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<p>'''Article 19'''</p>
 
<p>'''Article 19'''</p>
  
<p>If being in first guard, the enemy is going to cover your sword to shoot you with a first or second high-thrust to the head or shoulder, at the same time as his arm advances to strike, you will twist your hand in a low-thrust, concealing or subtly lowering the body and head, lowering your point a bit, you will strike him from second to the right side below the armpit, returning after into second.</p>
+
<p>If being in first guard, the enemy is trying to cover your sword to shoot you with a first or second high-thrust to the head or shoulder, at the same time as his arm advances to strike, you will twist your hand in a low-thrust, concealing or subtly lowering the body and head, lowering your point a bit, you will strike him from second to the right side below the armpit, returning after into second.</p>
  
 
<p>'''Article 20'''</p>
 
<p>'''Article 20'''</p>
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<p>'''Article 24'''</p>
 
<p>'''Article 24'''</p>
  
<p>The enemy being in first guard, and that you are in second or third, and holding his point outward, he is going to push a thrust to your right shoulder, you will parry on his weak, and following the correct edge, you will push a high-thrust with firm foot to the right side, passing your point below his guard, returning quickly into second.</p>
+
<p>The enemy being in first guard, and that you are in second or third, and holding his point outward, he is trying to push a thrust to your right shoulder, you will parry on his weak, and following the correct edge, you will push a high-thrust with firm foot to the right side, passing your point below his guard, returning quickly into second.</p>
  
 
<p>'''Article 25'''</p>
 
<p>'''Article 25'''</p>
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<p>'''Article 3'''</p>
 
<p>'''Article 3'''</p>
  
<p>You can still put yourself in high guard with your arm extended, and with the enemy going to subdue your sword outward, you will disengage your point below his guard to the right shoulder, dodging the body and twisting your feet; but this twist must be performed by advancing the forward foot, unlike the two previous lessons, where it is necessary to twist in place because the enemy does not strongly extend the body when covering your sword like he does in stabbing.</p>
+
<p>You can still put yourself in high guard with your arm extended, and with the enemy trying to subdue your sword outward, you will disengage your point below his guard to the right shoulder, dodging the body and twisting your feet; but this twist must be performed by advancing the forward foot, unlike the two previous lessons, where it is necessary to twist in place because the enemy does not strongly extend the body when covering your sword like he does in stabbing.</p>
  
 
<p>'''Article 4'''</p>
 
<p>'''Article 4'''</p>
  
<p>You can also hold the guard close to your belt, and with the enemy going to pass over you with your left foot outward, you will disengage your sword inward with the dodging of the body and twisting your foot without advancing it.</p>
+
<p>You can also hold the guard close to your belt, and with the enemy trying to pass over you with your left foot outward, you will disengage your sword inward with the dodging of the body and twisting your foot without advancing it.</p>
  
 
<p>'''Section 2 Remedy against all types of disappearances that can be performed.'''</p>
 
<p>'''Section 2 Remedy against all types of disappearances that can be performed.'''</p>
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<p>'''Article 3'''</p>
 
<p>'''Article 3'''</p>
  
<p>If the enemy finds you in third guard and having gained your weak with his strong, he is going to pass from fourth as above to strike outward on your right shoulder, you will parry, collecting your weak outward against his side, and leading his sword inward; you will strike him with a high-thrust on the spine with firm foot or stepping the left foot backward.</p>
+
<p>If the enemy finds you in third guard and having gained your weak with his strong, he is trying to pass from fourth as above to strike outward on your right shoulder, you will parry, collecting your weak outward against his side, and leading his sword inward; you will strike him with a high-thrust on the spine with firm foot or stepping the left foot backward.</p>
  
 
<p>'''Article 4'''</p>
 
<p>'''Article 4'''</p>
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<p>'''Article 1'''</p>
 
