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  | movement            = {{plainlist
 
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   | [[Nicolaüs Augsburger|Augsburg tradition]]
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   | [[Nuremberg group|Nuremberg tradition]]
 
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   | [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Cod. 10825/10826]] (1540s)
 
   | [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Cod. 10825/10826]] (1540s)
 
   | [[Geschlechterbuch der Stadt Augsburg (Cod.icon. 312b)|Cod.icon. 312b]] (1548)
 
   | [[Geschlechterbuch der Stadt Augsburg (Cod.icon. 312b)|Cod.icon. 312b]] (1548)
   | [[Rast Fechtbuch (Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82)|Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82]]<br/>(1553)
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   | [[Rast Fechtbuch (Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82)|Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82]] (1553)
 
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   | [[Gregor Erhart]]
 
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   | [[Martin Huntfeltz]]
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   | [[Martin Huntsfeld]]
 
   | [[Jörg Wilhalm Hutter]]
 
   | [[Jörg Wilhalm Hutter]]
 
   | [[Paulus Kal]]
 
   | [[Paulus Kal]]
 
   | [[Johannes Lecküchner]]
 
   | [[Johannes Lecküchner]]
   | [[Jud Lew]]
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   | [[Lew]]
 
   | [[Johannes Liechtenauer]]
 
   | [[Johannes Liechtenauer]]
   | [[Andre Liegniczer]]
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   | [[Ott Jud]]
 
   | [[Ott Jud]]
 
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'''Paulus Hector Mair''' (Paulsen Hektor Mair, Paulus Hector Meyer; 1517 – 1579) was a [[century::16th century]] German aristocrat, civil servant, and fencer. He was born in 1517 to a wealthy and influential Augsburg patrician family. In his youth, he likely received training in fencing and grappling from the masters of Augsburg fencing guild, and early on developed a deep fascination with fencing treatises. He began his civil service as a secretary to the Augsburg City Council; by 1541, Mair was the City Treasurer, and in 1545 he also took on the office of Master of Rations.
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'''Paulus Hector Mair''' (Paulsen Hektor Mayr, Paulus Hector Meyer; 1517 – 1579) was a [[century::16th century]] German aristocrat, civil servant, and fencer. He was born in 1517 to a wealthy and influential Augsburg patrician family. In his youth, he likely received training in fencing and grappling from the masters of Augsburg fencing guild, and early on developed a deep fascination with fencing treatises. He began his civil service as a secretary to the Augsburg City Council; by 1541, Mair was the city treasurer, and in 1545 he also took on the office of Master of Rations.
  
Mair's martial background is unknown, but as a citizen of a free city he would have had military obligations whenever the city went to war, and as a member of a patrician family he likely served in the cavalry. He was also an avid collector of fencing treatises and other literature on military history. Like his contemporary [[Joachim Meÿer]], Mair believed that the Medieval martial arts were being forgotten, and he saw this as a tragedy, idealizing the arts of fencing as a civilizing and character-building influence on men. Where Meÿer sought to update the traditional fencing systems and apply them to contemporary weapons of war and defense, Mair was more interested in preserving historical teachings intact. Thus, some time in the latter part of the 1540s he commissioned what would become the most extensive compendium of German fencing treatises ever made, a massive two-volume manuscript compiling virtually every fencing treatise he could access. He retained [[Jörg Breu the Younger]] to create the illustrations for the text,<ref>Breu is not listed in the Augsburg tax records in 1542-3; given Mair's youth, he most likely hired Breu between his return in 1544 and his death in 1547.</ref> and hired two Augsburg fencers to pose for the illustrations.<ref>Hils 1985, pp 197-201.</ref> This project was extraordinarily expensive and took at least four years to complete. Ultimately, three copies of this compendium were produced, each more extensive than the last; the first ([[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|MSS Dresden C.93/C.94]]) was written in [[Early New High German]], the second and most artistically ambitious ([[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Cod.icon. 393]]) in [[New Latin]], and the rougher third version ([[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Cod. 10825/10826]]) incorporated both languages.
+
Mair's martial background is unknown, but as a citizen of a free city he would have had military obligations whenever the city went to war, and as a member of a patrician family he likely served in the cavalry. He was also an avid collector of fencing treatises and other literature on military history. Like his contemporary [[Joachim Meyer]], Mair believed that the Medieval martial arts were being forgotten, and he saw this as a tragedy, idealizing the arts of fencing as a civilizing and character-building influence on men. Where Meyer sought to update the traditional fencing systems and apply them to contemporary weapons of war and defense, Mair was more interested in preserving historical teachings intact. Thus, some time in the latter part of the 1540s he commissioned what would become the most extensive compendium of German fencing treatises ever made, a massive two-volume manuscript compiling virtually every fencing treatise he could access. He retained [[Jörg Breu the Younger]] to create the illustrations for the text,<ref>Breu is not listed in the Augsburg tax records in 1542-3; given Mair's youth, he most likely hired Breu between his return in 1544 and his death in 1547.</ref> and hired two Augsburg fencers to pose for the illustrations.<ref>Hils 1985, pp 197-201.</ref> This project was extraordinarily expensive and took at least four years to complete. Ultimately, three copies of this compendium were produced, each more extensive than the last; the first ([[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|MSS Dresden C.93/C.94]]) was written in [[Early New High German]], the second and most artistically ambitious ([[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Cod.icon. 393]]) in [[New Latin]], and the rougher third version ([[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Cod. 10825/10826]]) incorporated both languages.
  
Beginning in the 1540s, Mair began purchasing older fencing manuscripts, some from fellow collector [[Lienhart Sollinger]] (a [[Freifechter]] who lived in Augsburg for many years) and others from auctions. Perhaps most significant of all of his acquisitions was the partially-completed treatise of [[Antonius Rast]], a Master of the Long Sword and three-time Captain of the [[Marxbrüder]] fencing guild. The venerable master left it incomplete when he died in 1549, and Mair ultimately produced a complete fencing manual ([[Rast Fechtbuch (Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82)|Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82]]) based on his notes. Ultimately, he owned over a dozen fencing manuscripts over the course of his life, including the following:
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Beginning in the 1540s, Mair began purchasing older fencing manuscripts, some from fellow collector [[Lienhart Sollinger]] (a [[Freifechter]] who lived in Augsburg for many years) and others from auctions. Perhaps most significant of all of his acquisitions was the partially-completed treatise of [[Antonius Rast]], a Master of the Long Sword and three-time Captain of the [[Marxbrüder]] fencing guild. The venerable master left it incomplete when he died in 1549, and in 1553 Mair produced a complete fencing manual ([[Rast Fechtbuch (Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82)|Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82]]) based on his notes. Ultimately, he owned over a dozen fencing manuscripts over the course of his life, including the following:
  
 
* [[Talhoffer Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.1)|Codex I.6.2º.1]] - A copy of one of [[Hans Talhoffer]]'s fencing manuals, possibly the [[Talhoffer Fechtbuch (MS XIX.17-3)|MS XIX.17-3]].
 
* [[Talhoffer Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.1)|Codex I.6.2º.1]] - A copy of one of [[Hans Talhoffer]]'s fencing manuals, possibly the [[Talhoffer Fechtbuch (MS XIX.17-3)|MS XIX.17-3]].
* [[Hutter/Sollinger Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.2)|Codex I.6.2º.2]] - A compilation of [[Jörg Wilhalm Hutter]]'s longsword treatise and [[Lienhart Sollinger]]'s manuscript reproduction of ''[[Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey (Andre Paurñfeyndt)|Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey]]''.
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* [[Hutter/Sollinger Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.2)|Codex I.6.2º.2]] - A compilation of [[Jörg Wilhalm Hutter]]'s longsword treatise and [[Lienhart Sollinger]]'s manuscript reproduction of ''[[Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey (Andre Paurenfeyndt)|Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey]]''.
 
* [[Jörg Wilhalm Hutters kunst zu Augspurg (Cod.I.6.2º.3)|Codex I.6.2º.3]] - A copy of Codex I.6.4º.5 with descriptive text by Hutter.
 
* [[Jörg Wilhalm Hutters kunst zu Augspurg (Cod.I.6.2º.3)|Codex I.6.2º.3]] - A copy of Codex I.6.4º.5 with descriptive text by Hutter.
 
* [[Jörg Breu Draftbook (Cod.I.6.2º.4)|Codex I.6.2º.4]] - [[Jörg Breu the Younger|Jörg Breu]]'s draftbook for his work on Mair's treatises.
 
* [[Jörg Breu Draftbook (Cod.I.6.2º.4)|Codex I.6.2º.4]] - [[Jörg Breu the Younger|Jörg Breu]]'s draftbook for his work on Mair's treatises.
 
* [[Hans Medel Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.5)|Codex I.6.2º.5]] - A compilation of records of the [[Marxbrüder]] fencing guild, [[Hans Medel]]'s gloss of Liechtenauer's [[Recital]], Medel's additional teachings, and fencing prints by [[Maarten van Heemskerck]].
 
* [[Hans Medel Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.5)|Codex I.6.2º.5]] - A compilation of records of the [[Marxbrüder]] fencing guild, [[Hans Medel]]'s gloss of Liechtenauer's [[Recital]], Medel's additional teachings, and fencing prints by [[Maarten van Heemskerck]].
 
* [[Codex Wallerstein (Cod.I.6.4º.2)|Codex I.6.4º.2]] - A compilation of two treatises from the [[Nuremberg Group]] and a much older, uncaptioned series of fencing drawings known as pseudo-Gladiatoria.
 
* [[Codex Wallerstein (Cod.I.6.4º.2)|Codex I.6.4º.2]] - A compilation of two treatises from the [[Nuremberg Group]] and a much older, uncaptioned series of fencing drawings known as pseudo-Gladiatoria.
* [[Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3)|Codex I.6.4º.3]] (?) - A compilation of several treatises from the tradition of [[Johannes Liechtenauer]], possibly compiled by [[Jud Lew]]. (Not verified as being in his collection.)
 
 
* [[Jörg Wilhalm Hutters kunst zu Augspurg (Cod.I.6.4º.5)|Codex I.6.4º.5]] - Jörg Wilhalm Hutter's draftbook.
 
* [[Jörg Wilhalm Hutters kunst zu Augspurg (Cod.I.6.4º.5)|Codex I.6.4º.5]] - Jörg Wilhalm Hutter's draftbook.
 
* [[Gregor Erhart Fechtbuch (MS E.1939.65.354)|MS E.1939.65.354]] - [[Gregor Erhart]]'s fencing manual. (Formerly Codex I.6.4º.4.)
 
* [[Gregor Erhart Fechtbuch (MS E.1939.65.354)|MS E.1939.65.354]] - [[Gregor Erhart]]'s fencing manual. (Formerly Codex I.6.4º.4.)
 
* [[Rast Fechtbuch (Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82)|Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82]] - The expanded and finished version of [[Antonius Rast]]'s fencing notes.
 
* [[Rast Fechtbuch (Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82)|Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82]] - The expanded and finished version of [[Antonius Rast]]'s fencing notes.
  
He also used several printed books as source material for his compendia, and presumably owned copies, including ''[[Der Altenn Fechter anfengliche kunst (Christian Egenolff)|Der Altenn Fechter anfengliche kunst]]'' (compiled by [[Christian Egenolff]]), ''[[Opera Nova (Achille Marozzo)|Opera Nova]]'' by [[Achille Marozzo]], and ''[[Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald)|Ringer Kunst]]'' by [[Fabian von Auerswald]].  
+
He also used several printed books as source material for his compendia, and presumably owned copies, including ''[[Der Allten Fechter gründtliche Kunst (Christian Egenolff)|Der Allten Fechter gründtliche Kunst]]'' (printed by [[Christian Egenolff]]), ''[[Opera Nova (Achille Marozzo)|Opera Nova]]'' by [[Achille Marozzo]], and ''[[Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald)|Ringer Kunst]]'' by [[Fabian von Auerswald]].  
  
 
Mair not only spent incredible sums of money on his fencing interests, but generally lead a lavish lifestyle and maintained his political influence with expensive parties and other entertainments for the burghers and patricians of Augsburg. This habit of living far beyond his means for decades exhausted his family's wealth, eventually leading him to sell the Latin version of his fencing manuscript (netting the princely sum of 800 florins) and finally to begin embezzling money from the Augsburg city coffers. This embezzlement was not discovered for many years (or perhaps was overlooked due to the favor his parties garnered), until finally in 1579 a disgruntled assistant reported him to the Augsburg City Council and provoked an audit of his books. Mair was arrested, tried, and hanged as a thief at the age of 62. After Mair's death, his effects (including his library) were sold at auction to recoup some of the funds he had embezzled.
 
Mair not only spent incredible sums of money on his fencing interests, but generally lead a lavish lifestyle and maintained his political influence with expensive parties and other entertainments for the burghers and patricians of Augsburg. This habit of living far beyond his means for decades exhausted his family's wealth, eventually leading him to sell the Latin version of his fencing manuscript (netting the princely sum of 800 florins) and finally to begin embezzling money from the Augsburg city coffers. This embezzlement was not discovered for many years (or perhaps was overlooked due to the favor his parties garnered), until finally in 1579 a disgruntled assistant reported him to the Augsburg City Council and provoked an audit of his books. Mair was arrested, tried, and hanged as a thief at the age of 62. After Mair's death, his effects (including his library) were sold at auction to recoup some of the funds he had embezzled.
  
Whether viewed as an unwise scholar who paid the ultimate price for his art or an ignoble thief who violated his city's trust, Mair remains one of the most influential figures in the history of Kunst des Fechtens. By completing the fencing manual of Antonius Rast, Mair gave us valuable insight into the [[Nuremberg Group|Nuremberg fencing tradition]]; his own works are impressive on both an artistic and practical level, and his extensive commentary on the uncaptioned treatises in his collection serves to make potentially useful training aids out of what would otherwise be mere curiosities. Finally, in purchasing so many important fencing treatises he succeeded in preserving them for future generations; they were purchased by the fabulously wealthy Fugger family after his death and ultimately passed to the [[Universitätsbibliothek Augsburg|Augsburg University Library]], where they remain to this day.
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Whether viewed as an unwise scholar who paid the ultimate price for his art or an ignoble thief who violated his city's trust, Mair remains one of the most influential figures in the history of Kunst des Fechtens. By completing the fencing manual of Antonius Rast, Mair gave us valuable insight into the [[Nuremberg Group|Nuremberg fencing tradition]]; his own works are impressive on both an artistic and practical level, and his extensive commentary on the fencing illustrations in his collection serves to make potentially useful training aids out of what would otherwise be mere curiosities. Finally, in purchasing so many important fencing treatises he succeeded in preserving them for future generations; they were purchased by the fabulously wealthy Fugger family after his death and ultimately passed to the [[Universitätsbibliothek Augsburg|Augsburg University Library]], where they remain to this day.
 
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{{TOC limit|2}}
 
== Treatise ==
 
== Treatise ==
  
Much of Mair's content represents his revision and expansion of the older treatises listed above, including adding descriptive content to uncaptioned images. Where available, these images are displayed in the left-most column, labeled "Source Images", for comparison purposes. Mair's own illustrations appear in the second image column, alongside the translation.
+
Much of Mair's content represents his revision and expansion of the older treatises listed above, including adding descriptive content to uncaptioned illustrations. Where available, these illustrations are displayed in the left-most column, labeled "Source Illustrations", for comparison purposes. Mair's own illustrations appear in the second column, alongside the translation.
  
 
The Dresden version contains the fewest devices and artwork most reminiscent of Breu's style, and appears therefore to be the original copy. The Munich adds additional plays and sections on top of the Dresden's contents, and the Vienna likewise augments the Munich, suggesting that this is likely order of creation; conversely, the Dresden has no unique content, and the only unique plays in the Munich are in the section on jousting. To give a visual sense of this evolution of the work, the Dresden illustrations are used wherever possible; the Munich illustrations appear only in those plays that are omitted from the Dresden, and the Vienna in those that are unique to that work.
 
The Dresden version contains the fewest devices and artwork most reminiscent of Breu's style, and appears therefore to be the original copy. The Munich adds additional plays and sections on top of the Dresden's contents, and the Vienna likewise augments the Munich, suggesting that this is likely order of creation; conversely, the Dresden has no unique content, and the only unique plays in the Munich are in the section on jousting. To give a visual sense of this evolution of the work, the Dresden illustrations are used wherever possible; the Munich illustrations appear only in those plays that are omitted from the Dresden, and the Vienna in those that are unique to that work.
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{| class="floated master"
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! <p>Source Images</p>
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! <p>Source Illustrations</p>
! <p>Images</p>
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! <p>Illustrations</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Dieter Bachmann]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Dieter Bachmann]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden I Transcription]] (1540s){{edit index|Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MS Dresd.C.93)}}<br/>by [[Julia Gräf]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden I Transcription]] (1540s){{edit index|Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MS Dresd.C.93)}}<br/>by [[Julia Gräf]]</p>
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That the Roman people loved the knightly sport to such an extent, and was assiduous to learn and visit it, that they once in such great number came to the ''Theatrum'' and show-houses, that these, in spite of being built with art and strength, could not endure such zest of the population that, as ''Livius'' writes, at ''Fidena'' such a house due to the great weight did collapse and fell to the ground, killing two thousand men.<ref name="Fidena">The amphitheatre of Fidenae (the modern Borgata Fidena, a suburb of Rome), endowed by a freed slave named Atilius, collapsed in 27 BC under the weight of a large crowd of spectators, apparently due to faults in construction. According to the (likely exaggerated) account by Tacitus (''Annales'', 4.63), a total of 50,000 people died in the collapse.</ref> Even in the current day, in many places such former and collapsed show-houses can be seen in Greece, Italy and Lombardy, especially in Rome and in Verona.
 
