merke aber ander vire vnd aus itzlichen gen irer newne als vor / Wen her dich begreift an dyne brust vorne / zo drucke syne hende mit dynen von oben neder an dy brust / als vor / der hastu noch newne / daz ist nu das erstesyme fuze enkegen / vnd wirft dich ober syn hawpt /

Merke das dritte gesetcze wen her czu dir springt ader schreit / zo mag her dich derwischen mit synen peiden vör dy prust dyn / vnd vellet neder vnd rückt dich of noch ym / vnd springt dir mit syme fuze enkegen / vnd wirft dich ober syn hawpt / [89r] das du verre enweghin schüst / Das ist do wider / wen her dich zo greift / snelle vnd gar balde valle of yn / vnd volge ym / zo mag her dir nicht getun /

Additional Resources

  • Alderson, Keith. “Arts and Crafts of War: die Kunst des Schwerts in its Manuscript Context.” Can The Bones Come to Life? Insights from Reconstruction, Reenactment, and Re-creation 1: 24-29. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-937439-13-2
  • Burkart, Eric. “The Autograph of an Erudite Martial Artist: A Close Reading of Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Hs. 3227a.” Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books. Transmission and Tradition of Martial Arts in Europe: 451-480. Ed. Daniel Jaquet, et al. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2016. ISBN 978-9004312418
  • Burkart, Eric (in German). “Informationsverarbeitung durch autographe Notizen: Die ältesten Aufzeichnungen zur Kampfkunst des Johannes Liechtenauer als Spuren einer Aneignung praktischen Wissens.” 2020. doi:10.26012/mittelalter-25866doi:10.1163/9789004324725_017
  • Cabreira, Diniz (in Portuguese). Há Uma Única Arte da Espada (GNM HS 3227a). Santiago de Compostela: AGEA Editora, 2018. ISBN 978-84-948682-6-9
  • Chidester, Michael. The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a. Somerville, MA: HEMA Bookshelf, 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-13-7
  • Chidester, Michael and Hagedorn, Dierk. “The Foundation and Core of All the Arts of Fighting”: The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a. Somerville, MA: HEMA Bookshelf, 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-05-2
  • Dürer, Albrecht and Wassmannsdorff, Karl (in German). Die Ringkunst des deutschen Mittelalters. Liepzig: Priber, 1870.
  • Hammer, Maciej. Tłumaczenie traktatu szermierczego zawartego w rękopisie Nürnberger Handschrift 3227a z wyszczególnieniem trudności zaistniałych podczas przekładu [unpublished thesis]. Uniwersytet Jagielloński Wydział Filologiczny, 2015.
  • Tobler, Christian Henry. Lance, Spear, Sword, & Messer: A German Medieval Martial Arts Miscellany. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2022. ISBN 978-1-937439-64-4
  • Vodička, Ondřej. “Origin of the oldest German Fencing Manual Compilation (GNM Hs. 3227a).” Waffen- und Kostümkunde 61(1): 87-108, 2019.
  • Wallhausen, James. Knightly Martial Arts: An Introduction to Medieval Combat Systems. Self-published, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4457-3736-2
  • Welle, Rainer (in German). “...und wisse das alle höbischeit kompt von deme ringen”. Der Ringkampf als adelige Kunst im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert. Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1993. ISBN 3-89085-755-8
  • Żabiński, Grzegorz. “Unarmored Longsword Combat by Master Liechtenauer via Priest Döbringer.” Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts: 59-116. Ed. Jeffrey Hull. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-58160-668-3

References

  1. This name stems from the false assumption of many 20th century writers identifying him with Hans Döbringer. It has been argued that this name is inappropriate because the treatise attributed to pseudo-Döbringer (and also pseudo-Peter von Danzig) are not true pseudepigrapha—they are internally anonymous. However, many Ancient and Medieval pseudepigraphic texts were originally anonymous and were assigned their false attributions by later readers, and this is also the case with these two glosses in our fledgling tradition.
  2. The manuscript uniformly lacks the typical prayer for the dead when mentioning his name.
  3. Here the author seems to be referring to (and disagreeing with) an earlier writing about Liechtenauer which stated that he invented the art of fencing. There’s no way to know what writing this is referring to, but the glosses of Sigmund Ainringck, Pseudo-Peter von Danzig, and Nicolaus all make this claim, and it is therefore likely to have come from the original ur-gloss of that tradition. If that is what the author is referring to, it is yet another sign that this gloss was written in the 15th century (and also evidence that the author had access to those teachings, even though he didn’t incorporate them into his gloss).