<p>'''Article 1'''</p>
  
<p>Being in second guard and your enemy in fourth and he is going to show a feint outward, you will parry him with firm foot outward, so that he has an opportunity to quarter inward; doing so, you will parry with the middle of your blade on his weak, letting your point drop below his blade, striking his spine with a high-thrust with firm foot, or stepping the left foot backward toward the shoulder.</p>
+
<p>Being in second guard and your enemy in fourth and he is trying to show a feint outward, you will parry him with firm foot outward, so that he has an opportunity to quarter inward; doing so, you will parry with the middle of your blade on his weak, letting your point drop below his blade, striking his spine with a high-thrust with firm foot, or stepping the left foot backward toward the shoulder.</p>
  
 
<p>'''Article 2'''</p>
 
<p>'''Article 2'''</p>
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| <p>'''Article 3'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 3'''</p>
  
<p>Having likewise covered the middle of your strong with the middle of the weak of the enemy's sword, you will push with firm foot a high-thrust to the enemy's right shoulder, passing a bit above his guard; then going to press against your sword to parry it, you will twist your hand in a low-thrust, disengaging your point below his guard, you will pass with the left foot forward; but always observe to extend the arm and body before the foot steps to pass.</p>
+
<p>Having likewise covered the middle of your strong with the middle of the weak of the enemy's sword, you will push with firm foot a high-thrust to the enemy's right shoulder, passing a bit above his guard; then trying to press against your sword to parry it, you will twist your hand in a low-thrust, disengaging your point below his guard, you will pass with the left foot forward; but always observe to extend the arm and body before the foot steps to pass.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
  
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| <p>'''Article 7'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 7'''</p>
  
<p>Likewise, you can also extend your point outward, the hand twisted in a low-thrust, and the enemy going to gain your weak inward with his strong, at the same time that he advances to cover your weak, you will shoot a low-thrust toward the right eye; and if he tries to parry it, you will at the same time disengage below his guard to the right side, passing with the left foot, having first extended the hand and the body before the left foot steps.</p>
+
<p>Likewise, you can also extend your point outward, the hand twisted in a low-thrust, and the enemy trying to gain your weak inward with his strong, at the same time that he advances to cover your weak, you will shoot a low-thrust toward the right eye; and if he tries to parry it, you will at the same time disengage below his guard to the right side, passing with the left foot, having first extended the hand and the body before the left foot steps.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
  
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| <p>'''Article 14'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 14'''</p>
  
<p>Finding the enemy in third guard, you can likewise extend your point right below his guard; then collecting your point a bit high, you will beat your strong against his weak, and the enemy going to disengage, you will pass with your left foot, striking him with a high-thrust, beating your right wrist to the shoulder.</p>
+
<p>Finding the enemy in third guard, you can likewise extend your point right below his guard; then collecting your point a bit high, you will beat your strong against his weak, and the enemy trying to disengage, you will pass with your left foot, striking him with a high-thrust, beating your right wrist to the shoulder.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
  
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| <p>'''Article 15'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 15'''</p>
  
<p>Likewise, you can also extend your point inward and the enemy going to cover it, you will collect it at the same time toward you and cut with the middle of your blade above his point; you will pass with the left foot in a high-thrust to the right shoulder.
+
<p>Likewise, you can also extend your point inward and the enemy trying to cover it, you will collect it at the same time toward you and cut with the middle of your blade above his point; you will pass with the left foot in a high-thrust to the right shoulder.
 
</p>
 
</p>
 
|  
 
|  
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| <p>'''Article 18'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 18'''</p>
  
<p>If the enemy goes from fourth to cover your sword inward, you will collect your point to yourself, and cutting with the correct edge over his point, you will present the high-thrust toward his right eye; and the enemy going to parry outward, you will disengage the point of your sword below his elbow and, passing at the same time with your left foot, you will grab his right shoulder. Note that when cutting, the body should be extended.</p>
+
<p>If the enemy goes from fourth to cover your sword inward, you will collect your point to yourself, and cutting with the correct edge over his point, you will present the high-thrust toward his right eye; and the enemy trying to parry outward, you will disengage the point of your sword below his elbow and, passing at the same time with your left foot, you will grab his right shoulder. Note that when cutting, the body should be extended.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
  
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| <p>'''Article 19'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 19'''</p>
  