That the Roman people loved the knightly sport to such an extent, and was assiduous to learn and visit it, that they once in such great number came to the ''Theatrum'' and show-houses, that these, in spite of being built with art and strength, could not endure such zest of the population that, as ''Livius'' writes, at ''Fidena'' such a house due to the great weight did collapse and fell to the ground, killing two thousand men.<ref name="Fidena">The amphitheatre of Fidenae (the modern Borgata Fidena, a suburb of Rome), endowed by a freed slave named Atilius, collapsed in 27 BC under the weight of a large crowd of spectators, apparently due to faults in construction. According to the (likely exaggerated) account by Tacitus (''Annales'', 4.63), a total of 50,000 people died in the collapse.</ref> Even in the current day, in many places such former and collapsed show-houses can be seen in Greece, Italy and Lombardy, especially in Rome and in Verona.
| <p>{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 003r.png|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 003v.png|1|lbl=003v|p=1}}</p>
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'''Above we have heard''' how this knightly art of manhood was afforded and established by the learned and wise, also by the kings and princes as leaders of lands and kingdoms, which was done for the reason that land and people, widows and orphans would be kept in peace, calm and liberty, protected and saved from tyrants. For this to have its perfect and prosperous success, the highest heads, i.e. kings, princes, consuls and senators, did themselves undertake, learn and practice this knightly art, so as to present an example and motivation for their subjects, and there would be a great number of high potentates, i.e. emperors, kings, princes and noblemen, to be named at this point, which I have foregone, particularly in the case of the Greeks, not to put too much of a burden on the kind reader, and only alone the most notable Romans will I most briefly introduce and describe as a testimonial on the topic.
 
'''Above we have heard''' how this knightly art of manhood was afforded and established by the learned and wise, also by the kings and princes as leaders of lands and kingdoms, which was done for the reason that land and people, widows and orphans would be kept in peace, calm and liberty, protected and saved from tyrants. For this to have its perfect and prosperous success, the highest heads, i.e. kings, princes, consuls and senators, did themselves undertake, learn and practice this knightly art, so as to present an example and motivation for their subjects, and there would be a great number of high potentates, i.e. emperors, kings, princes and noblemen, to be named at this point, which I have foregone, particularly in the case of the Greeks, not to put too much of a burden on the kind reader, and only alone the most notable Romans will I most briefly introduce and describe as a testimonial on the topic.
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Likewise the Roman senator Palustrinus writes on the Roman insurgence and rabblement of Catilinus that the most famous prince of all orators, Cicero, at the time Roman mayor and keeper of the city of Rome, upon whom the entire senate of the city of Rome laid the burden of the Roman public interest so that the city would not take ruinous damage by the impudent rabblement of Catilinus, among other prudent actions did order to assemble all valiant and honest masters of the sword, and their associated families and disciples, who in all weapons had learned, been instructed and exercised in how to use them to full advantage, not just in the city of Rome but also in Capua and other cities of Italy, which thereafter did receive the Roman freedom, so that they in the most dire need of the city of Rome did handsomely perform the most urgent office of the night-watch, which council the worthy Romans took in this and in similar pernicious riots, so that the noble Romans did ever and always hold this knightly art in highest honour so that they might rely on the same in times of acute need, from which their might, power and glory did increase daily.<ref name="missing">The preceding three paragraphs are missing in the Dresden version.</ref>
 
Likewise the Roman senator Palustrinus writes on the Roman insurgence and rabblement of Catilinus that the most famous prince of all orators, Cicero, at the time Roman mayor and keeper of the city of Rome, upon whom the entire senate of the city of Rome laid the burden of the Roman public interest so that the city would not take ruinous damage by the impudent rabblement of Catilinus, among other prudent actions did order to assemble all valiant and honest masters of the sword, and their associated families and disciples, who in all weapons had learned, been instructed and exercised in how to use them to full advantage, not just in the city of Rome but also in Capua and other cities of Italy, which thereafter did receive the Roman freedom, so that they in the most dire need of the city of Rome did handsomely perform the most urgent office of the night-watch, which council the worthy Romans took in this and in similar pernicious riots, so that the noble Romans did ever and always hold this knightly art in highest honour so that they might rely on the same in times of acute need, from which their might, power and glory did increase daily.<ref name="missing">The preceding three paragraphs are missing in the Dresden version.</ref>
 
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'''Julius''', the first Roman emperor, did entrust his life to his body-guard, native Germans and famous fencers, more than four hundred in number, and to no-one else, and in Rome on the field of ''Mars'' he did himself fence, and did donate several treasures and prizes to the fencers shortly before his death. Likewise did emperor Augustus with great delight support and help the fencers, which example of love for the knightly art was freely followed by ''Tiberius'' the third Roman emperor, as is all recorded by ''Suetonius Tranquillus''<ref name="Tranquillus">Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (ca. 71 – ca. 135), author of ''De vita Caesarum'' (ca. AD 120).</ref> and by others besides in their accounts.
 
'''Julius''', the first Roman emperor, did entrust his life to his body-guard, native Germans and famous fencers, more than four hundred in number, and to no-one else, and in Rome on the field of ''Mars'' he did himself fence, and did donate several treasures and prizes to the fencers shortly before his death. Likewise did emperor Augustus with great delight support and help the fencers, which example of love for the knightly art was freely followed by ''Tiberius'' the third Roman emperor, as is all recorded by ''Suetonius Tranquillus''<ref name="Tranquillus">Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (ca. 71 – ca. 135), author of ''De vita Caesarum'' (ca. AD 120).</ref> and by others besides in their accounts.
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'''In addition, the ancients''', and especially the Greeks, did have such desire and love for the knightly exercise, that they did forego any kind of sweet food or drink several days before they would fence, likewise the lust of women besides all else that weakens the body and makes for heavy breathing, and did peruse such foods, as meat and other kinds, as do strengthen the body. On this matter did the learned ''medici'', and especially the most famous ''Galen'',<ref name="Galenus">Claudius Galenus of Pergamum (AD 131 – 201)</ref> repeatedly and artfully discuss, whether austerity and abstinence or the practice of fencing would profit more for the life of man. Also Saint Paul does report such an example in his epistle where he says, you see that those who would fence and fight over a transient honour or treasure are wont to forego all lust, as if he would say, why do not you the same, as pious Christians who are fighting not for an earthly but for a heavenly honour in this world.<ref name="Paulus">This may be in reference to 2 Timothy 2:4, rendered by Luther (1522) as: ''Niemant streyttet vnnd flicht sich ynn der narung geschefft, auff das er gefalle dem, der yhn zum streytter auffgenomen hat'' "None who would fight does meddle in the business of sustenance, so that he may please him who employed him as a fighter". Now Luthers ''narung'' "sustenance, nutrition, food" offers itself to an interpretation of "gluttony; carnal pleasure", but it translates ''pragmateiai biou'', meaning "the pragmatics of life", i.e. "everyday business". c.f. Tyndale (1526), who has "No man that warreth, entangleth himself with worldly business, and that because he would please him that hath chosen him to be a soldier"; Dresden has "temporal" (''zeitlich'') rather than "transient" (''zergenglich'').</ref> And therefore all those who love this knightly art do well to consider that in those times there were no drunken and immodest but sober, apt and most artful fencers. Also, it is rarely found in writing that among the ancients fencing was undertaken out of envy or hatred, as in our times regrettably occurs often, but out of love and artfulness. After the ancients did chastise themselves as they were expecting the day of fencing, they and the weapons with which they would fence were transported in all honesty on wagons to the fencing place or ''Theatrum'', and for them the prizes and treasures were painted in fine likeness and carried before them, and also beforehand publicly posted on the market-place, and thus made known to the common man. This custom is attributed by the historiographers with great praise to ''Terentius Lucanus'', who on three consecutive days did permanently have thirty naked fencers on the field, and when the fencers, masters and disciples entered the fencing place they put down their weapons in proper order (as is still the custom today); then the names of all fencers were written on pieces of paper and then with great assiduity the lot was drawn arbitrarily, and those two who were drawn by the lot then did have to fight most artfully and honourably for the treasure. For this, each of the fencers did most assiduously invoke their god, one ''Hercules'', the other ''Mercury'', yet others ''Pollux'' and ''Castor'', and so forth, and pray that the lot would pair them with good and artful fencers, and not immodest ones who were not well experienced in the art. All of this does illustrate that the ancients did fence above all for art and knightly virtue and honour than for any other things, for which reason, for the later generations of fencers and for the honour of the knightly art, the fight-schools as they were held and the promenading houses and halls of the rich were painted in their likeness, and those who held them, and those who won the prize were finely depicted, and the highest prize in this was retained by the freedman of emperor ''Nero'' who at ''Antium'' at the great imperial palace and promenade did most artfully and gracefully depict the likeness of the fencing-schools and fencers.<ref name="Antium">This is a reference to Pliny, ''Nat. Hist.'' 30.32: "When a freedman of Nero was giving a gladiatorial show at Antium, the public porticoes were covered with paintings, so we are told, containing life-like portraits of all the gladiators and assistants. This portraiture of gladiators has been the highest interest in art for many centuries now, but it was Gaius Terentius who began the practice of having pictures made of gladiatorial shows and exhibited in public; in honour of his grandfather who had adopted him he provided thirty pairs of Gladiators in the Forum for three consecutive days, and exhibited a picture of the matches in the Grove of Diana."</ref>
 
'''In addition, the ancients''', and especially the Greeks, did have such desire and love for the knightly exercise, that they did forego any kind of sweet food or drink several days before they would fence, likewise the lust of women besides all else that weakens the body and makes for heavy breathing, and did peruse such foods, as meat and other kinds, as do strengthen the body. On this matter did the learned ''medici'', and especially the most famous ''Galen'',<ref name="Galenus">Claudius Galenus of Pergamum (AD 131 – 201)</ref> repeatedly and artfully discuss, whether austerity and abstinence or the practice of fencing would profit more for the life of man. Also Saint Paul does report such an example in his epistle where he says, you see that those who would fence and fight over a transient honour or treasure are wont to forego all lust, as if he would say, why do not you the same, as pious Christians who are fighting not for an earthly but for a heavenly honour in this world.<ref name="Paulus">This may be in reference to 2 Timothy 2:4, rendered by Luther (1522) as: ''Niemant streyttet vnnd flicht sich ynn der narung geschefft, auff das er gefalle dem, der yhn zum streytter auffgenomen hat'' "None who would fight does meddle in the business of sustenance, so that he may please him who employed him as a fighter". Now Luthers ''narung'' "sustenance, nutrition, food" offers itself to an interpretation of "gluttony; carnal pleasure", but it translates ''pragmateiai biou'', meaning "the pragmatics of life", i.e. "everyday business". c.f. Tyndale (1526), who has "No man that warreth, entangleth himself with worldly business, and that because he would please him that hath chosen him to be a soldier"; Dresden has "temporal" (''zeitlich'') rather than "transient" (''zergenglich'').</ref> And therefore all those who love this knightly art do well to consider that in those times there were no drunken and immodest but sober, apt and most artful fencers. Also, it is rarely found in writing that among the ancients fencing was undertaken out of envy or hatred, as in our times regrettably occurs often, but out of love and artfulness. After the ancients did chastise themselves as they were expecting the day of fencing, they and the weapons with which they would fence were transported in all honesty on wagons to the fencing place or ''Theatrum'', and for them the prizes and treasures were painted in fine likeness and carried before them, and also beforehand publicly posted on the market-place, and thus made known to the common man. This custom is attributed by the historiographers with great praise to ''Terentius Lucanus'', who on three consecutive days did permanently have thirty naked fencers on the field, and when the fencers, masters and disciples entered the fencing place they put down their weapons in proper order (as is still the custom today); then the names of all fencers were written on pieces of paper and then with great assiduity the lot was drawn arbitrarily, and those two who were drawn by the lot then did have to fight most artfully and honourably for the treasure. For this, each of the fencers did most assiduously invoke their god, one ''Hercules'', the other ''Mercury'', yet others ''Pollux'' and ''Castor'', and so forth, and pray that the lot would pair them with good and artful fencers, and not immodest ones who were not well experienced in the art. All of this does illustrate that the ancients did fence above all for art and knightly virtue and honour than for any other things, for which reason, for the later generations of fencers and for the honour of the knightly art, the fight-schools as they were held and the promenading houses and halls of the rich were painted in their likeness, and those who held them, and those who won the prize were finely depicted, and the highest prize in this was retained by the freedman of emperor ''Nero'' who at ''Antium'' at the great imperial palace and promenade did most artfully and gracefully depict the likeness of the fencing-schools and fencers.<ref name="Antium">This is a reference to Pliny, ''Nat. Hist.'' 30.32: "When a freedman of Nero was giving a gladiatorial show at Antium, the public porticoes were covered with paintings, so we are told, containing life-like portraits of all the gladiators and assistants. This portraiture of gladiators has been the highest interest in art for many centuries now, but it was Gaius Terentius who began the practice of having pictures made of gladiatorial shows and exhibited in public; in honour of his grandfather who had adopted him he provided thirty pairs of Gladiators in the Forum for three consecutive days, and exhibited a picture of the matches in the Grove of Diana."</ref>
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'''So did also the learned''' philosophers write about this knightly art, and the same were not ashamed to learn its, and among them ''Pythagoras'', who was held a good fencer, was the foremost, as he did win the prize with his artful fencing at the celebration of the 48th ''Olympiad''. Likewise did do many other excellent philosophers, without necessarily naming them all. So does ''Marcus Tullius Cicero'', the Roman mayor and eventually administrator of the entire Roman empire write on the praise of fencing [T. q. folio.125.] I consider and trust entirely that nobody at all can be counted among the number of the learned orators who were not well versed and experienced in all arts that are knightly and even if we do not employ them in speaking, nor is it possible to discern this in us, if we are exercised in knightly sports, but the agility and the bearing of the body does concord and correspond with the agility of the voice, both in cheerful and in lamentable topics, such that it appears all the more agreeable to the listener. This is confirmed by the most learned orator ''Quintilianus'' who says that the persons who are given to praise and do not have contempt for the knightly sport of fencing and takes this as the cause that the same have great advantage and furtherance in the art of being well-spoken due to their agility ''Anacharsis''<ref name="Anacharsis">Anacharsis the Scythian, according to Herodotus (4.46, 76 f.) brother of the Scythian king Saulinos; attributed to him are inventions such as the anchor, bellows and pottery wheel. He was slain by his brother after he returned from a journey to Greece and began to advocate Greek culture to his countrymen. He is sometimes counted as one of the Seven Sages of Athens. Among a number of letters attributed to him is one addressed to the Lydian king Croesus.</ref> who lived at the time of king ''Croesus'' in Lydia, at the time when Rome had stood for 194 years, wrote that he did greatly marvel at how the Greeks were such stern judges while the fencers did bear themselves so heartily and well with[?] open spaces, houses, prizes, treasures and highest praise, as if he would say that the Greeks do well uphold the law and give to each man his due, to one his due praise and to the other his due punishment. Many more similar pronouncements furthering the honour of fencing could be mentioned, but as I feel that no amount would suffice for those who disparage this art, it should suffice for the present time.
 
'''So did also the learned''' philosophers write about this knightly art, and the same were not ashamed to learn its, and among them ''Pythagoras'', who was held a good fencer, was the foremost, as he did win the prize with his artful fencing at the celebration of the 48th ''Olympiad''. Likewise did do many other excellent philosophers, without necessarily naming them all. So does ''Marcus Tullius Cicero'', the Roman mayor and eventually administrator of the entire Roman empire write on the praise of fencing [T. q. folio.125.] I consider and trust entirely that nobody at all can be counted among the number of the learned orators who were not well versed and experienced in all arts that are knightly and even if we do not employ them in speaking, nor is it possible to discern this in us, if we are exercised in knightly sports, but the agility and the bearing of the body does concord and correspond with the agility of the voice, both in cheerful and in lamentable topics, such that it appears all the more agreeable to the listener. This is confirmed by the most learned orator ''Quintilianus'' who says that the persons who are given to praise and do not have contempt for the knightly sport of fencing and takes this as the cause that the same have great advantage and furtherance in the art of being well-spoken due to their agility ''Anacharsis''<ref name="Anacharsis">Anacharsis the Scythian, according to Herodotus (4.46, 76 f.) brother of the Scythian king Saulinos; attributed to him are inventions such as the anchor, bellows and pottery wheel. He was slain by his brother after he returned from a journey to Greece and began to advocate Greek culture to his countrymen. He is sometimes counted as one of the Seven Sages of Athens. Among a number of letters attributed to him is one addressed to the Lydian king Croesus.</ref> who lived at the time of king ''Croesus'' in Lydia, at the time when Rome had stood for 194 years, wrote that he did greatly marvel at how the Greeks were such stern judges while the fencers did bear themselves so heartily and well with[?] open spaces, houses, prizes, treasures and highest praise, as if he would say that the Greeks do well uphold the law and give to each man his due, to one his due praise and to the other his due punishment. Many more similar pronouncements furthering the honour of fencing could be mentioned, but as I feel that no amount would suffice for those who disparage this art, it should suffice for the present time.
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'''Likewise did also''' the royal prophet ''David'' honourably defeat the great duellist and giant ''Goliath''. [Lib i. Regnum.] Also ''Ancheor'' not without extraordinary agility did lay low ''Turnus'' in a duel, and after the Albanians did set their ancestry, glory and reign against the Romans and three strong duellists of Albanian family known as the ''Cruciati'' were chosen to duel three Romans with the name of ''Horace'' the ''Horacii'' on the Roman side with extraordinary agility won the upper hand and slew the ''Cruciati'' and thus subjugating all of Italy. Likewise the German who challenged ''Valerius Corvinus'' to a duel was slain in a knightly deed. ''Manlius Torquatus'' also did kill a German prince in a duel and took off his neck-ring, by this winning great honour for himself and the name of Rome. I will be silent on the duels that were held everywhere in Germany from oldest times. In ancient German writings, kept in Schäbisch Hall, in Kochen[?] and in Würzburg, there are separate duelling rules and many duels were held there. Likewise in Munich on the Iser, Seitz von Althaim and Diepolt Gess in the year 1370 did hold a knightly duel on horseback, in which Seitz von Althaim gained a knightly victory. Likewise in the year 1409, a knightly duel on foot and in linen shirts behind two shields was held in Augsburg on the Lech on the wine-market between Dieterich Hachsenacker and Wigleo Marschalk, in which duel Marschalk did bravely slay Hachsenacker.<ref name="Year 1409">Mair gives more detail on this judicial duel of 1409 in the second volume. According to this account, the combatants were Wilhelm Marschalk von Dornsberg and Theodor Haschenacker, and the shields of the combatants were preserved in St. Leonard's church outside of the city until the tower of this church was demolished on 3 November 1542.</ref> The duel did have separate laws and statutes in laws, and their ordering and how they should be held is described and clearly set out in city-books everywhere, treatment of which topic, however, in the interest of brevity I will omit here and will describe and explain it elsewhere.
 