  4. Leichmeister is a pun that I can’t capture in English: leich means a dance or other rhythmic movement, and leiche means corpse. Leichmeister seem to be masters who teach fencing that is more like dancing than fighting, and get their students killed if they ever have to fight a duel. "Masters of the deadly dance" might capture the double meaning, but it makes them sound awesome which is hardly the intent. Alternatively, the pseudo-Danzig gloss makes reference to leichtfertigen schirmaister ("careless/frivolous fencing masters"), and leichmeister could be read as a shortening of that epithet.
  5. False masters
  6. Place of combat
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 Leychmeistere
  8. Vorschlag
  9. Liechtenauer’s
  10. the steps or movements
  11. The silver "soon" was added later above the line
  12. This folio, containing two poems and a lesson on continual motion, marks the beginning of the second quire. It's made of parchment and is a remnant of the cover that the quire had when it was a separate booklet (prior to being bound into the manuscript). Since they're written on the cover and no other quire had its cover written on, it's possible that these writings were added after the rest of the text was written.
  13. lit: entirely finished sword
  14. lit: verses
  15. Vor
  16. Nach
  17. Weich
  18. Hart
  19. Indes
  20. Stossen; Jeffrey Hull made the suggestion that Stossen might also refer to pushing someones body, either away or to the side. This is also a possible interpretation.
  21. This final quatrain is taken from the Recital, verses 40-41 and 100-101.
  22. Motus
  23. 23.0 23.1 Latin
  24. The following part has proven as untranslatable so far and here I can only guess the meaning! "And this should fool him prior I even have to move." – I guess this is about the concealed quality of the strikes, but I am not sure.
  25. Frequens motus
  26. Nachschlag
  27. The original version of the rhyming translation of the Recital, which I based the one used here on, was composed by Harrison Ridgeway.
  28. Possibly: "If one cannot flee, then do something cunning, that is my advice."
  29. blossfechten
  30. I believe Döbringer is referring to strikes. But it might also be opponents
  31. Text is blacked out.
  32. Wechsler
  33. 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Czucken
  34. 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.7 Indes
  35. 35.00 35.01 35.02 35.03 35.04 35.05 35.06 35.07 35.08 35.09 35.10 35.11 35.12 35.13 35.14 35.15 35.16 35.17 Winden
  36. Hawende
  37. Stechende
  38. Sneydende
  39. Abe und czutreten
  40. Umbeschreiten
  41. Springen
  42. Ort
  43. Sneiden
  44. 44.0 44.1 44.2 Gehilcze
  45. Klos
  46. Verse 9.
  47. the opponent
  48. Liechtenauer
  49. In front of the words “denne” and “her” there are oblique insertion marks, which indicate a reverse order – as shown here.
  50. Verse 17.
  51. Harnusche
  52. Blos
  53. Verse 6.
  54. Verses 40-41 (also 100-101).
  55. 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 Vorschlag
  56. 56.0 56.1 Abweisest or Abeleitest
  57. 57.0 57.1 57.2 Nachschlag
  58. The text beginning with this paragraph and going to the end of the section is written on an extra bifolium (double-page) inserted into the book late in the creation process.
  59. This paragraph is somewhat ambiguous about who is who, and some other translators interpret it as saying that *you* can always deliver a following strike faster than your opponent. This is an equally valid read language-wise, but I don't think it makes as much sense with the overall thrust of the teachings.
  60. Liechtenauer
  61. 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.03 61.04 61.05 61.06 61.07 61.08 61.09 61.10 61.11 61.12 61.13 61.14 Twerhaw
  62. 62.00 62.01 62.02 62.03 62.04 62.05 62.06 62.07 62.08 62.09 62.10 Twer
  63. Here the writing is cut off by manuscript trimming.
  64. 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 64.4 64.5 64.6 Wind
  65. his
  66. Veste
  67. Weich
  68. "On Interpretation", the second section of Aristotle's Organon. This, along with "Categories" (the first section), was the only work by Aristotle known to Western Europeans during most of the Middle Ages, and only through a 6th-century Latin translation by Boethius. These works nevertheless formed an important foundation of Scholasticism. By the time of Liechtenauer, though, many other writings of Aristotle had been rediscovered in the Middle East and made widely available across Europe.