<p>Finding your enemy in third guard, you can put yourself in fourth holding the hand in low-thrust, your point outward; and the enemy going to cover your weak outward, you will twist your hand in high-thrust, and beating with your wrist, you will pass from the left foot outward to the right shoulder. This passing, you can do it while the enemy comes to the subjection of your sword.</p>
+
<p>Finding your enemy in third guard, you can put yourself in fourth holding the hand in low-thrust, your point outward; and the enemy trying to cover your weak outward, you will twist your hand in high-thrust, and beating with your wrist, you will pass from the left foot outward to the right shoulder. This passing, you can do it while the enemy comes to the subjection of your sword.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
  
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| <p>'''Article 22'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 22'''</p>
  
<p>Still being in the same guard, you can go cover the enemy's weak with your strong, and he is going to shoot a reversal outward to you, you will parry him with firm foot with the body extended, and you will shoot a low-thrust to his right shoulder passing with the left foot.</p>
+
<p>Still being in the same guard, you can go cover the enemy's weak with your strong, and he is trying to shoot a reversal outward to you, you will parry him with firm foot with the body extended, and you will shoot a low-thrust to his right shoulder passing with the left foot.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
  
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| <p>'''Article 23'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 23'''</p>
  
<p>You can still gain the enemy's weak with your strong going into second having the hand twisted in low-thrust; and when the enemy is going to shoot an inward slash to you, you will parry him with firm foot with your body extended, and you will at the same time shoot a high-thrust to his right shoulder passing with your left foot. Be warned that no passing is performed except on the crossing of the body or the advance of the enemy's foot, otherwise one will run into danger.</p>
+
<p>You can still gain the enemy's weak with your strong going into second having the hand twisted in low-thrust; and when the enemy is trying to shoot an inward slash to you, you will parry him with firm foot with your body extended, and you will at the same time shoot a high-thrust to his right shoulder passing with your left foot. Be warned that no passing is performed except on the crossing of the body or the advance of the enemy's foot, otherwise one will run into danger.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
  
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| <p>'''Article 24'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 24'''</p>
  
<p>You can still, with the same guard, extend your point below the middle of the weak of the enemy's sword; and when he is going to shoot a high-thrust inwards toward your right shoulder, you will parry him with a retreat of the left foot backward, raising his sword inward with the strong of yours; and at the same time passing with the left foot, you will give him a low-thrust below his guard to the right side.</p>
+
<p>You can still, with the same guard, extend your point below the middle of the weak of the enemy's sword; and when he is trying to shoot a high-thrust inwards toward your right shoulder, you will parry him with a retreat of the left foot backward, raising his sword inward with the strong of yours; and at the same time passing with the left foot, you will give him a low-thrust below his guard to the right side.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
  
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| <p>'''Article 25'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 25'''</p>
  
<p>You can still hold the sword point outward below the middle of the enemy's strong, and when he is going to shoot a low-thrust at you outward, you will parry him with a retreat with your left foot, covering his weak with your strong inward, raising it at the same time; and passing with the left foot you can give a low-thrust below his sword guard to his right side.</p>
+
<p>You can still hold the sword point outward below the middle of the enemy's strong, and when he is trying to shoot a low-thrust at you outward, you will parry him with a retreat with your left foot, covering his weak with your strong inward, raising it at the same time; and passing with the left foot you can give a low-thrust below his sword guard to his right side.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
  
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| <p>'''Article 26'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 26'''</p>
  
<p>You can still put yourself in high third with your hand in high-thrust a bit crossed inward holding the point outward, and the enemy going to shoot you a high-thrust from high fourth inward, you will not parry him with the sword, thus only breaking the measure, retiring the left foot backward, and stealing or lowering the body at the same time; then you will push a low-thrust below his guard to the right side passing the left foot forward.</p>
+
<p>You can still put yourself in high third with your hand in high-thrust a bit crossed inward holding the point outward, and the enemy trying to shoot you a high-thrust from high fourth inward, you will not parry him with the sword, thus only breaking the measure, retiring the left foot backward, and stealing or lowering the body at the same time; then you will push a low-thrust below his guard to the right side passing the left foot forward.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
  