'''Likewise did also''' the royal prophet ''David'' honourably defeat the great duellist and giant ''Goliath''. [Lib i. Regnum.] Also ''Ancheor'' not without extraordinary agility did lay low ''Turnus'' in a duel, and after the Albanians did set their ancestry, glory and reign against the Romans and three strong duellists of Albanian family known as the ''Cruciati'' were chosen to duel three Romans with the name of ''Horace'' the ''Horacii'' on the Roman side with extraordinary agility won the upper hand and slew the ''Cruciati'' and thus subjugating all of Italy. Likewise the German who challenged ''Valerius Corvinus'' to a duel was slain in a knightly deed. ''Manlius Torquatus'' also did kill a German prince in a duel and took off his neck-ring, by this winning great honour for himself and the name of Rome. I will be silent on the duels that were held everywhere in Germany from oldest times. In ancient German writings, kept in Schäbisch Hall, in Kochen[?] and in Würzburg, there are separate duelling rules and many duels were held there. Likewise in Munich on the Iser, Seitz von Althaim and Diepolt Gess in the year 1370 did hold a knightly duel on horseback, in which Seitz von Althaim gained a knightly victory. Likewise in the year 1409, a knightly duel on foot and in linen shirts behind two shields was held in Augsburg on the Lech on the wine-market between Dieterich Hachsenacker and Wigleo Marschalk, in which duel Marschalk did bravely slay Hachsenacker.<ref name="Year 1409">Mair gives more detail on this judicial duel of 1409 in the second volume. According to this account, the combatants were Wilhelm Marschalk von Dornsberg and Theodor Haschenacker, and the shields of the combatants were preserved in St. Leonard's church outside of the city until the tower of this church was demolished on 3 November 1542.</ref> The duel did have separate laws and statutes in laws, and their ordering and how they should be held is described and clearly set out in city-books everywhere, treatment of which topic, however, in the interest of brevity I will omit here and will describe and explain it elsewhere.
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Of these and comparable deeds of honour that have their origin and source in the knightly exercises, as have occurred both among the Greeks and the Romans, there would be much more to tell. But it would seem to me to become over-much and so as to not displease the reader I will forbear.
 
Of these and comparable deeds of honour that have their origin and source in the knightly exercises, as have occurred both among the Greeks and the Romans, there would be much more to tell. But it would seem to me to become over-much and so as to not displease the reader I will forbear.
| <p>{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 008r.png|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.93|008v|png|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 009r.png|1|lbl=009r|p=1}}</p>
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Such testimony would he who would carry arms need to present at the following assembly and diet. Then the authorities or his closest friends would gird him with his weapon and on his neck hang a shield, congratulate him, and henceforth he would be declared [a free man] of his province. In warfare and battle they had this custom, that they would take with them their wives and children, even those still in the cradle, and they must prepare and serve food and drink for the men, oil, try, bandage and treat their wounds and they then showed their wounds to their mothers and wives, who felt no abhorrence therefrom, but gave much praise for them. And when they fought a battle against their enemies, the wives and children must keep nearby, so that the men could hear the weeping of their little children, and the wives would shout and admonish their men to be brave and keen and not to flee, fighting not just for their country and people but also for their wives and children. This did often contribute to their victory, as ''Tacitus'' reports. For this reason they conducted their marriage according to the following manner. None could take a wife other than he was of grown age, and likewise the virgins must be of proper age, resulting in great, tall, strong people, and as they were joined, they practiced the custom that the wife would bring no dowry to the man, neither money nor property, but for a sword, which she gave to him for the purpose that he must use it to protect her, her children, and the fatherland. The man on the other hand must have a certain property, which however did not include money, or silken garment or clothes, with which he might adorn and bedeck the bride, but he must own two heads of cattle and an ox, joined in a yoke, a saddled horse a pavise or shield, a hewing-knife and a thrusting-spear. If he had these, the bride was given in his hand. This was all her marriage-portion, dowry, morning-gift, wreath and ring, hand-fasting and wedding-feast, church-going and consecration. The closest friends would inspect all the mentioned pieces, and if they were good, they were satisfied and wished them happiness and fertility in birth, and they were joined in that hour and the marriage was concluded. But the significance and meaning of these pieces was that just as the cattle under the yoke the couple must never part, in joy or sorrow, in war or otherwise, but they must live and lie together, journey and travel, and keenly dare all things, which was signified by the saddled horse. Also, the sword, shield, knife and spear must be kept by the wife in the event of the man's death, so that she might pass to her sons and children their father's marriage-portion at the proper time, and it would be kept and passed on even to the third generation.
 
Such testimony would he who would carry arms need to present at the following assembly and diet. Then the authorities or his closest friends would gird him with his weapon and on his neck hang a shield, congratulate him, and henceforth he would be declared [a free man] of his province. In warfare and battle they had this custom, that they would take with them their wives and children, even those still in the cradle, and they must prepare and serve food and drink for the men, oil, try, bandage and treat their wounds and they then showed their wounds to their mothers and wives, who felt no abhorrence therefrom, but gave much praise for them. And when they fought a battle against their enemies, the wives and children must keep nearby, so that the men could hear the weeping of their little children, and the wives would shout and admonish their men to be brave and keen and not to flee, fighting not just for their country and people but also for their wives and children. This did often contribute to their victory, as ''Tacitus'' reports. For this reason they conducted their marriage according to the following manner. None could take a wife other than he was of grown age, and likewise the virgins must be of proper age, resulting in great, tall, strong people, and as they were joined, they practiced the custom that the wife would bring no dowry to the man, neither money nor property, but for a sword, which she gave to him for the purpose that he must use it to protect her, her children, and the fatherland. The man on the other hand must have a certain property, which however did not include money, or silken garment or clothes, with which he might adorn and bedeck the bride, but he must own two heads of cattle and an ox, joined in a yoke, a saddled horse a pavise or shield, a hewing-knife and a thrusting-spear. If he had these, the bride was given in his hand. This was all her marriage-portion, dowry, morning-gift, wreath and ring, hand-fasting and wedding-feast, church-going and consecration. The closest friends would inspect all the mentioned pieces, and if they were good, they were satisfied and wished them happiness and fertility in birth, and they were joined in that hour and the marriage was concluded. But the significance and meaning of these pieces was that just as the cattle under the yoke the couple must never part, in joy or sorrow, in war or otherwise, but they must live and lie together, journey and travel, and keenly dare all things, which was signified by the saddled horse. Also, the sword, shield, knife and spear must be kept by the wife in the event of the man's death, so that she might pass to her sons and children their father's marriage-portion at the proper time, and it would be kept and passed on even to the third generation.
| <p>{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 009v.png|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 010r.png|1|lbl=010r|p=1}}</p>
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'''From the above''', kind fencer and reader, you may deduce to what extent this hard knightly exercise, kept so firmly by our ancient Germans, gave to Germany great liberty, honour and everlasting praise, and if things were still the same (concerning knightly and manly exercise) in German lands, and the knightly exercise were still held in such esteem, if vices such as usury, games, excessive eating and drinking, blaspheming, and disdain of all good arts besides other frivolity would be avoided and punished, what great profit, praise and honour for all of Germany would arise from this still in the present day. But instead all vices have taken such a terrible hold, primarily at the princely courts but also in cities and villages, that the abuses have grown to the point that aberration and lack of virtue out of old and evil habit are now adhered to as if it were a law, which is evident and in plain daylight so that anyone can see the pitiful state of affairs.
 
'''From the above''', kind fencer and reader, you may deduce to what extent this hard knightly exercise, kept so firmly by our ancient Germans, gave to Germany great liberty, honour and everlasting praise, and if things were still the same (concerning knightly and manly exercise) in German lands, and the knightly exercise were still held in such esteem, if vices such as usury, games, excessive eating and drinking, blaspheming, and disdain of all good arts besides other frivolity would be avoided and punished, what great profit, praise and honour for all of Germany would arise from this still in the present day. But instead all vices have taken such a terrible hold, primarily at the princely courts but also in cities and villages, that the abuses have grown to the point that aberration and lack of virtue out of old and evil habit are now adhered to as if it were a law, which is evident and in plain daylight so that anyone can see the pitiful state of affairs.
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[Apoph: fol.312.] Likewise with Alexander the Great in his youth, at one time after he had been drinking wine and came back home to court, and his father Philip was told that his son Alexander had been drinking wine and had been singing very well, king Philipp was much displeased and chided him with these words, saying, are you not ashamed of yourself that you are so apt in drinking and singing, as if he would say, are you not a king's son, why are you dealing with such disdainful practice, are you proposing to support your kingdom by such frivolity after my death, or do you have such modest and childlike neighbours in the cities of Athens, Corinth, Argis, Corcica and others, so turn your mind to knightly arts, which serve for the development of your realm, honour and prosperity. At this instruction and scolding Alexander was so dismayed that he fast dedicated himself to knightly exercises, for which he gained later reward on many duelling-fields, and finally culminated in this, that within twelve years he subjugated and conquered the entire world with his knightly disposition. And truly, as I see it, if such knightly exercise according to the ancient manner and custom, in place of frivolous exercise, which over time have become so ubiquitous not just at royal or princely courts but also in the cities and everywhere and have displaced the exercise of good virtue, should again become well-established with both high and lower government, it would surely be highly profitable and useful for Germany and its degenerated prestige and dodgy reputation.
 
[Apoph: fol.312.] Likewise with Alexander the Great in his youth, at one time after he had been drinking wine and came back home to court, and his father Philip was told that his son Alexander had been drinking wine and had been singing very well, king Philipp was much displeased and chided him with these words, saying, are you not ashamed of yourself that you are so apt in drinking and singing, as if he would say, are you not a king's son, why are you dealing with such disdainful practice, are you proposing to support your kingdom by such frivolity after my death, or do you have such modest and childlike neighbours in the cities of Athens, Corinth, Argis, Corcica and others, so turn your mind to knightly arts, which serve for the development of your realm, honour and prosperity. At this instruction and scolding Alexander was so dismayed that he fast dedicated himself to knightly exercises, for which he gained later reward on many duelling-fields, and finally culminated in this, that within twelve years he subjugated and conquered the entire world with his knightly disposition. And truly, as I see it, if such knightly exercise according to the ancient manner and custom, in place of frivolous exercise, which over time have become so ubiquitous not just at royal or princely courts but also in the cities and everywhere and have displaced the exercise of good virtue, should again become well-established with both high and lower government, it would surely be highly profitable and useful for Germany and its degenerated prestige and dodgy reputation.
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'''To the''' honour-loving custom of the knightly sport did the Roman emperor ''Henry'', the first of this name, wish to dedicate himself and lend support with all his appetite and desire, so that it would not decay, with the good and timely counsel of his princes and other lords. And he did establish the praiseworthy knightly sport of the tourney in the year 938 with the counsel of his princes and lords, adorned with twelve praiseworthy, honourable and Christian articles, so as to conserve honour, virtue and honesty in the Holy Empire of the German Nation. In this manner that none among the nobility, princes or counts, might participate in the knightly sport of the tourney if they violated the said twelve articles. Whoever did so was made the mockery of all princes, lords and ladies, put on the barriers, denuded of horse, weapons and armour, and publicly proclaimed a villain by the heralds, so that the princes, lords and noblemen were incited to good virtues and avoided many great vices.
 
'''To the''' honour-loving custom of the knightly sport did the Roman emperor ''Henry'', the first of this name, wish to dedicate himself and lend support with all his appetite and desire, so that it would not decay, with the good and timely counsel of his princes and other lords. And he did establish the praiseworthy knightly sport of the tourney in the year 938 with the counsel of his princes and lords, adorned with twelve praiseworthy, honourable and Christian articles, so as to conserve honour, virtue and honesty in the Holy Empire of the German Nation. In this manner that none among the nobility, princes or counts, might participate in the knightly sport of the tourney if they violated the said twelve articles. Whoever did so was made the mockery of all princes, lords and ladies, put on the barriers, denuded of horse, weapons and armour, and publicly proclaimed a villain by the heralds, so that the princes, lords and noblemen were incited to good virtues and avoided many great vices.
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| <p>'''The''' said twelve articles were set down in great earnest by the emperor and the princes of the holy empire, and recited orally. The first was recited by the emperor himself, [i.e.] whoso blasphemes the Christian faith and the holy Trinity or despoils and weakens the church of Christ. [The second by] the count Palatine: whoso treacherously acts against any proscription or prohibition of the emperor's. [The third by] the duke of Swabia: whoso dishonours or weakens ladies or virgins. [The fourth by] the duke of Bavaria: whoso is recognized as in breach of treaty, in perjury or dishonour. [The fifth by] the duke of Franconia, whoso betrays his own lord and deserts him. And so on by other lords beside: [6th] whoso slays his bed-fellow or instigates manslaughter; [7th] whoso despoils churches or hermitages, widows or orphans by threat of violence; [8th] whoso harries, pillages or feuds with another without declaration or proper claim. [9th] whoso would change or alter the law and order of the empire and cause unrest in the streets; [10th] whoso breaches his own or another's honour. [11th] Whoso is of noble birth but does not maintain his noble state by his pensions, revenue and liege's guerdon but instead involves himself with merchant's trade and usury. [12th] that none [may participate] unless he is of right noble birth on the part of [all] his four grandfathers and grandmothers. All these, blemished by such vices, must avoid the highly honourable knightly sport of the tourney and fully excluded on pains of severe penalty. At all times at each tourney, of which the first was held in the year 938 in Magdeburg and the last in the year 1487 in Worms, numbering thirty-six,<ref name="Ruxner">Mair's source is the ''Turnierbuch'' of Georg Rüxner (c. 1490), edited in Augsburg by Marx Würsung (1518). Rüxner describes a series of 36 "imperial tournaments" (''Reichs-Turniere'') between 938 and 1487, beginning with a legendary tournament held in Magdeburg during what Rüxner makes out as the reign of Henry I the Fowler.</ref> there attended the highest-born and most noble princesses, countesses and baronesses, in the state of wife, virgin or widow, who helped inspect helmets and coats-of-arms, observe[?], present treasures and prizes, gave thanks and honour[?] and held dances, all of this invented and performed for the preservation of honour and virtue.</p>
 
| <p>'''The''' said twelve articles were set down in great earnest by the emperor and the princes of the holy empire, and recited orally. The first was recited by the emperor himself, [i.e.] whoso blasphemes the Christian faith and the holy Trinity or despoils and weakens the church of Christ. [The second by] the count Palatine: whoso treacherously acts against any proscription or prohibition of the emperor's. [The third by] the duke of Swabia: whoso dishonours or weakens ladies or virgins. [The fourth by] the duke of Bavaria: whoso is recognized as in breach of treaty, in perjury or dishonour. [The fifth by] the duke of Franconia, whoso betrays his own lord and deserts him. And so on by other lords beside: [6th] whoso slays his bed-fellow or instigates manslaughter; [7th] whoso despoils churches or hermitages, widows or orphans by threat of violence; [8th] whoso harries, pillages or feuds with another without declaration or proper claim. [9th] whoso would change or alter the law and order of the empire and cause unrest in the streets; [10th] whoso breaches his own or another's honour. [11th] Whoso is of noble birth but does not maintain his noble state by his pensions, revenue and liege's guerdon but instead involves himself with merchant's trade and usury. [12th] that none [may participate] unless he is of right noble birth on the part of [all] his four grandfathers and grandmothers. All these, blemished by such vices, must avoid the highly honourable knightly sport of the tourney and fully excluded on pains of severe penalty. At all times at each tourney, of which the first was held in the year 938 in Magdeburg and the last in the year 1487 in Worms, numbering thirty-six,<ref name="Ruxner">Mair's source is the ''Turnierbuch'' of Georg Rüxner (c. 1490), edited in Augsburg by Marx Würsung (1518). Rüxner describes a series of 36 "imperial tournaments" (''Reichs-Turniere'') between 938 and 1487, beginning with a legendary tournament held in Magdeburg during what Rüxner makes out as the reign of Henry I the Fowler.</ref> there attended the highest-born and most noble princesses, countesses and baronesses, in the state of wife, virgin or widow, who helped inspect helmets and coats-of-arms, observe[?], present treasures and prizes, gave thanks and honour[?] and held dances, all of this invented and performed for the preservation of honour and virtue.</p>
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'''All kinds of examples''' of honesty are found in the histories, which indicate clearly that the empires, countries and cities are sustained by honesty of spirit and prowess of the fist, but that they dissolve and are undone by lazy inertia. The Assyrian Empire, which was the first empire in this world, did take its origin with king ''Ninus'' and by thirty-six kings was ruled in full honesty during one thousand two hundred and forty years. But on his accession their final king, ''Sardanapolus''<ref name="Assyria">Ninus: the legendary founder of Nineveh according to Ctesias (''Persica'', ca. 400 BC); Ctesias' Sardanapolus corresponds to Ashurbanipal (669 - 627 BC); Ctesias is a rather unreliable source by comparison with Herodotus and the Ptolemaic king list; but in any case knowledge on the Assyrian empire was very limited before the decipherment of cuneiform in the 1850s.</ref> ruled in such a way that under his rule sloth, lust of women, excessive eating and drinking, and gambling, became so rife that he drowned in these said vices, while honesty was in such low esteem that his own people grew disobedient and deserted him, and was divided in gangs and parties, and he was finally chased and exiled from his own empire, and thus by his negligent laziness, disrespect of knightly exercise and bad government, the Assyrian Empire came to its end with him. This king was often found in his women's quarters when he should have been dedicating himself to knighthood, and to please them he used to work the spindle. He had made costly preparation of his tomb before his death, and on it he ordered the following inscription [folio. 46.] ''Sardanapolus Anecendarases. Ede, bibe, lude.'' which in German means this, Sardanapolus of Anecendarasis, eat, drink, play. In this the kind reader may well perceive what difference in success and failure there is between slothful and valiant lords. As Xerxes, king in Persia, re-conquered and brought into his power the city of Babylon after it had seceded from him, he considered how he could keep the great city of Babylon so that it would not secede from him again, and to this end he ordered that all Babylonian citizens and inhabitants may not carry any weapon, and may no longer exercise knightly sport, but he allowed them to visit the taverns and drink wine every night, to sing and whistle and also that they might have beautiful women, and might wear plaited dresses. All this he did with the intent of turning honest men into soft women, which indeed then did come to pass as they became used to pleasures, so that their manhood declined and thence he might rein them as with a bridle, which also did come to pass.
 