  69. This doesn't match any recognizable Aristotelian quotation, though the idea is present in many places in his work.
  70. conflicting
  71. pushes you aside
  72. Verse 78.
  73. Verse 99.
  74. Alternative interpretation: keep your blade on top of his.
  75. Verse 12.
  76. Limpf
  77. Masse
  78. Verse 22 is omitted for unknown reasons.
  79. 79.0 79.1 79.2 Alber
  80. 80.0 80.1 80.2 Vorsetzen
  81. Zuckt
  82. When the manuscript was being written, the scribe included small guide letters to tell the rubricator what large red initial letters to add. In this case, the rubricator was careless and changed the word Wer to Der.
  83. 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4 83.5 83.6 83.7 Keren.
  84. Maciej Talaga reads this as "when they cut over you".
  85. "Wisely" inferred from the summary
  86. Wrath strike
  87. Thrust exchange from the bind
  88. striking the wrist and arms
  89. point
  90. Strike from above
  91. Zornhaw
  92. or slide?
  93. Oberhaw
  94. Supplemented according to fol. 29v.
  95. Verse 27.
  96. strike from above
  97. strike from below
  98. the next sentence is unfinished
  99. The two words “hewe” and “ander” are interchanged in the manuscript, as indicated by corresponding insertion characters.
  100. At this point there is an ink stain which might hide an original “g” (which can only be seen indistinctly).
  101. 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 101.4 101.5 101.6 101.7 Wenden.
  102. Literally "half an ell"; the length of a Medieval ell varied by city and region, but is generally based on either the length someone's elbow to fingertips, or six times the width of someone's hand. I find the hand-breadth measure to be easier to visualize.
  103. first strike
  104. turning-off
  105. roughly 30 cm
  106. Vorreben?
  107. 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 Wenden
  108. 30–40cm
  109. Note that Medieval people generally wore their belts at the top of their waists, meaning at their navels or just below their ribs.
  110. Blossen
  111. Duplier
  112. Mutier
  113. "With your" and "their sword" are inserted over the deletions and seem intended to replace them. However, the deletions describe the typical teaching of the curved cut, whereas the insertions seem to represent a unique idea or teaching. For this reason, unlike other instances of deletion, both the original and the replacement text are translated here for comparison.
  114. to the side, apart, sideways
  115. 115.0 115.1 115.2 Krumphaw
  116. 116.0 116.1 116.2 116.3 116.4 116.5 Krum
  117. the other
  118. feint
  119. 119.0 119.1 Veller
  120. feint
  121. inverse strike
  122. feint
  123. Cut to the hands and then cut the throat
  124. The page is clipped. only 'cut' remains. This manuscript spells 'haupte' as 'cutpte'
  125. transversal strike
  126. from above; the high guard
  127. upper opening
  128. lower opening
  129. crossing strikes
  130. 130.0 130.1 130.2 Pflug
  131. Ochsen
  132. von dem tage
  133. "Hew" is inserted in the margin.
  134. 134.0 134.1 134.2 134.3 134.4 134.5 134.6 Abwenden.
  135. first strike
  136. i.e. for your life
  137. 137.0 137.1 137.2 137.3 137.4 Abwenden
  138. Twerhaw
  139. 139.0 139.1 139.2 Ochs
  140. Verwenden.
  141. Text ends here abruptly.
  142. The comment ends here and remains unfinished
  143. 143.0 143.1 143.2 143.3 143.4 Schilhaw
  144. 144.0 144.1 Schiler
  145. or a fool
  146. Wechsel
  147. 147.0 147.1 147.2 147.3 147.4 Schil
  148. probably the opponent’s right side, but it could be your own as well
  149. schilende
  150. a peasant, that is
  151. At first glance, this appears to be a poem of the author's own devising, but many of the verses are based on couplets from Liechtenauer's Recital (the ones written in grey ink); the couplets in grey italics are based on those of the Recital on short sword fencing. The lines in black text are original, but several of them appear elsewhere in this text and only three couplets are completely unique.
     This is a fine example of the Medieval practice of using the text of a mnemonic (like the Recital) to teach different, distinct lessons, through paraphrase and reorganization. Here, he seems to have stitched together fragments from those sources in order to present a new teaching: a general lesson on fencing from the draw.