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<p>'''Article 1'''</p>
 
<p>'''Article 1'''</p>
  
<p>Finding your enemy in second third or fourth, and that you can gain the middle of his weak by covering him with the middle of your strong, you will perform a call retiring the left foot a bit, leaving very little to follow the right; and with the enemy going to advance the foot or the body to gain measure, you will resolutely push at the same time as he moves, a high-thrust to the right shoulder with firm foot.</p>
+
<p>Finding your enemy in second third or fourth, and that you can gain the middle of his weak by covering him with the middle of your strong, you will perform a call retiring the left foot a bit, leaving very little to follow the right; and with the enemy trying to advance the foot or the body to gain measure, you will resolutely push at the same time as he moves, a high-thrust to the right shoulder with firm foot.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
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| <p>'''Article 3'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 3'''</p>
  
<p>If being in third or high fourth guard, your enemy is going to perform some feint inward or outward with beating of the foot and hand, at the same time that he performs this movement, you will push a high-thrust with firm foot to the right shoulder.</p>
+
<p>If being in third or high fourth guard, your enemy is trying to perform some feint inward or outward with beating of the foot and hand, at the same time that he performs this movement, you will push a high-thrust with firm foot to the right shoulder.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
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| <p>'''Article 4'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 4'''</p>
  
<p>On the aforementioned guards you can again cover the enemy's sword inward with your strong on his weak to oblige him to disengage; when the enemy is performing and is going to shoot a low-thrust at you from second outward, at the same time you will disengage your point to go to the right shoulder.</p>
+
<p>On the aforementioned guards you can again cover the enemy's sword inward with your strong on his weak to oblige him to disengage; when the enemy is performing and is trying to shoot a low-thrust at you from second outward, at the same time you will disengage your point to go to the right shoulder.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
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<p>'''Article 1'''</p>
 
<p>'''Article 1'''</p>
  
<p>Finding first your enemy in high third, you will go from second to gain the middle of his weak with the middle of your strong; and when he is going to shoot you a high-thrust inward, you will twist the hand in high-thrust striking with counter-time inward to his right shoulder. But note that with all counter-time, it is necessary that the hand and the body be extended before the foot steps, and that it is fitting to execute these cuts well so that your strong in parrying passes over the enemy's weak.</p>
+
<p>Finding first your enemy in high third, you will go from second to gain the middle of his weak with the middle of your strong; and when he is trying to shoot you a high-thrust inward, you will twist the hand in high-thrust striking with counter-time inward to his right shoulder. But note that with all counter-time, it is necessary that the hand and the body be extended before the foot steps, and that it is fitting to execute these cuts well so that your strong in parrying passes over the enemy's weak.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
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<p>'''Article 1'''</p>
 
<p>'''Article 1'''</p>
  
<p>If the enemy is going to gain your weak inward with his strong and when he wants to shoot a high-thrust to your right shoulder, abandoning your sword, you will push in counter-time straight to the head passing your strong on his weak.</p>
+
<p>If the enemy is trying to gain your weak inward with his strong and when he wants to shoot a high-thrust to your right shoulder, abandoning your sword, you will push in counter-time straight to the head passing your strong on his weak.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
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| <p>'''Article 2'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 2'''</p>
  
<p>You can also hold your sword outward with the point below the enemy's hilt; while going to shoot a high-thrust to your body, you will push with counter-time straight to the head with firm foot, passing the strong of your sword on the enemy's weak.</p>
+
<p>You can also hold your sword outward with the point below the enemy's hilt; while trying to shoot a high-thrust to your body, you will push with counter-time straight to the head with firm foot, passing the strong of your sword on the enemy's weak.</p>
  
 
<p>Be advised not to shoot counter-time, except if the enemy is already committed with the arm extended.</p>
 