'''All kinds of examples''' of honesty are found in the histories, which indicate clearly that the empires, countries and cities are sustained by honesty of spirit and prowess of the fist, but that they dissolve and are undone by lazy inertia. The Assyrian Empire, which was the first empire in this world, did take its origin with king ''Ninus'' and by thirty-six kings was ruled in full honesty during one thousand two hundred and forty years. But on his accession their final king, ''Sardanapolus''<ref name="Assyria">Ninus: the legendary founder of Nineveh according to Ctesias (''Persica'', ca. 400 BC); Ctesias' Sardanapolus corresponds to Ashurbanipal (669 - 627 BC); Ctesias is a rather unreliable source by comparison with Herodotus and the Ptolemaic king list; but in any case knowledge on the Assyrian empire was very limited before the decipherment of cuneiform in the 1850s.</ref> ruled in such a way that under his rule sloth, lust of women, excessive eating and drinking, and gambling, became so rife that he drowned in these said vices, while honesty was in such low esteem that his own people grew disobedient and deserted him, and was divided in gangs and parties, and he was finally chased and exiled from his own empire, and thus by his negligent laziness, disrespect of knightly exercise and bad government, the Assyrian Empire came to its end with him. This king was often found in his women's quarters when he should have been dedicating himself to knighthood, and to please them he used to work the spindle. He had made costly preparation of his tomb before his death, and on it he ordered the following inscription [folio. 46.] ''Sardanapolus Anecendarases. Ede, bibe, lude.'' which in German means this, Sardanapolus of Anecendarasis, eat, drink, play. In this the kind reader may well perceive what difference in success and failure there is between slothful and valiant lords. As Xerxes, king in Persia, re-conquered and brought into his power the city of Babylon after it had seceded from him, he considered how he could keep the great city of Babylon so that it would not secede from him again, and to this end he ordered that all Babylonian citizens and inhabitants may not carry any weapon, and may no longer exercise knightly sport, but he allowed them to visit the taverns and drink wine every night, to sing and whistle and also that they might have beautiful women, and might wear plaited dresses. All this he did with the intent of turning honest men into soft women, which indeed then did come to pass as they became used to pleasures, so that their manhood declined and thence he might rein them as with a bridle, which also did come to pass.
| <p>{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 015r.png|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 015v.png|1|lbl=015v|p=1}}</p>
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! <p>Source Illustrations</p>
! <p>Images</p>
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! <p>Illustrations</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|c}}<br/>by [[Jürg Gassmann]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|c}}<br/>by [[Jürg Gassmann]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden I Transcription]] (1540s){{edit index|Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MS Dresd.C.93)}}<br/>by [[Julia Gräf]]and [[Ingo Petri]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden I Transcription]] (1540s){{edit index|Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MS Dresd.C.93)}}<br/>by [[Julia Gräf]]and [[Ingo Petri]]</p>
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}}<section begin="Credits2"/>
 
}}<section begin="Credits2"/>
{| class="floated master"
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{| class="master"
 
|-  
 
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! <p>Source Images</p>
+
! <p>Source Illustrations</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Vienna]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Vienna]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|start}}<br/>by [[Keith P. Myers]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|start}}<br/>by [[Keith P. Myers]]</p>
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|-   
 
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! <p>Source Images</p>
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! <p>Source Illustrations</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Munich]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Munich]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Keith P. Myers]] and [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Keith P. Myers]] and [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
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  | width = 240em
 
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}}
 
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{| class="floated master"
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{| class="master"
 
|-  
 
|-  
! <p>Source Images</p>
+
! <p>Source Illustrations</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Vienna]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Vienna]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Keith P. Myers]] and [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Keith P. Myers]] and [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
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{| class="floated master"
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{| class="master"
 
|-  
 
|-  
! <p>Source Images</p>
+
! <p>Source Illustrations</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
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|-  
 
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! <p>Source Images</p>
+
! <p>Source Illustrations</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|c}}<br/>by [[Keith P. Myers]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|c}}<br/>by [[Keith P. Myers]]</p>
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! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Eric Mains]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Eric Mains]]</p>
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|-  
 
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! <p>Source Illustrations</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Jason Taylor]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Jason Taylor]]</p>
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! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Reinier van Noort]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Reinier van Noort]]</p>
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! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|c}}<br/>by [[Eric Mains]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|c}}<br/>by [[Eric Mains]]</p>
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! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Reinier van Noort]] and [[Saskia Roselaar]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Reinier van Noort]] and [[Saskia Roselaar]]</p>
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|-  
 
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! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]], [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Munich]], and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Vienna]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]], [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Munich]], and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Vienna]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Kendra Brown]], [[Rebecca Garber]], [[Mark Millman]],<br/>[[Jon Reynolds]], and [[Amy West]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Kendra Brown]], [[Rebecca Garber]], [[Mark Millman]],<br/>[[Jon Reynolds]], and [[Amy West]]</p>
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! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Vienna]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Vienna]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|b}}<br/>by [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|b}}<br/>by [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
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! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Munich Version]]</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Munich Version]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|c}}<br/>by [[Eric Mains]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|c}}<br/>by [[Eric Mains]]</p>
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! <p>Source Images</p>
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! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Munich]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Munich]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|c}}<br/>by [[Keith P. Myers]] and [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|c}}<br/>by [[Keith P. Myers]] and [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
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! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|c}}<br/>by [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|c}}<br/>by [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
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|-  
 
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! <p>Source Images</p>
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! <p>Source Illustrations</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
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== Temporary Division ==
 
  
 
{{master begin
 
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{| class="floated master"
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|-  
 
|-  
! <p>Source Images</p>
+
! <p>Source Illustrations</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Munich]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Munich]] Versions</p>
! <p>{{rating}}</p>
+
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden II Transcription]] (1540s){{edit index|Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MS Dresd.C.94)}}</p>
 
! <p>[[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden II Transcription]] (1540s){{edit index|Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MS Dresd.C.94)}}</p>
 
! <p>[[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Vienna II Transcription]] [German] (1550s){{edit index|Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10826)}}</p>
 
! <p>[[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Vienna II Transcription]] [German] (1550s){{edit index|Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10826)}}</p>
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|-  
 
|-  
 
| colspan="2" | [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 01.png|800px|center]]
 
| colspan="2" | [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 01.png|800px|center]]
| <p>[1] </p>
+
| <p>[1] '''A fight where the foot soldier has a pike and the rider a lance.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>If it were to happen that a mounted opponent rides toward you in order to harm you, then put the back end of the pike in the ground and point the front end toward the opponent. Above all, make sure to be able to use the pike on both sides, so that if your mounted opponent comes at you wielding a lance you can defend yourself against him on both sides. When he engages you, you strike away his lance from your right to your left side. If he continues forward you direct you pike into his face, and he will throw himself off the saddle. Then you can draw your rapier and do whatever you wish to him.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|269r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|269r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 280v281r.png|German|lbl=280v281r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 280v281r.png|German|lbl=280v281r}}
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|-  
 
|-  
 
| colspan="2" | [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 02.png|800px|center]]
 
| colspan="2" | [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 02.png|800px|center]]
| <p>[2] </p>
+
| <p>[2] '''How a rider is to evade the pike of a foot-soldier.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is what you do against the rider: Step forward with your left foot and hold the pike with both hands on your right side, with the point toward the opponent, and from here you continue forward with your right foot and turn the point into his face. If you, being the rider, see the opponent doing this to you, then fasten the reins in the hook by the belt, and remove the lance from the arret and hold it across(before you) with both hands, and remove the opponent's thrust thus between both your hands to your left, and then you insert the lance again into the arret, i.e. the lance rest, a hook being there to prevent the lance from going backwards under your arm, and then you engage your opponent at full speed and run him down.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|269v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|269v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 282v283r.png|German|lbl=282v283r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 282v283r.png|German|lbl=282v283r}}
Line 10,431: Line 10,463:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| colspan="2" | [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 03.png|800px|center]]
 
| colspan="2" | [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 03.png|800px|center]]
| <p>[3] </p>
+
| <p>[3] '''A free thrust with the pike against a rider with a lance.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is how you use the pike in this device: If you see the rider coming at you, and you are on foot, then stand with your left foot forward and hold the pike with the left hand by the chest in free position, and with the right hand on the back end, point toward the opponent. If he then attacks you with his lance, then turn the pike from your left side to his right so that you remove his lance. Then you take a step forward with the right foot and thrust forcefully with the pike into his face. Then, make sure that the back end of the pike is in the ground for good defence, so that the rider cannot hurt you in any way.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|270r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|270r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 284v285r.png|German|lbl=284v285r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 284v285r.png|German|lbl=284v285r}}
Line 10,440: Line 10,474:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| colspan="2" | [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 04.png|800px|center]]
 
| colspan="2" | [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 04.png|800px|center]]
| <p>[4] </p>
+
| <p>[4] '''A battle device where the rider is using a sword and lance at the same time against a footman with a pike.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is how you defend yourself with your pike against an attacking rider: Step forward with your left foot and hold your pike with the point aimed toward the opponent for a thrust. If your opponent on foot does this towards you, you spur your horse toward him and touch his lance by the front part, and remove his thrust to your right, and simultaneously as you parry, you turn the horse toward the opponent, and put his pike into your right armpit, drop the lance out of the lance rest, spur the horse toward the opponent, draw your sword and run him through with it.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|270v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|270v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 285v.png|German|lbl=285v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 285v.png|German|lbl=285v}}
Line 10,450: Line 10,486:
 
|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 05.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 05.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[5] </p>
+
| <p>[5] '''A fight where the footman uses halberd against a rider with lance.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>If you wish to obtain the victory in this device, you must do as follows: If a rider rides at you with his lance, you step forward with your left foot and hold the halberd with the axe head toward him, and if he attacks with his lance, you hook the lance with your halberd and raise it, and you have averted his thrust. Then you thrust with the point into his face as hard as you can. If a footman does this to you, being the rider, and you cannot use your lance, you throw it out of your lance rest and turn the horse to the left, draw your sword and strike at his halberd, and you have parried his attack thus. Then you spur your horse toward him and run him through with the sword.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|271r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|271r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 286r.png|German|lbl=286r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 286r.png|German|lbl=286r}}
Line 10,460: Line 10,498:
 
|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 06.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 06.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[6] </p>
+
| <p>[6] '''Another device as the previous.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is how you use the halberd in this device against a horseman with a lance: If the rider comes at you with his lance, then step with your left foot forward toward the opponent's right side and strike at the front end of his lance with your halberd from your left side to his right, and you have averted his attack. If you then press down his lance, you will force the rider to fall to the ground struck backwards, and he cannot harm you anymore. If you do this, make sure to press down the lance swiftly with the halberd, so that he strikes himself off the saddle. Then you may fight against him however you want.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|271v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|271v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 286v.png|German|lbl=286v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 286v.png|German|lbl=286v}}
Line 10,470: Line 10,510:
 
|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 07.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 07.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[7] </p>
+
| <p>[7] '''Fight where the rider has a lance against an opponent on foot with a halberd.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>In this device you do as follows: Hold your lance over your right leg and ride towards your opponent, and put the lance in the arret. If you are on foot and standing with your left leg forward, holding your halberd for a strike from above while waiting for your opponent, and when he then gets close, you direct a strike from your left side to his right against his lance and press it down hard, and if you then step with your right foot in triangle the rider will break his lance. If he tries to draw his sword you run toward him with two steps and place the halberd head around his neck and pull to you, and you will throw him off the horse.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|272r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|272r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 280r.png|German|lbl=280r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 280r.png|German|lbl=280r}}
Line 10,480: Line 10,522:
 
|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 08.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 08.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[8] </p>
+
| <p>[8] '''A device where the rider has a spear and the foot-soldier has a halberd.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When riding toward your opponent, do as follows: Hold the spear extended over your right leg in your right hand, and when you are about to attack, you insert the spear in the arret, and ride toward him thus. If your opponent comes at you in said manner, then step forward with your left foot and hold your halberd in a strike from above, and strike his spear away from left to your right side, and you have averted his attack. Then you take two steps toward him and hook him in the left side of his neck with the head of the halberd and pull forcefully to you, and you will throw the rider off his horse.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|272v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|272v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 281v.png|German|lbl=281v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 281v.png|German|lbl=281v}}
Line 10,490: Line 10,534:
 
|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 09.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 09.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[9] </p>
+
| <p>[9] '''A fight where the rider has a spear and the foot soldier is defending himself with a sword.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Do thus: Raise the spear over your right leg with your right hand and as you spur your horse toward your opponent you insert the spear into the arret, and aim for his visor(!). If the rider comes at you in this manner, and you have neither pike nor halberd to protect yourself with, only the sword, then draw it and hold it up in front of your face, and move his sword upward with the cross in this manner, than you have defended yourself against his thrust. Then you raise the sword over your head, step in triangle and cut the horse's sinews so that it falls to the ground and you may do whatever you wish with the opponent.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|273r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|273r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 282r.png|German|lbl=282r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 282r.png|German|lbl=282r}}
Line 10,500: Line 10,546:
 
|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 10.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 10.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[10] </p>
+
| <p>[10] '''A skirmish where the rider is using a sword against a foot-soldier armed with rapier and buckler.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>In this engagement with an enemy on foot you do as follows: If you see the foot soldier coming against you, then ride toward him in full speed and drawn sword, and when you get close to him you strike him in the head from your right side to his left. If the rider comes at you in this manner, then step forward with your left foot and draw your rapier, and hold up the buckler in front of your face with your left hand and remove his strike thus. Then you thrust with your rapier into the chest of the horse, and you will fell it, and you may do whatever you wish with the opponent.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|273v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|273v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 283v.png|German|lbl=283v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 283v.png|German|lbl=283v}}
Line 10,510: Line 10,558:
 
|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 11.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 11.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[11] </p>
+
| <p>[11] '''A fight where the foot soldier is wielding a rapier and buckler, and the rider has a sword.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is how you perform this device with rapier and buckler: When the rider comes at you, you step forward with your left foot and quickly draw your rapier with your right hand and grab the buckler with your left for defence, and if the opponent is armed with a sword and strikes at you with it, then raise the buckler with the left hand and remove his strike thus. Then you strike the horse over both its shins, and you will fell it to the ground. Then you can fight however you wish against your opponent.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|274r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|274r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 284r.png|German|lbl=284r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 284r.png|German|lbl=284r}}
Line 10,520: Line 10,570:
 
|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 12.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 12.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[12] </p>
+
| <p>[12] '''A way for the footman to throw the rider off the saddle.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>If you are mounted and you see your opponent footman using rapier, then draw your sword as well, and ride toward him and strike toward his head. If your opponent does this very thing, you lift up your rapier and remove his strike to the left with the long edge. Then you step forward as fast a you can with to his right side, and grab hold with your left hand in his right hand and push him away in this manner, and thus he will not be able to fight against you. Then you pierce his neck with your rapier as hard as you can, and in this manner the horseman will fall.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|274v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|274v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 287r.png|German|lbl=287r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 287r.png|German|lbl=287r}}
Line 10,530: Line 10,582:
 
|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 13.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 13.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[13] </p>
+
| <p>[13] '''Yet another way of throwing the rider to the ground.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>If you are on horse, and you see the footman has armed himself with rapier and buckler, then spur your horse and ride swiftly toward him with sword drawn and the point aimed toward the opponent's face or chest. If you see your opponent ride at you in this manner, then remove his thrust with the long edge to your left and drop both rapier and buckler and run toward the opponent, grab hold with the left hand on the outside of his right arm, and the inside of his elbow, and pull down, and at the same time you grab hold with your right hand in the left side of his neck, and you will throw him to the ground without risk of injury.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|275r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|275r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 287v.png|German|lbl=287v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 287v.png|German|lbl=287v}}
Line 10,540: Line 10,594:
 