     Because the verses are rarely in their exact normal form, the rhyming translation has not been used and instead they are translated more literally.
  152. In all other extant versions this is "point"
  153. Vorschlag
  154. Nachschlag
  155. Vertex strike
  156. crown displacement technique
  157. Scheitelhaw
  158. Scheitler
  159. 159.0 159.1 Kron
  160. Scheitelhaw
  161. Unlike other places where there are definitely passages originally forgotten and inserted with a caret, such is missing here. Thus, it can be conjectured that this is a later addition or comment.
  162. This proverb doesn't come from the Recital and doesn't appear in any other source in the Liechtenauer tradition.
  163. Guards
  164. Ox
  165. Plough
  166. fool
  167. high guard
  168. Liechtenauer
  169. Leger or Hut
  170. dueling yard
  171. Vier Leger
  172. 172.0 172.1 Vom Tag
  173. Leger or Huten
  174. parrying
  175. Absetzen
  176. Schranckhut
  177. Pforte
  178. Alber
  179. your opponent
  180. Hengen
  181. Nochreizen
  182. This last sentence was added after the rest of the text on the page, in the same ink and script as the text at the top of the page.
  183. High guard
  184. Langen Ort
  185. The text here runs into the destroyed corner of the page, and what remains is ut ptu͞it s. Based on 22v, I read this ut patuit s[upra].
  186. This verse is phrased similarly to 43.
  187. versetzen
  188. that is, when the opponent parries
  189. Illegible deleted character.
  190. Nochvolgen
  191. strike from above
  192. strike from below
  193. This verse is phrased similarly to both 35 and 90.
  194. This verse is phrased similarly to 14.
  195. adhering
  196. Nochreisen
  197. Ewsere nymme
  198. overreaching
  199. Oberlawfen
  200. setting aside
  201. Abesetczen
  202. changing through
  203. with your thrust
  204. Durchwechsel
  205. or with doing the changing through, do it at once
  206. pulling
  207. or perhaps strike at you
  208. Durchlawfen
  209. Rangen
  210. Vorkeren
  211. in this case inverting is also possible
  212. cutting off
  213. adhering
  214. Abschneiden
  215. alone?
  216. a possible meaning is do not waste time stepping when you cut, but do it as a stationary movement
  217. The gap between the verse and the explanation here, along with the lack of a gloss label (which is present in every other section with commentary), makes it questionable whether this text is intended to explain the verses on hand-pressing or to be a separate teaching.
  218. pressing the hands
  219. Hende drucken
  220. you catch the attack
  221. Verses 100-101 (also 40-41).
  222. Verse 17.
  223. hanging
  224. speaking window
  225. lower hanging
  226. upper hanging
  227. high strike and low strike
  228. speaking window
  229. skilled
  230. Hengen
  231. 231.0 231.1 Sprechfenster
  232. Ober
  233. away from his body since he is pushing yours
  234. In motu seist
  235. This is the only place in the treatise where verses from the Recital are presented out of order. Furthermore, verses 102-104 are omitted entirely, as is 109 (though 109 is itself a repetition of verse 77).
  236. This phrase is written in both Latin and German, so I left the Latin untranslated.
  237. Verses 40-41 and 100-101.
  238. marginal insertion. latin: dampno => damno => harm
  239. weak and strong
  240. Verses 8.
  241. The word »Nicht«, which cannot be clearly assigned, is added on the side of the page.
  242. Text cuts off here, and the rest of the page is blank.
  243. Falchion
  244. Latin passage follows; very difficult.
  245. Grzegorz Żabiński offers: ++ rape radices viole et mitte contare tibi hinssis debtem urgre et quocumque tetigeris suas operis
  246. please note that there are only three methods described against the turning-out
  247. Korrigiert aus »sin«.
  248. The next sentence /och me was…/ does not make any sense.
  249. alternate description follows, it hopefully should make the method clearer: If he holds you by the shoulders, and you grab his shoulders from the outside. Then you sling your right arm with the elbow over his left and below his right, and push downwards, so his right arm moves up. Take this arm over your head and secure the grip with your left hand behind your head; and then push against his chest with your right again. This will lead to a painful breaking lock.
  250. this is a partner exercise, similar to one I know in chinese shuai chiao
  251. Elbow/forearm strike
  252. Oder »slosse«? Unleserlich.
  253. buesse