<p>Be advised not to shoot counter-time, except if the enemy is already committed with the arm extended.</p>
Line 1,027: Line 1,027:
 
| <p>'''Article 5'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 5'''</p>
  
<p>If the enemy is going to gain your sword by turning or rotating inward or outward depending on what you can notice, you will push a high-thrust or a low-thrust at him, depending on what you prefer, at the same time that he raises the foot to rotate.</p>
+
<p>If the enemy is trying to gain your sword by turning or rotating inward or outward depending on what you can notice, you will push a high-thrust or a low-thrust at him, depending on what you prefer, at the same time that he raises the foot to rotate.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 1,035: Line 1,035:
 
| <p>'''Article 6'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 6'''</p>
  
<p>If you are finding both in short measure, with the enemy going to cover your sword by pressing or forcing it either with firm foot or with raised foot, you will let go at the same time his own striking it with a high-thrust to the right side outward or inward, whichever you think is most appropriate.</p>
+
<p>If you are finding both in short measure, with the enemy trying to cover your sword by pressing or forcing it either with firm foot or with raised foot, you will let go at the same time his own striking it with a high-thrust to the right side outward or inward, whichever you think is most appropriate.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 1,089: Line 1,089:
 
| <p>'''Article 4'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 4'''</p>
  
<p>You can also from the same guard or from high third hold your point toward the enemy's right eye, who meanwhile is going to gain your weak inward with his strong, you will beat his point with your left hand inward pushing at the same time a high-thrust below his guard to his right side with firm foot.</p>
+
<p>You can also from the same guard or from high third hold your point toward the enemy's right eye, who meanwhile is trying to gain your weak inward with his strong, you will beat his point with your left hand inward pushing at the same time a high-thrust below his guard to his right side with firm foot.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 1,105: Line 1,105:
 
| <p>'''Article 6'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 6'''</p>
  
<p>You can also hold your point below the middle of the enemy's strong, and from there, push a second low-thrust outward; and with the enemy going to parry, enter with your foot such that you nearly come guard to guard, you will disengage at this time your point below his arm, securing with the hand on his weak, pushing the low-thrust inward without moving the right foot. This lesson can be executed as soon as you shoot the low-thrust nearly to the guards, or else as the enemy shoots.</p>
+
<p>You can also hold your point below the middle of the enemy's strong, and from there, push a second low-thrust outward; and with the enemy trying to parry, enter with your foot such that you nearly come guard to guard, you will disengage at this time your point below his arm, securing with the hand on his weak, pushing the low-thrust inward without moving the right foot. This lesson can be executed as soon as you shoot the low-thrust nearly to the guards, or else as the enemy shoots.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 1,153: Line 1,153:
 
| <p>'''Article 12'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 12'''</p>
  
<p>You can also hold your point below the enemy's guard, and when he is going to pass in high-thrust with the left foot inward, you will parry his point with the hand inward and twisting your sword at the same time in low-thrust, you will push from second below his guard to the right side, retiring the left foot a bit backward, letting the right follow. All the above lessons can be executed, both in passing and with firm foot.</p>
+
<p>You can also hold your point below the enemy's guard, and when he is trying to pass in high-thrust with the left foot inward, you will parry his point with the hand inward and twisting your sword at the same time in low-thrust, you will push from second below his guard to the right side, retiring the left foot a bit backward, letting the right follow. All the above lessons can be executed, both in passing and with firm foot.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
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| <p>'''Article 2'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 2'''</p>
  
<p>Likewise, when the enemy is going to beat your sword inward with the hand, you can still (disengaging your point below his left arm) hit him with a low-thrust below his arm to the left shoulder.</p>
+
<p>Likewise, when the enemy is trying to beat your sword inward with the hand, you can still (disengaging your point below his left arm) hit him with a low-thrust below his arm to the left shoulder.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 1,208: Line 1,208:
 
<p>'''Article 1'''</p>
 
<p>'''Article 1'''</p>
  
<p>Being in third guard, holding your point inward opposite of the middle of the enemy's strong, you can from there, going in second, shoot a low-thrust outward; and with the enemy going to parry it with the low-thrust, you will pass with the left foot forward in having grabbed his guard, you will snatch it with the hand twisting it above with his fist below. Be advised to stay with your sword in low-thrust until you have performed the taking.
+
<p>Being in third guard, holding your point inward opposite of the middle of the enemy's strong, you can from there, going in second, shoot a low-thrust outward; and with the enemy trying to parry it with the low-thrust, you will pass with the left foot forward in having grabbed his guard, you will snatch it with the hand twisting it above with his fist below. Be advised to stay with your sword in low-thrust until you have performed the taking.
  