|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 14.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 14.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[14] </p>
+
| <p>[14] '''Another way of throwing the horseman.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is how you perform this device: If the rider comes at you, then stand with your right foot forward and draw your rapier quickly. If he then draws his sword and is wishes to run you through with his point, then move your rapier up to his sword and remove his attack on his right side. Then make sure to get close to the opponent, and grab hold below in his right leg, and raise it up to his left side. And thrust him in the face with the rapier and he must wall to the ground.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|275v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|275v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 288r.png|German|lbl=288r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 288r.png|German|lbl=288r}}
Line 10,550: Line 10,606:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 26v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 26v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 15.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 15.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[15] </p>
+
| <p>[15] '''First engagement against guard in battle.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you are on horseback, then do as follows in this device: Hold the lance in your right hand in the handle raised over the right leg by the saddle bow, and the point upward, and hold the reins with the left hand. Then you spur the horse and insert the lance into the lance rest and aim for the opponent's<ref>Latin text says “footman's”, which is probably just a miss on the scribe's behalf.</ref> chest. If your opponent rides at you in this manner, and you are without armour, holding a warhammer or cudgel in your right hand and the reins in the left, then ride toward him so that your right side gets to his right. Then you raise the right arm and remove the opponent's lance from your right side to his left, and in this manner you will avert his attack. If you then continue forward you will be safe from harm.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|276r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|276r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 288v.png|German|lbl=288v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 288v.png|German|lbl=288v}}
Line 10,560: Line 10,618:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 27r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 27r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 16.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 16.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[16] </p>
+
| <p>[16] '''Second engagement against guard in battle.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is how you perform this device: Hold the lance straight up over the right leg in the saddle with the point upward in your right on the handle, or the hilt, if you wish, i.e. where you hold the lance best, and with your reins in the left hand. Then you spur the horse on and insert the lance into the lance rest and aim with the point to the opponent's chest. If your opponent comes at you in this way, and you are holding a warhammer in your right hand and the reins in your left, then ride toward your opponent and strike away his lance thrust from your right side to your opponent's left, thus you have averted his attack. Then you ride away from your opponent on his right side.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|276v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|276v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 289r.png|German|lbl=289r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 289r.png|German|lbl=289r}}
Line 10,570: Line 10,630:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 28r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 28r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 17.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 17.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[17] </p>
+
| <p>[17] '''Engagement with a lance against sword.'''<ref>Latin: How to use lance against an opponent with a sword.</ref></p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Make sure in the very beginning to insert the lance into the lance rest, and when you ride toward him, you lower the point. Then you raise the point quickly again and turn it into his face or chest. If your opponent comes at you this, you ride at him as well and hold the sword in your right hand over the right leg in the saddle and the reins in your left hand, and move the sword to the front end of his lance and move it to the right, and you have averted his attack. Then you continue forward to his right side and lift up his lance with the cross on your sword high over his shoulder and strike the pommel into his visor. When you have done this, you continue forward past his right side.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|277r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|277r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 289v.png|German|lbl=289v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 289v.png|German|lbl=289v}}
Line 10,578: Line 10,640:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 27v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
+
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 28v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 18.png|400x400px|center]]
+
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 19.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[18] </p>
+
| <p>[18] '''An upper winding in with the sword over his lance.'''<ref>Latin: Another defence with sword against lance.</ref></p>
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|277v|png}}
+
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 291r.png|German|lbl=291r}}
+
<p>When you have inserted the lance into the lance rest, you ride toward the opponent and aim the point to his chest. If your opponent comes at you in this manner, and you are without armour, holding your sword before your chest in your right hand, and the reins in your left, then ride toward him and remove his lance thrust to your right. Then you reach over his lance with your right arm so that you hold it under the arm, and make sure to put the sword underneath so that the cross lies against the underside of the lance. If you then continue forward, you will strike the opponent's lance out of the lance rest with your sword in your left side.</p>
| {{paget|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II|178r|jpg}}
+
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|278r|png}}
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 291r.png|Latin|lbl=291r}}
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 290r.png|German|lbl=290r}}
|
 
 
 
|-
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 28v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 19.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| <p>[19] </p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|278r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 290r.png|German|lbl=290r}}
 
 
| {{paget|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II|177r|jpg}}
 
| {{paget|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II|177r|jpg}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 290r.png|Latin|lbl=290r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 290r.png|Latin|lbl=290r}}
Line 10,600: Line 10,654:
 
| {{double page|Cgm 1507 11v.jpg|Cgm 1507 12r.jpg|x210px|x210px}}
 
| {{double page|Cgm 1507 11v.jpg|Cgm 1507 12r.jpg|x210px|x210px}}
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 20.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 20.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[20] </p>
+
| <p>[19] '''Parry by the shield on the sword.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>If your opponent comes at you on horse with his lance in the lance rest, then draw your sword and hold it before you with the point upward, and ride forward with your arm raised and as you ride forward you lower the point down on your left side. Then, when his lance gets close to you, you turn the hand so that the long edge faces up, and the short edge lies against the inside of the opponent's lance, and quickly deflect the lance with the cross to your left, and you have averted your opponent's thrust. Then make sure to pull up the sword again and thrust with the point, or hit him with the pommel in the face.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 290v.png|German|lbl=290v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 290v.png|German|lbl=290v}}
 
| {{paget|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II|177v|jpg}}
 
| {{paget|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II|177v|jpg}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 290v.png|Latin|lbl=290v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 290v.png|Latin|lbl=290v}}
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 27v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 +
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 18.png|400x400px|center]]
 +
| <p>[20] '''Another defence with sword against lance.'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>In this device you do as follows: Insert the lance into the lance rest and turn the lance into his chest as hard as you can. If he does this to you, and you are holding the word in your right hand with the hilt before your chest and the point upward, then ride against your opponent and remove his thrust with the long edge of your sword from your left to your right side, and when you ride closer to him, you move the lance in under your right arm and your sword under it, and then you strike your pommel into his visor. If your opponent tries to do the same, you throw the lance out of the lance rest and grab hold with your right hand in his right and remove his attack thus. If you then continue forward you will throw him off the saddle. </p>
 +
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|277v|png}}
 +
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 291r.png|German|lbl=291r}}
 +
| {{paget|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II|178r|jpg}}
 +
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 291r.png|Latin|lbl=291r}}
 
|  
 
|  
  
Line 10,610: Line 10,678:
 
| {{double page|Cgm 1507 07v.jpg|Cgm 1507 08r.jpg|x210px|x210px}}
 
| {{double page|Cgm 1507 07v.jpg|Cgm 1507 08r.jpg|x210px|x210px}}
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 21.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 21.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[21] </p>
+
| <p>[21] '''A parry with the lance on both sides.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When your opponent has inserted his lance into the lance rest, then put your reins into the lower armour hook and hold the lance across before you, so that the point faces upward and the thicker end down on your right, and move your lance point to the outside of the opponent's lance on his right side, and if you then move his lance with your left side to his left, you have averted his thrust and he is forced to drop his lance. If you then ride on, and make sure to lift up the lance with both arms in the air and turn in the point into the opponent and thrust him in the face or armpit. If your opponent comes at you in this manner, then remove his thrust with the right arm on the outside, that way his thrust is in vain.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 291v.png|German|lbl=291v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 291v.png|German|lbl=291v}}
Line 10,620: Line 10,690:
 
| {{double page|Cgm 1507 08v.jpg|Cgm 1507 09r.jpg|x210px|x210px}}
 
| {{double page|Cgm 1507 08v.jpg|Cgm 1507 09r.jpg|x210px|x210px}}
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 22.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 22.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[22] </p>
+
| <p>[22] '''A reach-over in pursuit.'''<ref>Latin: A technique where you lower the lance over the right shoulder and thus fell the opponent's horse.</ref></p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you both have inserted your lances into the lance rests, and are about to ride toward each other, to attack each other, and you wish to trick your opponent with said technique, then turn your horse and pull the lance out of the lance rest, and pretend to flee, and pay attention to whether he pursues you with his lance in the lance rest. Then, when you see him coming toward you, you wait a little while until he comes close to you, move the lance over your right shoulder so that the point ends up between the opponent's horse's front legs, and bind with the outside of his lance. Then you hold the lance firmly with your right hand in the handle and lift the arm, as well as the lance, and you will have thwarted your opponent's thrust as well as tripped his horse. If you then turn from your right to left so that you again is facing your opponent, you may fight against him however you want.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 292r.png|German|lbl=292r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 292r.png|German|lbl=292r}}
Line 10,630: Line 10,702:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 29r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 29r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 23.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 23.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[23] </p>
+
| <p>[23] '''A changing through with both lances.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is how you perform this device: Insert the lance into the lance rest, and ride toward the opponent and thrust him in the chest. If your opponent is doing this to you, then ride toward him as well, and change through with your lance from your right side and remove his lance hard, and thrust him in the visor. If he does this however, then drop the reins with the left hand in the engagement, and remove his lance from your left to your right, and you will get away without injuries.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|278v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|278v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 292v.png|German|lbl=292v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 292v.png|German|lbl=292v}}
Line 10,640: Line 10,714:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 29v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 29v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 24.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 24.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[24] </p>
+
| <p>[24] '''Engagement with a parry with the lance handle.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Put the reins in the lower armour hook, and attack your opponent with a thrust with the lance. If he does this on the other hand, and you have not had the time to insert the lance into the lance rest, before he comes charging at you, then ride in on his right side and hold the lance across before you with the point to the ground on your left side, and as you ride forward, you deflect his thrust to your right with the lance base, and then you drop the reins with the left hand and grab hold of the lance with it, lift up the lance and thrust with the point into the opponent's visor.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|279r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|279r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 293r.png|German|lbl=293r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 293r.png|German|lbl=293r}}
Line 10,650: Line 10,726:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 30r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 30r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 25.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 25.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[25] </p>
+
| <p>[25] '''A surprise attack against a parry with the middle of the lance.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is how you perform this device: Insert the lance into the lance rest and charge your opponent and thrust him with the lance in the chest. If the opponent does this, and you are being taken by surprise, so that you have not had time to insert the lance into the lance rest, then ride toward his right side and hold your lance across before you with the point to the ground on your left side, and hold your reins and the lance together, and catch the opponent's thrust with the lance base to your right as you spur the horse. Then you let go of the lance with the right hand and grab hold underneath in the middle of the opponent's lance, and ride past him, and you will pull his lance out of the lance rest over his right shoulder.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|279v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|279v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 293v.png|German|lbl=293v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 293v.png|German|lbl=293v}}
Line 10,660: Line 10,738:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 30v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 30v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 26.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 26.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[26] </p>
+
| <p>[26] '''A thrust with the lance handle to the opponents neck.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>In this fight you do as follows: When you have inserted the lance into the lance rest, then charge ahead with force to your opponent and aim a thrust to the upper part of his chest. If your opponent charges at you in this way, and you had not had the time to insert your lance into the lance rest, then ride toward him anyway, and hold the lance across the horse and as you charge at him you parry with the lance base from your left to your right as hard as you can.Thus the opponent will be forced to drop his lance. Then you put the reins in the lower hook in the belt of your armour, raise the lance over your head and grab hold of the front end of the lance with the right hand and with the left on the back end over your head and in this way turn in the lance base in his neck, and if you continue charging forward you will throw him out of the saddle.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|280r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|280r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 294r.png|German|lbl=294r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 294r.png|German|lbl=294r}}
Line 10,670: Line 10,750:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 31r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 31r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 27.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 27.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[27] </p>
+
| <p>[27] '''Hand parry of the opponent's strike with the back end of his lance.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Said device is performed as follows: When you have inserted the lance into the lance rest, you spur your horse and charge at your opponent, and thrust against chest. If your opponent comes at you in this manner, then ride toward him as well, and put the reins into the lower hook, and hold the lance across the horse before you, with the right hand on the handle in front(facing forward) and the left hand in the back and when charging you parry his thrust from your right side to his with the lance base, and thrust it into the face or neck of the opponent. If your opponent does this to you, you let the lance drop, and grab hold of the handle of the opponent's lance with your right hand and remove his thrust thus. Then, if you continue forward you can throw him out of the saddle as well has he can throw you.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|280v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|280v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 294v.png|German|lbl=294v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 294v.png|German|lbl=294v}}
Line 10,680: Line 10,762:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 31v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 31v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 28.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 28.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[28] </p>
+
| <p>[28] '''A strike to the opponent's chin, i.e. a half sun gaze.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is what you do in this skirmish: Insert the lance in the lance rest and charge at your opponent and hold your lance across the front of the saddle before you, and as you come together, you remove his thrust with the steel base to your left. If he does this however, you let go of the lance as fast as you can, and ride up close to him and strike away his lance with the right harm so that its handle flies up, and then you put the right hand under the opponent's chin over his lance and ride on past him, and you will throw him out of the saddle.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|281r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|281r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 295r.png|German|lbl=295r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 295r.png|German|lbl=295r}}
Line 10,690: Line 10,774:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 32r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 32r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 29.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 29.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[29] </p>
+
| <p>[29] '''A lower parry against a thrust to your horse's chest.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is what you do in this device: As soon as you have inserted the lance into the lance rest, you charge at your opponent and aim a thrust at the chest of the opponent's horse. If your opponent directs a thrust at your horse's chest in the same manner, you put the reins into the lower armour hook and ride toward him with the lance pointing to the ground, and parry to your left, so that his lance is on the outside. Then you turn down the lance handle with the right hand over your right leg and lift up your with left hand, that way you will throw the opponent's lance away when you ride past him from your left side to his left, and simultaneously you can strike or thrust him.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|281v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|281v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 295v.png|German|lbl=295v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 295v.png|German|lbl=295v}}
Line 10,700: Line 10,786:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 32v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 32v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 30.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 30.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[30] </p>
+
| <p>[30] '''How to overthrow the horse with the lance.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Insert the lance into the lance rest and charge with full force at your opponent and aim a thrust to his horse. If your opponent does this, taking you by surprise so that you have no time to insert the lance into the lance rest, then ride toward him at the same time, and hold the lance with the point to the ground and the lance handle in your right hand in front of your visor, that way you will remove his attack and throw the opponent over as well as his horse. When you see the opponent fall, you quickly let go of the lance with your right hand and ride past him on his left side.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|282r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|282r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 296r.png|German|lbl=296r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 296r.png|German|lbl=296r}}
Line 10,710: Line 10,798:
 
|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 31.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 31.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[31] </p>
+
| <p>[31] '''The guards with the sword on both sides.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you both have drawn your swords, and inserted your rein in the lower armour hooks, and you, wishing to come out victorious in this battle, are holding the sword with your right hand on the hilt and the left in the middle of the blade and the point toward the opponent. If your opponent comes at you in this manner and charges at you to thrust, then ride toward him in the same position as in the beginning, so that your sword enters in front on the outside of his left hand. Then you let go of the sword with your left and continue forward with your right so that you pull his left hand that is holding the sword from your right side to his left, and in this manner you can lock his sword, and his attack is rendered useless. But if your opponent has locked you in the same way, you let go of the hilt with your right hand and grab hold firmly in the inside of his arm and ride past him, and you will get free.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 296v.png|German|lbl=296v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 296v.png|German|lbl=296v}}
Line 10,720: Line 10,810:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 33r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 33r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 32.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 32.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[32] </p>
+
| <p>[32] '''The mane guard, i.e. when you put the sword between the horse's ears, against the side guard.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>In this device you do as follows: Draw your sword and charge, holding your sword with your right hand over your right thigh, and put the blade between both ears of your sword, i.e. on the mane, and with the point aimed toward the opponent. If your opponent comes at you with the sword drawn in the same manner, then you draw your sword as well, and hold it with your right hand on your left side in side guard over your left hand. When you ride toward him in said guard and he then aims a thrust toward your visor out of aforementioned tassel guard, then remove it to your right and when you ride past him you cut him in the back of the head.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|282v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|282v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 297r.png|German|lbl=297r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 297r.png|German|lbl=297r}}
Line 10,730: Line 10,822:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 33v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 33v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 33.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 33.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[33] </p>
+
| <p>[33] '''Side guard against high guard.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Charge in said guard and hold your sword with your right hand on your right hip with the point down over your right leg in side guard. If your opponent comes at you in the same manner, then ride toward him as well with your sword drawn, and lift it up over your head and make a thrust with the point from the high guard toward your opponent's groin. If he thrusts at you in the same way, then remove his attack to your left and then you thrust him in the right armpit or cut him in the right side and ride past him.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|283r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|283r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 297v.png|German|lbl=297v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 297v.png|German|lbl=297v}}
Line 10,740: Line 10,834:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 34r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 34r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 34.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 34.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[34] </p>
+
| <p>[34] '''Two other guards with the sword on horseback.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is how you behave in this skirmish: Draw your sword, and hold it with your right hand on the hilt in high guard with the point aimed toward the opponent. From this position you charge your opponent and direct a thrust with the point to your opponent's neck. If he does the same, and you are holding the sword in your right hand, then ride toward him too with your sword drawn in side guard on your right side. Then you raise your sword toward his and remove his thrust on your left side, ride past him and strike or thrust him however you want in the right side of his head.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|283v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|283v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 298r.png|German|lbl=298r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 298r.png|German|lbl=298r}}
Line 10,750: Line 10,846:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 34v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 34v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 35.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 35.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[35] </p>
+
| <p>[35] '''Wrath strike against a parry.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>In this clash you do thus: Hold your sword raised in your right hand and charge your opponent quickly, and strike a wrath strike from your left to the right side of your opponent's head. If your opponent attacks you thus, and you are holding your sword in your right hand, then parry with the cross on your right side and thrust or strike at his visor, and then you ride past him.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|284r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|284r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 298v.png|German|lbl=298v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 298v.png|German|lbl=298v}}
Line 10,760: Line 10,858:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 35r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 35r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 36.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 36.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[36] </p>
+
| <p>[36] '''Wrath strike against the side guard.'''</p>
 +
<p>In this fight you do as follows: Attack your opponent quickly with your sword drawn in side position, point directed at the opponent. If he comes at you in the same manner, then ride toward him as well, holding your sword in the right hand raised over your head. When your opponent then raises his sword to strike a wrath strike toward your head, or to strike you in the head with the pommel, you raise the sword from the side guard and pay attention to the three open parts on the opponent that you can reach with your point, which are the right armpit, the opening in the armour on his right elbow, and lastly the visor. When you ride past him you can do whatever you wish against him.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|284v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|284v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 299r.png|German|lbl=299r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 299r.png|German|lbl=299r}}
Line 10,770: Line 10,869:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 35v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 35v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 37.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 37.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[37] </p>
+
| <p>[37] '''Thrust to the visor against a parry.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>In this device, you attack your opponent with the sword and direct a thrust to his visor. If your opponent attacks you in the same way, by thrusting towards your visor, then raise the sword and bind with his, and lift it up. That way you have parried his attack, and at the same time you may cut or thrust him in the neck of visor. Of your opponent attacks you with cuts or thrusts in the same manner, you parry while riding past him. Then you turn your horse around and strike or thrust him in the back of his neck. Then you ride away.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|285r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|285r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 299v.png|German|lbl=299v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 299v.png|German|lbl=299v}}
Line 10,780: Line 10,881:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 36r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 36r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 38.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 38.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[38] </p>
+
| <p>[38] '''A disarm followed by an arm-break.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When riding toward each other with drawn swords, and you desire to emerge victorious in this battle, holding your sword in your sword in your right hand, then strike toward your opponent's head. If your opponent does this, you raise the sword and parry with the long edge hanging forward in your left side. Then you move your pommel over the opponent's right hand, lean forward and pull toward you as hard as you can, put the reins in the lower hook by the belt, and grab with your left hand in your pommel, and if you then lift up firmly on your left side, then you will twist his sword away and break his arm as well. Then you ride past him and strike or thrust to his visor.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|285v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|285v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 300r.png|German|lbl=300r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 300r.png|German|lbl=300r}}
Line 10,790: Line 10,893:
 
| [[File:Cgm 1507 14r.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cgm 1507 14r.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 39.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 39.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[39] </p>
+
| <p>[39] '''A setup with the hilt on both sides.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you both charge at each other with swords drawn, and your opponent strikes from above toward your head, then ride forward to his right side and turn up the long edge against his strike and parry with the cross. When you have come close you turn up the hilt with the pommel first over his sword and move the pommel over his right hand so that it comes under his pommel. If you then press down to your left when riding past him, putting your reins into the lower armour hook, you may grab his chin with your left hand and pull him away, so that he falls backwards when you ride past him. If you notice this happen to you, then put your reins into the belt hook, and grab hold with both hands on the inside of his arm, and push away hard, and you will get away. </p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 300v.png|German|lbl=300v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 300v.png|German|lbl=300v}}
Line 10,800: Line 10,905:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 36v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 36v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 40.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 40.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[40] </p>
+
| <p>[40] '''A lock around the opponent's neck.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Put your pommel before you against your armour and charge at your opponent and aim a thrust to his visor or right armpit. If he does this however, then ride toward him too, and put the pommel on your right leg and parry his thrust with the long edge on your right side to his left. Then  you put the short edge over his left shoulder so that the point hangs down behind his back, put your reins in the belt hook, and grab hold with your left hand on your blade near the cross just over his back and pull him to your left, and you will throw him to the ground when you ride past him. </p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|286r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|286r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 301r.png|German|lbl=301r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 301r.png|German|lbl=301r}}
Line 10,810: Line 10,917:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 37r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 37r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 41.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 41.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[41] </p>
+
| <p>[41] '''Counter to the lock around the neck.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>In this skirmish you do this: When you both attack each other and the opponent tries to lock your neck, you put your reins into the lower armour hook and grab hold with your left hand in your opponent's right arm and lift it up, and you will get away. Then you grab the reins again with your left hand and pretend to flee, but instead you turn the horse around from your right to the opponent's left and strike him in the left leg with the sword. Then you may do what you want with him.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|286v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|286v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 301v.png|German|lbl=301v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 301v.png|German|lbl=301v}}
Line 10,820: Line 10,929:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 37v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 37v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 42.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 42.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[42] </p>
+
| <p>[42] '''Defence against turning around.'''<ref>Latin: A way of stopping the opponent from turning the horse.</ref></p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you both have come together and the opponent wants to turn his horse around, then ride as fast as you can into him and see to it that he cannot turn his horse around. Then you turn in your sword point from the upper guard into his visor, put the reins into the lower armour hook and grab hold of with the left hand in the opponent's right, and press down the hand and the sword to the left and at the same time you push him away from you with the sword as hard as you can. This way you may pull him out of the saddle when you ride past him.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|287r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|287r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 302r.png|German|lbl=302r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 302r.png|German|lbl=302r}}
Line 10,830: Line 10,941:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 38r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 38r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 43.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 43.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[43] </p>
+
| <p>[43] '''How to lift a rider off the saddle.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When the opponent rides toward you in full speed, and is about to strike at you from above, or turn the pommel into your visor, then ride toward him as well but do not draw your sword, but instead grab hold with your right hand in his right and ride up close to him. Then you lift up, and at the same time you kick him below with your right foot by his right spur. If you do this, you will throw him out of the saddle.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|287v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|287v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 302v.png|German|lbl=302v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 302v.png|German|lbl=302v}}
Line 10,840: Line 10,953:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 38v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 38v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 44.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 44.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[44] </p>
+
| <p>[44] '''A sun-gaze, i.e. when the opponent is thrown backwards along with the horse.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you ride toward each other, then do as follows: If he tries to strike a wrath strike at you from above or turn his pommel into your visor, then do not draw your sword, but ride toward him and grab hold with your right hand in the reins on the opponent's horse near the neck andpull up as hard as you can, so that the horse starts to rear on its hind legs. Then you put the right hand on his face so that the reins end up well up over your right arm, and if you then ridepast him you will throw him over as well as his horse. </p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|288r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|288r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 303r.png|German|lbl=303r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 303r.png|German|lbl=303r}}
Line 10,850: Line 10,965:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 39r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 39r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 45.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 45.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[45] </p>
+
| <p>[45] '''A way of grabbing hold of the mouth piece of a rearing horse.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>If you wish to emerge victorious in this battle, then pull out your sword and ride toward the opponent, and strike from above to his head or turn the pommel into his visor. If your opponent does this on the other hand, then ride toward him as well, but do not draw your sword, but instead grab hold of the mouthpiece on the opponent's horse as you may see on the picture and lift up on your right side. If the horse is about to rear forcefully, then quickly ride close to him and lift up the mouthpiece, and both the horse and the opponent will fall over at the same time. But if the horse is not as incline to rear up on its hind legs, then do not use this technique, as it is much too risky. Instead you grab hold underneath on his right arm with your right hand and you will get away from the opponent safe from harm.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|288v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|288v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 303v.png|German|lbl=303v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 303v.png|German|lbl=303v}}
Line 10,860: Line 10,977:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 39v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 39v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 46.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 46.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[46] </p>
+
| <p>[46] '''How to pull the opponent over on your own horse.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you ride toward each other, but neither of you want to draw your swords, but both want to get ahead of the other, then do as follows: If he tries to grab hold of the reins of your horse, then ride forward as quickly as you can toward him and grab hold with right hand in his left shoulder and make sure that you get a firm grip in his neck and helmet. Then you kick with your right spur in the opponent's right foot, and pull hard to you so that he is weakened both above and below. If you then ride past him you will pull him out of his saddle and lay him over on your own horse.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|289r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|289r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 304r.png|German|lbl=304r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 304r.png|German|lbl=304r}}
Line 10,870: Line 10,989:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 40r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 40r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 47.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 47.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[47] </p>
+
| <p>[47] '''How to get away from the previous technique.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>In this fight, where neither has drawn the sword but decided to attack with your bare hands, and your opponent tries to pull you out of your saddle and put you on his own horse, and he then is about to grab hold of your left shoulder, then reach with your right hand over his right arm and push away from you, and you will get free. Then you pull his right arm over your saddle bow, i.e. front and upper part of your saddle and lean over it with your upper body. Then you turn your horse from his right to your left, and you will pull him out of his saddle.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|289v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|289v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 304v.png|German|lbl=304v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 304v.png|German|lbl=304v}}
Line 10,880: Line 11,001:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 40v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 40v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 48.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 48.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[48] </p>
+
| <p>[48] '''Defence against gripping in pursuit.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you both ride to attack each other bare handed, and neither of you has drawn your swords and you then notice your opponent turn his back toward you, then do as follows: Pursue him as fast as you can, and grab hold from behind with your right hand in his right shoulder by the neck. If your opponent does this and is about to throw you to him, then grab your reins with your right hand instead of your left, and raise your left hand from below over his right arm and grab hold of his right shoulder and press down, and you will break the opponent's arm, and when you ride further past him, you may also throw him out of the saddle.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|290r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|290r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 305r.png|German|lbl=305r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 305r.png|German|lbl=305r}}
Line 10,890: Line 11,013:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 41r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 41r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 49.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 49.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[49] </p>
+
| <p>[49] '''Counter to the previous arm-break.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>If your opponent tries to break your arm with his left hand, then pull your right arm to you quickly below, and put his left arm in under your armpit, and turn your horse from the opponent's right side to your left, and you will throw him out of the saddle. This device, and the turning of the horse is not easily illustrated, but from this technique you can perform several other devices. </p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|290v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|290v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 305v.png|German|lbl=305v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 305v.png|German|lbl=305v}}
Line 10,900: Line 11,025:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 41v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 41v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 50.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 50.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[50] </p>
+
| <p>[50] '''A neck throw against a counter.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>In this fight, when the opponent has reached with his right hand around your neck and forces you to drop the reins, then bend forward into the scales, and grab hold with the reins again with your left hand and insert them on the saddle bow for better support. Then reach with your right hand around the waist of your opponent under his left armpit and place it over his left arm. If you then ride past him you will deprive him of his bridle and throw him backwards off the horse.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|291r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|291r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 306r.png|German|lbl=306r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 306r.png|German|lbl=306r}}
Line 10,910: Line 11,037:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 42r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 42r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 51.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 51.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[51] </p>
+
| <p>[51] '''How to counter the previous device.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you have clashed together and your opponent has grabbed hold of your left arm and armpit, then quickly put the reins in the lower armour hook and ride as close as you can to your opponent, and grab hold with your left hand over his right, and pull it close to you over the saddle bow. Then you put down the right arm and elbow in front over his upper body and over his right arm(as you see in the picture), and if you then pull to you above and at the same time head butt him with the visor into his chest, and push away from you when riding past him, you will throw him backwards off the horse.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|291v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|291v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 306v.png|German|lbl=306v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 306v.png|German|lbl=306v}}
Line 10,920: Line 11,049:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 42v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 42v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 52.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 52.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[52] </p>
+
| <p>[52] '''The chest technique with abduction.'''<ref>Latin: A technique where you grab hold of the chest of the opponent with both hands and abduct him.</ref></p>
 +
 
 +
<p>In this following clash, you do thus: When you both ride toward each other you quickly put your reins in the lower armour hook you have on your waist, and grab hold with both hands in the chest of your opponent. If he does this, and is about to lift you off the saddle, then put the reins into the lower armour hook, and make sure to loosen your feet from the stirrups and press yourself hard against him. Then you leave your own horse and jump over to his, and sit down behind him, holding him around his arms with both your hands, and then you grab hold of his reins and pull to you, and then you may ride away wherever you want with the opponent held captive.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|292r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|292r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 307r.png|German|lbl=307r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 307r.png|German|lbl=307r}}
Line 10,930: Line 11,061:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 43r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 43r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 53.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 53.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[53] </p>
+
| <p>[53] '''A surprise attack against the sun gaze.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>If your opponent comes charging at you in full speed with the sword drawn, so that you have no time to draw your sword, and he then strikes at your visor, then ride up toward the opponent and lift your right arm to his sword, and parry it on your right side. Then you ride in close to him and grab hold of his open visor with your right hand and push upward, and thus show him the sun, and when you ride past him you will break his neck.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|292v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|292v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 307v.png|German|lbl=307v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 307v.png|German|lbl=307v}}
Line 10,940: Line 11,073:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 43v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 43v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 54.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 54.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[54] </p>
+
| <p>[54] '''The Forceful throw with the hook.'''<ref>Latin: A throwing technique by inserting a hook, by which insert without him knowing.</ref></p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you both charge each other without swords drawn, but both of you want to be faster than the other, then do as follows: when your opponent comes riding toward you, and tries to grab hold of your open visor, then put your reins into the armour hook you have by the belt, and remove him with your left hand. Then you insert between your fingers the rope with a hook attached to it that you have hidden under your arming jacket by the saddle wing, and insert it over the opponent's armour wherever you can on the right or left side, and if you then ride past him, you will pull him to the ground.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>''How to make good use the hook is described in detail in the preface to this book, on the 16th folio of close combat on horse and foot.''</p>
 +
 
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|293r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|293r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 308r.png|German|lbl=308r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 308r.png|German|lbl=308r}}
Line 10,950: Line 11,088:
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 44r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cod.I.6.4º.5 44r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 55.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 55.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[55] </p>
+
| <p>[55] '''A mane grip, whereby you make [the horse] bridle-less.'''<ref>How to pull the bridle off a horse.</ref></p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is how you do this device: if you both were to ride toward each other with open visors, and your opponent is about to thrust or strike at your face, then you quickly insert the reins into the lower armour hook and remove his attack to your left with your left hand. Then you grab hold with in the part of the bridle on the opponent's horse that is behind its ears and mane and pull off the bridle thus, as you ride close to the opponent. If your opponent tries to do the same to you, you drop the sword and grab hold with your right hand in his right armpit, spur the horse and ride past him, and you will throw him out of the saddle.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|293v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|293v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 308v.png|German|lbl=308v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 308v.png|German|lbl=308v}}
Line 10,960: Line 11,100:
 
| [[File:Cgm 1507 17r.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cgm 1507 17r.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 56.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 56.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[56] </p>
+
| <p>[56] '''Riding side by side gripping.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you both ride close to each other with bare hands, and you both try to grab hold of the other and throw him off the horse, then make sure, since you want to come out the victor, that you close in hard on the opponent's right with your left side. Then you reach with your left arm from behind around the opponent's neck and grab hold firmly in front in his neck, spur the horse and kick his right foot with your left by the stirrup. If you continue forward past the opponent you will throw him forward over on your horse or pull him forward off the saddle. But if you see that your opponent tries to grab hold of you in the same manner, then you lift up the right arm, and strike him as hard as you can in the inside of his elbow. If you then press down hard in this way, and continue forward beside your opponent you will get free of him.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 309r.png|German|lbl=309r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 309r.png|German|lbl=309r}}
Line 10,970: Line 11,112:
 
| [[File:Cgm 1507 17v.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cgm 1507 17v.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 57.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 57.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[57] </p>
+
| <p>[57] '''Second lock side by side.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you ride toward each other bare handed, you grip with your left hand turned inward onto the opponent's visor, and pull him backwards and pull him against you, and he will fall out of the saddle. If your opponent does this however, then ride as close as you can, and reach with your right arm over your opponent's left and push it down so that it ends up under your right armpit. Then you press down firmly, using your left hand to support your right and press him down over the saddle bow, and you will have him captured, and if he resists, he will pull himself out of his saddle when he rides past you. If you want to, you may also break his arm by turning your horse to your left from his right side.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 309v.png|German|lbl=309v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 309v.png|German|lbl=309v}}
Line 10,980: Line 11,124:
 
|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 58.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 58.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[58] </p>
+
| <p>[58] '''Hand grip in the clash.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you both charge each other without drawing your swords, and you wish to emerge the victor, then do as follows: when you close in on your opponent's right side with your own right, you put your right hand on the opponent's visor, and push it away from you when you ride past him, and you will thrown the opponent backwards. If you notice he does the same, you wrap your right arm around his and press it hard to your chest. If your opponent tries to do this, however, you lower your hand and press down his left hand holding the reins, and quickly. Then you pull him over to your right side. Furthermore, should your opponent try to throw you in the same manner, when he rides past you, you grab hold firmly with your right hand that you have wrapped over your opponent's arm onto the saddle wing, just by the upper part of the saddle, and with the left hand in the saddle bow, i.e. front part of the saddle and press down forcefully with your elbow on the inside of the opponent's elbow as you ride past him, and he is forced to let go or be thrown over, and his attack is for nothing.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 310r.png|German|lbl=310r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 310r.png|German|lbl=310r}}
Line 10,990: Line 11,136:
 
|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 59.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 59.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[59] </p>
+
| <p>[59] '''Bare hand grip.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When riding toward each other without having drawn your swords, then do as follows in this device: when you close in on your opponent, holding your right hand resting on the right leg, then grab hold quickly onto your opponent's left hand holding the reins and pull to you as hard as you can. If your opponent has grabbed hold of you in the same way, however, you put your palm on his visor as fast as you can and when you ride past him you will push him backwards out of the saddle. If he does this, on the other hand, you let go of his left with your right hand and then you strike out with your arm to the left on the inside of his arm, just by the elbow, and you will get free again, and his work is for naught.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 310v.png|German|lbl=310v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 310v.png|German|lbl=310v}}
Line 11,000: Line 11,148:
 
| [[File:Cgm 1507 16v.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cgm 1507 16v.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 60.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 60.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[60] </p>
+
| <p>[60] '''Grab from behind.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>If someone comes up from behind who is faster than you, and you both are empty handed, and your opponent comes up with his left side on your right, and reaches around your neck with his left arm from behind and takes a firm hold of you to abduct you ore throw you against him, then make sure as soon as the opponent comes close, that you wrap your right arm around your opponent's on the outside. Then you let go of the reins with your left hand and insert them in the lower armour hook, and use it(the left hand) to support your right and you will get free of him above, and at the same time you hold his arm against your chest. If you continue forward, you will have him captured. But if you want to throw him to the ground, you pull his arm over the saddle bow and hold it firmly, and grab the reins with your left hand again. Then you turn your horse from the opponent's left side you your right, as you hold his arm as hard as you can, and you will throw him to the ground.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 311r.png|German|lbl=311r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 311r.png|German|lbl=311r}}
Line 11,010: Line 11,160:
 