 
This lesson, you can perform it whether you shoot the low-thrust or the enemy shoots it to you.</p>
 
This lesson, you can perform it whether you shoot the low-thrust or the enemy shoots it to you.</p>
Line 1,251: Line 1,251:
 
| <p>'''Article 6'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 6'''</p>
  
<p>The enemy being in high third or second, you can lodge your point below his guard; and when he is going to pass with the left foot inward, you will parry him with firm foot, and at the same time, you will perform the take to his guard with the left hand; and if he shoots with a firm foot, you will perform the taking [by] passing with the left foot.
+
<p>The enemy being in high third or second, you can lodge your point below his guard; and when he is trying to pass with the left foot inward, you will parry him with firm foot, and at the same time, you will perform the take to his guard with the left hand; and if he shoots with a firm foot, you will perform the taking [by] passing with the left foot.
  
 
Note that if the enemy passes with the left foot forward, you will perform the take with firm foot, and if he pushes with firm foot, you will perform the taking by passing with the left foot.</p>
 
Note that if the enemy passes with the left foot forward, you will perform the take with firm foot, and if he pushes with firm foot, you will perform the taking by passing with the left foot.</p>
Line 1,434: Line 1,434:
 
| <p>'''Article 6'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Article 6'''</p>
  
<p></p>
+
<p>The enemy being in high third or second, you can from third shoot him a high-thrust inward passing your blade over the weak of his sword; when he is wanting to parry, you will retire your point a bit toward you, and you will give him a slash below the guard at the arm joint with the left foot raised in the air, retiring it as said.</p>
 
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Revision as of 22:02, 1 October 2022

Pedro de Heredia
Spouse(s) unknown
Occupation
  • Governor
  • Captain
Nationality Spanish
Movement
Influences Girolamo Cavalcabo
Genres Fencing manual
Language Middle French
Notable work(s) Book of Lessons
Principal
manuscript(s)

Pedro de Heredia was a 17th century Spanish governor of a region in Belgium and a cavalry captain from 1615-1645. He wrote three manuscripts.

De Heredia's Le Livre des Leçons ("The Book of Lessons") is influenced by Girolamo Cavalcabo's Nobilissimo discorso intorno il schermo ("Most Noble Discourse on Defense").

Contents

Treatises

Additional Resources

References

  1. According to Lauvernay, fourniment is the powder case of arquebusiers and musketeers (sometimes extended to all the equipment carried). The word is only used once to indicate a place on the body, probably a bit below the shoulder.
  2. Droit can mean "right" or "correct" (as in not incorrect) or "true".
  3. Volter is an Italian loanword of voltare which means "to turn".
  4. Estocade is the French loanword for the Italian stoccata and is used in this treatise as "supination".
  5. Brocade is the French loanword for the Italian imbroccata and is used in this treatise as "pronation".
  6. Caver is the French loanword for the Italian cavare, which means "to dig or to excavate".
  7. Lit. translated as "right-hands".
  8. Estramaçon is a loanword for the Italian stramazzare which means "to fall heavily". It is also French for greatsword.
  9. Credits to Alan Bloniarz for providing context to the word "garatusa" which is a Spanish card game where one discards their cards to win.
  10. Écarté is the French loanword for the Italian technique "inquartata" and means "discarded"
  11. "Derobement" is a modern fencing term to mean avoiding an entrapment of some sort.
  12. "Tirer" is normally translated as "shoot" but in this case I believe "pull" makes more sense.
  13. Gannance is a loanword derived from the Spanish word "ganancia", which means "gain". It is used to describe a situation where your blade is used to restrict the opponent's blade movement. Credit to Tim Riviera for the explanation.
  14. The Spanish word "cortar" simply means "to cut".
  15. Chassement means "chasing". In this case, it is the back foot chasing the front. In modern fencing, this is known as advancing.
  16. Crèvement means "to burst or to puncture." In the treatise, it is used to describe breaking guards.