| [[File:Cgm 1507 16r.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cgm 1507 16r.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 61.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 61.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[61] </p>
+
| <p>[61] '''Grab in front.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you both ride toward each other empty handed, and you wish to emerge victorious, you hold your right hand over the right leg, with the arm close to your body, and ride in with your right side against your opponent's right. When you have come together, you move your right arm in front over and around his neck and push yourself against him with the upper body, and as you push away from you above with the arm on his neck, and you will throw him backwards. If your opponent holds you in the same grip, and wants to drag you out of the saddle, then move your right arm over his right elbow and press down hard. Then you grab hold with both hands in your saddle bow, and continue riding forward, that way the opponent will throw himself. This technique can be done in many ways.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 311v.png|German|lbl=311v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 311v.png|German|lbl=311v}}
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| [[File:Cgm 1507 18r.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cgm 1507 18r.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 62.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 62.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[62] </p>
+
| <p>[62] '''Mane/hair grip.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you both charge at each other empty handed, and you wish win the victory, then do as follows: hold your arms close to the body and the reins hard with your left hand near your chest by the saddle bow. Then you ride in with your left side onto your opponent's left side as close as you can, and grab hold with your left hand(sic) onto the opponent's visor. If he attacks you thus, then insert the reins into the front armour hook, and grab hold with your left hand on the inside of his elbow and press down to your right as hard as you can. Then you put your right hand behind his neck and grab hold in his visor by the right eye or around his chin, and pull forward as you press down hard. When you have done this, you take your reins again with your left hand and hold hard in the saddle bow. Then, if you press down, and at the same time pull to you above as you ride past, and kick the opponent's left foot with your left just by the stirrup, you will throw him off the horse easily.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 312r.png|German|lbl=312r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 312r.png|German|lbl=312r}}
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|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 63.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 63.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[63] </p>
+
| <p>[63] '''Running side by side where you take the horse.'''<ref>Latin: Horses.</ref></p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you both ride toward each other and you then ride in with your right side onto the opponent's left, as soon as you get close to him, reach with your hand over the opponent's horse's neck and grab hold of the steel rods on its mouthpiece. If you then pull upward, the opponent's horse will rear. But if your opponent tries to do the same to you, just as he leans forward to grab hold of the mouth piece, you grab hold of him and wrap your right arm around the back of his neck and pull him to you as you press him down as hard as you can against your saddle bow. Then your grab hold with your left hand in his left and press down, you have averted his attack, as well as you have pinned him down and may capture him.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 312v.png|German|lbl=312v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 312v.png|German|lbl=312v}}
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|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 64.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 64.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[64] </p>
+
| <p>[64] '''Two grips on the opponent's hands from both left sides.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When riding towards each other's left sides, then reach with your left hand over your opponent's left arm and take hold of it underneath in his left armpit. If your opponent as taken hold of you thus, you quickly insert the reins into your front armour hook, and grab with your right hand on the outside of your opponent's left elbow, and with your left hand in his left and press down in this manner, and at the same time you raise his elbow, and you will break his arm. Then you ride away from him.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|294r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|294r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 313r.png|German|lbl=313r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 313r.png|German|lbl=313r}}
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|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 65.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 65.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[65] </p>
+
| <p>[65] '''A hand grip together with a wrestling technique.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>In said fight you do as follows: when you both ride toward each other on your left sides, then insert the reins into the front armour hook, and grab hold with your right hand over your opponent's chest in his right armpit and grab hold with your left hand to support your right. Then you put him in front of you on your saddle and ride away.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|294v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|294v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 313v.png|German|lbl=313v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 313v.png|German|lbl=313v}}
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| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 66'.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 66'.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 66.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 66.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[66]<ref>While the text is identical, the illustration in the Dresden version is different from that of Munich and Vienna versions.</ref></p>
+
| <p>[66] '''Another variation on the previous technique.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you both ride at each other's right sides, then ride close to your opponent and reach with your right hand under his right arm and pull him to you. If he attacks you thus, then insert the reins in the lower armour hook and grab hold with your left hand onto his left and pull him over to your saddle and press him down over the saddle bow. If you then spur your horse and ride away, you will drag him off his horse.<ref>While the text is identical, the illustration in the Dresden version is different from that of Munich and Vienna versions.</ref></p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|295r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|295r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 314r.png|German|lbl=314r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 314r.png|German|lbl=314r}}
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|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 67.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 67.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[67] </p>
+
| <p>[67] '''Wrestling technique where you throw the rider out of the saddle.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Ride in on your opponent's right side, insert the reins into the lower armour hook and grab hold on the outside of the opponent's right leg with your left hand. If he does this to you, then make sure that you grab hold of his left hand with your right and pull it over your saddle-bow, so that both hands are joined, and you can pull him to you. If your opponent has grabbed hold of your left hand, then grab the back of his knee with your right hand and throw it out of the stirrup, and lift up. Then if you spur the horse and ride forward, you will throw the opponent backwards.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|295v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|295v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 314v.png|German|lbl=314v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 314v.png|German|lbl=314v}}
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|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 68.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 68.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[68] </p>
+
| <p>[68] '''Another wrestling technique where you throw the opponent in front of you over onto your own horse.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>In this device you do as follows: when you both ride toward each other, you quickly insert the reins into the lower armour hook, and as soon as you have come close you your opponent, you reach with your left hand around the left side of his neck, and with the right hand in his left armpit. If your opponent holds you in this way, you grab hold with your right hand in the back of his left knee and loosen the foot out of the stirrup, and grab hold with the left hand in his left shoulder. If he has taken hold of you in the same manner and is about to throw you to the ground, then pull him to you as hard as you can, and press him down in front of you over the saddle-bow, that way you will pull him out of the saddle and put him over onto your own horse. Then you can ride away with him captured wherever you wish.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|296r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|296r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 315r.png|German|lbl=315r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 315r.png|German|lbl=315r}}
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|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 69.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 69.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[69] </p>
+
| <p>[69] '''Another version of the previous on both left sides.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is what you do to your opponent: when you both approach each other's left sides, then ride as close as you can onto your opponent and insert the reins into the lower armour hook. If he then rides close to you and tries to grab you around the waist, you reach with your right hand over the right shoulder and onto his back and pull him to you hard, and with your left hand you lift up his left leg that you have kicked out of the stirrup just before, and thus you lift him out of the saddle. Then you lay him down in front of you on your own horse, and you may ride away with him captured.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|296v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|296v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 315v.png|German|lbl=315v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 315v.png|German|lbl=315v}}
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|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 70.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 70.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[70] </p>
+
| <p>[70] '''A dagger thrust against a parry in mounted combat.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you both ride toward each other and you get close to your opponent, you insert the reins into the lower armour hook, and grab hold with your left hands into the opponent's reins. Then you draw your dagger and thrust it into your opponent's visor. If the opponent is doing this to you, and you have not had the time to draw your own dagger, then grab hold with your right hand in his right hand by the wrist and lift up, that way you have averted his attack and weakened him. Then you let go of the reins with your left hand, draw your dagger with it, and thrust him with the dagger on the inside of his left hand, and you get free both above and below. Then you ride forward past him.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|297r|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|297r|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 316r.png|German|lbl=316r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 316r.png|German|lbl=316r}}
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|  
 
|  
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 71.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 71.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[71] </p>
+
| <p>[71] '''Another dagger thrust to the visor against a throw.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you both ride in toward each other's right side, and you wish to win in this device, you shall ride in close to him, draw the dagger and thrust at his visor. If your opponent attacks you in this manner, and you had not yet drawn yours, you insert the reins into the lower armour hook, and lift up the opponent's right arm with your left hand, and you have averted his attack and weakened him. When you have done this, you grab hold with your right hand between his arms in his visor and push away from you. Spur your horse and ride past him forcefully, and you will pull the opponent off the horse.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|297v|png}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Dresd.C.94|297v|png}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 316v.png|German|lbl=316v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 316v.png|German|lbl=316v}}
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| [[File:Cgm 1507 18v.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cgm 1507 18v.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 72.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 72.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[72] </p>
+
| <p>[72] '''Defence on foot against the attack of a mounted opponent.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you both have clashed together, and you have lost your lance, you turn your horse quickly and run back to it, and as soon as you dismount you hold the reins with your left hand so that you are holding your horse turned toward your opponent. This way the opponent cannot hurt you, and both him and his horse will wear out. Furthermore, you can keep yourself safe from the opponent as long as you wish and at the same time retrieve your lance. When you have gotten it back, you hold it with both hands, with the left above and the right below by the handle, and press the back end of the lance into the ground. Then you let your horse go. When your opponent then comes at you at full speed, and has only inserted his lance into the lance rest on its middle, you raise the point of your lance firmly at his face and remove his lance in the inside to your left and down on his right side. Then you raise your right arm and lower your left and press down the lance in the ground in front of the horse and if you then at the same time step to the left of your opponent, he will fall to the ground and lose his lance. Then you may fight with him however you please.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 317r.png|German|lbl=317r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 317r.png|German|lbl=317r}}
Line 11,130: Line 11,304:
 
| [[File:Cgm 1507 19r.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Cgm 1507 19r.jpg|350x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 73.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Mair's mounted fencing 73.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[73] </p>
+
| <p>[73] '''A tripping of both horse and rider.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>If your mounted opponent has drawn his sword and charges at you, and you are on the ground, then hold your lance with right hand on the handle and the left on the front end, right foot forward. When the opponent comes charging at you at full speed, then grab hold of the lance for a thrust with the front end with both hands, and thrust the lance point between the opponent's horse's front legs and raise the back end of the lance as high as you can with both hands, and you will fell both horse and rider. Then you may use whatever techniques you want against him.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 317v.png|German|lbl=317v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 317v.png|German|lbl=317v}}
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  | width = 240em
 
  | width = 240em
 
}}
 
}}
{| class="floated master"
+
{| class="master"
 
|-  
 
|-  
! <p><includeonly><span style="font-weight:normal; font-size:85%;">&#91;{{edit|Paulus Hector Mair/Armored fencing|edit}}&#93;</span> &nbsp; </includeonly>Source Images</p>
+
! <p>Source Illustrations</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Munich]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Munich]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Per Magnus Haaland]]</p>
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| <p>[36] '''Scissor lock'''</p>
 
| <p>[36] '''Scissor lock'''</p>
  
<p>Step forward with your right foot and take hold of your sword with both hands on the hilt and make a long thrust at the opponent's groin. If he attacks you thus, and you too are standing with your right foot forward, you grab hold of the point of his sword with the left hand and thrust your own point into the opponent's chest. If he uses the same technique against you, you too take hold of his point with your left hand and turn to your right with both swords in scissor lock, i.e. joined crosswise over your shoulders, and then you step forward and pull to you. Of he uses the same technique on you, you turn to the right twice, and you have counter the technique and you get your sword back. Then you trust your point into his face and withdraw from him. </p>
+
<p>Step forward with your right foot and take hold of your sword with both hands on the hilt and make a long thrust at the opponent's groin. If he attacks you thus, and you too are standing with your right foot forward, you grab hold of the point of his sword with the left hand and thrust your own point into the opponent's chest. If he uses the same technique against you, you too take hold of his point with your left hand and turn to your right with both swords in scissor lock, i.e. joined crosswise over your shoulders, and then you step forward and pull to you. Of he uses the same technique on you, you turn to the right twice, and you have counter the technique and you get your sword back. Then you thrust your point into his face and withdraw from him. </p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.94 219v.png|1|lbl=219v}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.94 219v.png|1|lbl=219v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 232v.png|German|lbl=232v}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.10826 232v.png|German|lbl=232v}}
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  | width = 240em
 
  | width = 240em
 
}}
 
}}
{| class="floated master"
+
{| class="master"
 
|-  
 
|-  
! <p><includeonly><span style="font-weight:normal; font-size:85%;">&#91;{{edit|Paulus Hector Mair/Tournament book|edit}}&#93;</span> &nbsp; </includeonly>Source Images</p>
+
! <p>Source Illustrations</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Munich]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden]] and [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Munich]] Versions</p>
 
! <p>{{rating}}</p>
 
! <p>{{rating}}</p>
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  | width = 240em
 
  | width = 240em
 
}}
 
}}
{| class="floated master"
+
{| class="master"
 
|-  
 
|-  
! <p>Source Images</p>
+
! <p>Source Illustrations</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|Dresden Version]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|c}}<br/>by [[Robert Kraaijeveld]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|c}}<br/>by [[Robert Kraaijeveld]]</p>
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== Additional Resources ==
 
== Additional Resources ==
  
 +
* [[Jeffrey L. Forgeng|Forgeng, Jeffrey L.]]. "The Martial Arts Treatise of Paulus Hector Mair". ''Die Kunst des Fechtens'': 267-284. Ed. Elisabeth Vavra, Matthias Johannes Bauer. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, 2017. ISBN 978-3-8253-6699-5
 
* [[Brian Hunt|Hunt, Brian]]. "Paulus Hector Mair: Peasant Staff and Flail." ''Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts''. Ed. [[Jeffrey Hull]]. Boulder, CO: [[Paladin Press]], 2008. ISBN 978-1-58160-668-3  
 
* [[Brian Hunt|Hunt, Brian]]. "Paulus Hector Mair: Peasant Staff and Flail." ''Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts''. Ed. [[Jeffrey Hull]]. Boulder, CO: [[Paladin Press]], 2008. ISBN 978-1-58160-668-3  
 
* [[David Knight|Knight, David James]], and Hunt, Brian. ''The Polearms of Paulus Hector Mair''. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-58160-644-7
 
* [[David Knight|Knight, David James]], and Hunt, Brian. ''The Polearms of Paulus Hector Mair''. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-58160-644-7
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[[Category:Sword and Cloak]]
 
[[Category:Sword and Cloak]]
 
[[Category:Sword and Dagger]]
 
[[Category:Sword and Dagger]]
 +
 +
[[Category:New format]]

Revision as of 00:29, 24 October 2021

Paulus Hector Mair

"Mair", Cod.icon. 312b f 64r
Born 1517
Augsburg, Germany
Died 10 Dec 1579 (age 62)
Augsburg, Germany
Occupation
  • Civil servant
  • Historian
Movement
Influences
Genres
Language
Manuscript(s)
First printed
english edition
Knight and Hunt, 2008
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations Traduction française
Signature Paulus Hector Mair Sig.png

Paulus Hector Mair (Paulsen Hektor Mayr, Paulus Hector Meyer; 1517 – 1579) was a 16th century German aristocrat, civil servant, and fencer. He was born in 1517 to a wealthy and influential Augsburg patrician family. In his youth, he likely received training in fencing and grappling from the masters of Augsburg fencing guild, and early on developed a deep fascination with fencing treatises. He began his civil service as a secretary to the Augsburg City Council; by 1541, Mair was the city treasurer, and in 1545 he also took on the office of Master of Rations.

Mair's martial background is unknown, but as a citizen of a free city he would have had military obligations whenever the city went to war, and as a member of a patrician family he likely served in the cavalry. He was also an avid collector of fencing treatises and other literature on military history. Like his contemporary Joachim Meyer, Mair believed that the Medieval martial arts were being forgotten, and he saw this as a tragedy, idealizing the arts of fencing as a civilizing and character-building influence on men. Where Meyer sought to update the traditional fencing systems and apply them to contemporary weapons of war and defense, Mair was more interested in preserving historical teachings intact. Thus, some time in the latter part of the 1540s he commissioned what would become the most extensive compendium of German fencing treatises ever made, a massive two-volume manuscript compiling virtually every fencing treatise he could access. He retained Jörg Breu the Younger to create the illustrations for the text,[1] and hired two Augsburg fencers to pose for the illustrations.[2] This project was extraordinarily expensive and took at least four years to complete. Ultimately, three copies of this compendium were produced, each more extensive than the last; the first (MSS Dresden C.93/C.94) was written in Early New High German, the second and most artistically ambitious (Cod.icon. 393) in New Latin, and the rougher third version (Cod. 10825/10826) incorporated both languages.

Beginning in the 1540s, Mair began purchasing older fencing manuscripts, some from fellow collector Lienhart Sollinger (a Freifechter who lived in Augsburg for many years) and others from auctions. Perhaps most significant of all of his acquisitions was the partially-completed treatise of Antonius Rast, a Master of the Long Sword and three-time Captain of the Marxbrüder fencing guild. The venerable master left it incomplete when he died in 1549, and in 1553 Mair produced a complete fencing manual (Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82) based on his notes. Ultimately, he owned over a dozen fencing manuscripts over the course of his life, including the following:

He also used several printed books as source material for his compendia, and presumably owned copies, including Der Allten Fechter gründtliche Kunst (printed by Christian Egenolff), Opera Nova by Achille Marozzo, and Ringer Kunst by Fabian von Auerswald.

Mair not only spent incredible sums of money on his fencing interests, but generally lead a lavish lifestyle and maintained his political influence with expensive parties and other entertainments for the burghers and patricians of Augsburg. This habit of living far beyond his means for decades exhausted his family's wealth, eventually leading him to sell the Latin version of his fencing manuscript (netting the princely sum of 800 florins) and finally to begin embezzling money from the Augsburg city coffers. This embezzlement was not discovered for many years (or perhaps was overlooked due to the favor his parties garnered), until finally in 1579 a disgruntled assistant reported him to the Augsburg City Council and provoked an audit of his books. Mair was arrested, tried, and hanged as a thief at the age of 62. After Mair's death, his effects (including his library) were sold at auction to recoup some of the funds he had embezzled.

Whether viewed as an unwise scholar who paid the ultimate price for his art or an ignoble thief who violated his city's trust, Mair remains one of the most influential figures in the history of Kunst des Fechtens. By completing the fencing manual of Antonius Rast, Mair gave us valuable insight into the Nuremberg fencing tradition; his own works are impressive on both an artistic and practical level, and his extensive commentary on the fencing illustrations in his collection serves to make potentially useful training aids out of what would otherwise be mere curiosities. Finally, in purchasing so many important fencing treatises he succeeded in preserving them for future generations; they were purchased by the fabulously wealthy Fugger family after his death and ultimately passed to the Augsburg University Library, where they remain to this day.

Treatise

Much of Mair's content represents his revision and expansion of the older treatises listed above, including adding descriptive content to uncaptioned illustrations. Where available, these illustrations are displayed in the left-most column, labeled "Source Illustrations", for comparison purposes. Mair's own illustrations appear in the second column, alongside the translation.

The Dresden version contains the fewest devices and artwork most reminiscent of Breu's style, and appears therefore to be the original copy. The Munich adds additional plays and sections on top of the Dresden's contents, and the Vienna likewise augments the Munich, suggesting that this is likely order of creation; conversely, the Dresden has no unique content, and the only unique plays in the Munich are in the section on jousting. To give a visual sense of this evolution of the work, the Dresden illustrations are used wherever possible; the Munich illustrations appear only in those plays that are omitted from the Dresden, and the Vienna in those that are unique to that work.

Template:Master begin

Source Illustrations

Images
from the Dresden and Munich Versions

Template:Rating
by Per Magnus Haaland

Dresden II Transcription (1540s)Template:Edit index

Vienna II Transcription [German] (1550s)Template:Edit index

Munich II Transcription (1540s)Template:Edit index

Vienna II Transcription [Latin] (1550s)Template:Edit index

Draftbook Transcription (1540s)Template:Edit index
by Dierk Hagedorn

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Useful and necessary teaching and information about armour combat

The combatant's prayer for victory to God Almighty

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[1] Instruction on how both combatants shall engage each other

Thus the two armoured fighters enter the arena or enclosure to fight. Both combatants are for the most part armed with a spear, a sword, and a dagger, and they fight the whole time on life and death, until one is so exhausted he can no longer fend for his life. If one of them is so weak that he is no longer able to fight, he must give up all his property to the victor, and the victor can either accept, or take the life of his opponent. When engaging into battle, they call to the Lord. If you are standing with your left foot forward, holding your spear in your left hand held straight out with the point upward and the back end on the ground, your sword by your left side and your right hand on the hilt, and if your opponent then is standing in armour before you in the same manner, and you are then standing with your left foot forward, holding your spear in the middle with your right hand, you raise your arm above your head so that the point is directed toward your opponent and your sword rests on your left shoulder with your left hand on the hilt, then make sure to throw or twist the spear into his face or left armpit. Of your opponent comes at you thus, then hold your spear upright in front of you, and in this manner you will parry his attack to your left, and if you at the same time move to the side, you have defended yourself from your opponent's thrust.

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[2] Another technique with the spear

Put your left foot forward and hold your spear in the middle of the shaft with your left hand and the arm stretched out over your head, your sword in your right hand over your chest with the tip pointing upward, and thrust the spear into the opponent's chest. If he does this to you, and you are standing with your left foot forward holding your spear before you in the middle of the shaft with both hands, then raise the spear and remove his thrust to your right. Then step forward with your right foot arms raised and thrust to his face. If he tries to do this to you, you parry his thrust to your left with the left arm. Grab hold of his spear with the left hand thrust him with the sword into his face or armpit. This will cause your opponent to let go of his spear.

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[3] One more technique as the previous

Step forward with your left foot and hold your spear in the left hand and the sword drawn, and thrust with the spear at your opponent's face or chest. If your opponent attacks you in the same manner, and you are standing with your left foot forward, you remove his thrust with the spear from right to left. When you have parried this way, you let go of the spear and grab hold with the left hand in the middle of the sword and try to thrust him into the chest or armpit. If your opponent on the other hand attacks you thus, then step forward with your right foot and place it by his left and remove his thrust with the spear from right to left, and thus you have parried his thrust.

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[4] Another technique with the spear

Step forward with your left foot and hold the spear with the right hand in the middle with the point straight upward, and your sword in the left hand by your left hip. If your opponent is then standing in armour before you, with right leg forward, sword and spear held together with both hands over his forward leg, and his left hand on the hilt by the hip, then you hold the spear in the middle with your right hand, raise it over your head and thrust the tip into the visor of your opponent. If he attacks you thus, then you step forward with the left foot and raise sword and spear from left to right and remove his thrust to your right side. Then you let go of the spear and thrust him into the visor with the sword. If your opponent thrusts at your visor in the same manner, you step back with your left leg and grab the hilt with your right hand and your left on the middle of the blade, step forward again with the left foot, raise the sword and turn away his point with your forward point you your right, and thrust twice to his head.

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[5] First upper and lower guard

Do the lower guard as follows: stand with your left foot forward and hold the sword with left hand on the middle of the blade and the right hand on the hilt over your right leg. Then raise the sword to a winding, and direct a thrust to your opponent's right hand. If he does this, then you direct your tip on the inside over the right arm. Should your opponent do this, and you are standing in the upper guard and with the left foot forward, you move your hilt from below and turn it in over your opponent's left arm, grab hold with your right hand above in his hilt and move both swords together. If he holds your sword in the same manner, then let go of the hilt with your right hand and grab hold of the tip of your sword, step back with the left foot and away from the opponent.

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[6] The two side guards on right and left side

Do this device as follows: step forward with the left foot and hold your sword in front over your left leg with the point towards the opponent. Then, step forward with the right foot, raise the sword and direct the pommel towards your opponent's face. If you are then standing with your right foot forward, and see your opponent moving his pommel towards you, you press down with the middle of the sword and turn in your pommel with the right hand from underneath on the inside of his right arm. Then you step with the left foot behind his right and lay the sword against his neck. If he should do the same to you, then raise the pommel with the right hand over your head and step back with the right foot, and you will turn away from him in the previous guard.

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[7] Third guard on both sides

In this guard you do as follows: stand with your left foot forward and hold your sword to your right with the point downward. Then step forward with your right foot and raise the pommel towards your opponent's face. Then, you move the sword in with the left hand between both his arms and lay the long edge against the opponent's neck. If he does this to you, and you are standing with your right foot forward, you turn your sword up outside his left elbow and put the pommel against his neck. Should the opponent do this, however, and tries to throw you over, you raise the sword forcefully and direct it over both his arms with the short edge, and enter into said guard.

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[8] A lower onset as shown below

In this battle you do as follows: stand with your left foot forward and hold the sword with left and above your left knee and the tip pointing toward the ground. If he then stands before you with right foot forward and tries to thrust into your forward left foot, then step forward with the right foot and remove his attack by the cross of the sword and turn in the pommel into his face. If he tries to do the same to you, then pull him to the right with the cross on his right hand, and you will take his strength away. Then you strike with the pommel into his face. If he were about to do the same to you then parry the strike between both arms in the middle of the sword and thrust your point into his right side. Should he parry this with his forward point, then step back and hit your pommel into his head and back away from him.

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[9] Winding in the sword from both right sides

When you engage your opponent and draw near him in battle, put your left foot forward and hold the sword so that the pommel lies against your left leg and the left hand is held on the middle of the blade, and direct the point into your opponent's face. If you stand with left foot forward, holding the sword with the pommel against your chest on your right side you aim with the point towards the opponent, grab hold with the left hand in the middle of the blade and remove his sword to your right. Then you step forward with your right foot and turn the pommel into his face. If he tries to do this to you, then parry between both your hands, step back with the left foot and thrust him in the neck with the point and strike him in the right leg with the cross and the pommel, and back away from him.

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[10] Lower onset against an upper shooting in with the arm

In this device you do as follows: step forward with your right foot towards your opponent, and hold the sword with the point directed to the ground, and from there you thrust him in the front of his left foot past his right leg. If you are standing with your right foot forward and he thrusts at your left foot, then move your right arm over his right arm, and remove his thrust in the middle the sword you your right, and then you raise the sword and put the pommel behind his neck and pull to you. If he uses the same technique, you put your cross against his right arm from underneath. Then you change grip on the sword, that is you put your left hand where you hold with your right hand and take hold of the middle of the blad with the right hand. Then you step forward with the left foot and push your opponent away from you thus. If you are thrust back like this, you step back with the right foot and thrust him in the right elbow with your point.

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[11] A death blow against a lower onset

In this device you do as follows: step forward with your left foot and hold your sword outstretched before you with the left hand on the pommel, and thrust the opponent in his forward right foot. If the opponent does this to you, you grab hold of the tip of the sword with your right hand and hit him in the head as hard as you can with the pommel. If he attacks you in the same manner, then you step forward with the right foot, raise the sword, grab hold with in the middle of the blade with your left hand and parry between both your hands. Then you turn the cross to your right and strike him swiftly with the pommel in his face. If he tries to parry your attack, you turn in the point of your sword and thrust in the same place, turn the pommel around and take two steps back and away from the opponent.

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[12] A pull followed by a throw

In this battle you do thus: step forward with your left foot and hold your pommel on your right side, with your left hand on the middle of blade and thrust your opponent in the groin. If your opponent tries to do the same to you, and you are standing with your left foot forward, you parry with the point of your sword and turn the pommel into the opponent's left elbow, and press him down on your left side. If he does this, on the other hand, you let go of the sword, take his dagger, and pull him towards you. Then if you take his dagger that you have twisted out of the opponent's hands (sic), put it around his neck, put your left hand under your arm, grab hold of the tip of the dagger and pull towards you, you will throw the opponent on his back with his own dagger.

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[13] A death blow against an onset

In this device you do as follows: stand with your left foot forward and hold your sword outstretched towards your opponent with the left hand on the point. Let go of the hilt with the right hand and move it to the left and strike a death blow to the opponent's head with the cross and pommel. If your opponent tries to do this against you, and you are standing with your left foot forward, left hand on the middle of the blade and the pommel against your left leg, then thrust him in the left elbow with the point. Then you step forward with the right foot and raise the sword and you have averted his strike. If he does the same thing to you, you step back with the left foot and take hold of the hilt again with your right hand, and parry the opponent's thrust on the middle of the blade between your hands, and thrust him swiftly in his forward foot.

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[14] An onset with a turn of the pommel

In this device you put your left foot forward when stepping in before your opponent, and hold sword with the pommel by the left leg and the left hand in the middle of the blade, and from here, you thrust him in the left hand. If he tries to do the same, and you are standing with your right foot forward, also with the left hand on the middle of the middle of the blade and the pommel facing the opponent, then you put the pommel over his right arm, lift the sword up and counter his thrust thus. Then you insert pommel in between his both arms and punch it hard into his chest or neck. If he does the same thing, you raise your pommel and turn it over the right arm, and set on the point of your sword in front by his right arm, and push up. That way you have averted his attack. Then, let go of the hilt with the right hand and join it to support your left, step back with the left foot and strike him in the head with the pommel.

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[15] A throw with a turn of the pommel

If you want to perform this device, then do as follows: stand with left foot forward and hold the sword out raised before your face, grab hold with the left hand in the hilt and the right hand in the point. Then you move the pommel in under your opponent's arm and punch it into his right side. After that, you move your sword behind your back with the right hand on the shoulder, and raise up your left hand, and you have executed this technique correctly. If your opponent does this, however, and is about to step into your right side, you place the right foot on the outside behind his left, grab hold with the left hand on the hilt and the right hand in the middle of the blade, and if you then turn in the sword over his left arm and the middle of his sword, you will reach his throat, and if you then press down with the left hand and pull the right hand above to your right, you will force the opponent to fall backwards.

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[16] A thrust to the groin against a turning of the sword

Step forward with the left foot and hold the sword outstretched above your head, with the point pointing down, right hand on the hilt and left hand in the middle of the blade, and from this position you thrust your opponent in the groin. If he attacks you in this manner, while you are standing with your right foot forward, right hand on the hilt and the left in the middle of the blade, you parry his thrust, and punch in hard in the chest with the pommel. Then you turn the pommel over his left arm, step in with the left foot between his both legs pull the pommel to you, and raise the left hand. If he tries to do the same to you, you let go with the left hand and you will get away from his attack. Then you pull back the left foot, place the left hand in the middle of the blade again and thrust him in the face with the point.

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[17] A low death strike against a parry

Perform this device thus: step forward with the left foot and hold the pommel to your right, and the left hand on the middle of the blade, point directed toward the opponent. If your opponent is also standing with left foot forward, and thrusts at you in the same manner, you let go of the hilt with the right hand, and place it by your left for support, step forward with the right foot and strike him hard in his forward left leg. If he strikes at you in the same manner, you move your sword to your left and place it by your left leg, and parry his strike thus. Then you raise the sword step forward with the right foot and punch the pommel into his face. If he tries to do the same, step back quickly with the right foot, grab hold again of the hilt with your right hand, parry, and step back.

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[18] A thrust to the chest against an onset

When you come together, you and your opponent, step forward with the left foot, and hold the sword with the pommel before your face, the hilt in your right hand, your left on the middle of the blade, and thrust your opponent in the face from above. If he does this, on the other hand, and you are standing with your left foot forward, holding the sword with the pommel on your right side of the chest and your left hand on the middle of the blade, you place the sword over both his arms and move to the right, and avert his thrust. Then you step forward with the right foot and strike him in the face with the pommel. If he does the same to you, you step back with the left foot and parry his attack between both hands in the middle of the blade. Then you thrust the point into his face and move away from him.

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[19] An onset against a parry

If you wish to be victorious in this fight, you do thus: step forward with your left foot and hold the hilt over your head and the left hand in the middle of the blade, and thrust from above at your opponent's chest. If your opponent does this, however, and you are standing with your right foot forward, you parry with the cross to your right and punch him in the face with the pommel from below.[115] If he does the same to you, you move his strike down with the sword between both your hands. Then you move the sword to the left under his right arm and place the pommel over his sword by his right hand and pull him to your right. Moreover, should he do the same, you turn your pommel and hilt over his sword between both his arms, and press down, that way you will punch the point into the head of the opponent. Then you turn the sword around and move away from him.

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[20] A low and a high onset with the sword

If you wish to win over your opponent in this battle, then step forward with your left foot, and hold the sword outstretched before you with the point toward the ground, the right hand on the cross and the left on the pommel, and from here you thrust your opponent with the point in his forward left leg/foot.[116] If you then are standing with your left leg forward, and your opponent comes at you in said manner, you let go of your sword with your left hand and grab hold of the middle of [his] blade, and avert his thrust thus. Thereafter you thrust him in the neck with the point of your sword. If he does the same, however, you parry his thrust with the hilt between both your hands, then you twist the sword out of his hand and strike him in the head with the sword. Of your opponent grabs his sword with his left hand again and parries high between both hands, you grab hold of your blade with your left hand and punch the pommel into his face and step back away from him.

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[21] Two point turns

Do thus in this battle: step forward toward your opponent with your left foot and hold your sword outstretched before your face with the left hand on the middle of the blade and thrust at your opponent's right hand just by the sword. If you are standing with your right foot forward and he thrusts at you in the same manner, then thrust at his face at the same time as he thrusts at you, and press down to your left and you have averted his point turn. Then, step forward with your right foot and hit him in the face with the pommel. If he does this to you, then step forward with the right foot toward him and parry on the blade. Then you let go of the hilt with the right hand, grab hold in the middle of the blade to support the left, take a step back with the right foot, and strike him in the head with hilt and pommel, and thus you have moved away from him.

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[22] Two onsets from both sides

When entering before your opponent, step forward with your left foot and hold the sword with the hilt over the chest to your right and the left hand on the middle of the blade, and from here you thrust the point into the opponent's left arm. If you are then standing with your left foot forward and he attacks you this way, then you parry on the blade and direct your tip over his left arm and thrust him in the chest. If he parries on his sword, you step forward with your right foot and hit him with the pommel on the inside of his left elbow. If he does this, you parry on the blade between your hands, move the pommel outside his sword and hit him in the chest. If he defends himself in this manner, you step back with your left foot and grab hold with the hilt with both hands and hit him in the head with the lower part of the sword as hard as you can.

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[23] A pull and a throw

In this device you step up with your right foot forward and hold your sword to your right with the left hand on the middle of the blade. Continue forward with the left foot and thrust at your opponent's face with the point. If he does thus, and you are standing with your right foot forward as well, the right hand holding the pommel pointed at his face and the left on the middle of the blade on your left side, then you step forward with the left foot, raise the sword and parry his thrust thus between both your hand. Then you step forward with your right foot and put the pommel around his neck and pull him you your right, as you at the same time lift your right leg, and you will throw him on his right(sic) side.

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[24] An onset with a pull from both sides

In said device you do thus: step forward with your left foot and hold the sword with your right hand on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade. Then you thrust at your opponent's groin from below with the point of your sword. If your opponent does this to you, and you are standing with your right foot forward, you parry his thrust with your blade, and then you step forward with your left foot and push your sword over his left arm so that the hilt ends up behind his neck on his left side and the point is facing down. Then you push him away from you with the sword lying against his chest step back with the left foot and thrust him in the neck with the point, whereas you then take two steps back.

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[25] Taking hold of both swords/A disarm as shown below

The following device is performed thus: step forward with your left foot toward the opponent, and hold the hilt of your sword with your right hand and the left hand on the middle of the blade. Then you continue forward with your right foot and thrust him in the face or chest. If your opponent does this, however, and you are standing with your right foot forward, you parry with the front part of the sword, gather together his point and your hilt with the right hand and grab hold in the middle of both blades with your left hand and turn to the ground to your right. If he tries to do the same, i.e. he has taken hold of both your swords, you step forward with your left foot and grab hold with the left hand in the middle of his blade and your own, let go with the right hand and take hold of his right elbow, and if you then push him away from you, he will not be able to take your sword.

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[26] A disarm with an onset

Thus you perform this battle: step forward with your left foot and hold the sword with your left hand in the middle of the blade on your left side and the right hand on the hilt. Then you thrust the pommel into the opponent's face. If are then standing with your right foot forward, and he attacks you in the same manner, you parry on the middle of your blade move your right hand to the middle of your blade to support your left, step back with your right foot and strike him in the right elbow with cross and pommel. If he then parries between his both hands, you quickly step forward again with your right foot, let go of with your right hand of the blade, and grab hold of the point of his sword and hold it together with your hilt. If you then move turn the point down to your left, you will twist the sword out of your opponent's hands.

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[27] A thrust to the groin against an onset followed by a throw

Step forward with your right foot toward your opponent, and hold the sword outstretched against the opponent with both hands on the hilt and thrust to his groin with the point. If you are standing with your left leg forward, and he attacks you in the same manner, you raise your pommel against him whilst holding the middle of the blade with your left hand on your right side, and place your blade over his sword and press down, and you have parried his thrust, so that his sword is now between both your legs. Then you step forward with your right and lift the sword over your opponent's head and (lower it down his back so that you hold him) in between your both arms, pull him to you, lift up and throw him on your right side.

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[28] A throw from the open tong hold[117] In this device you do as follows: stand with your left foot forward, and hold the sword on your right side with the right hand on the hilt and the left in the middle of the blade, and thrust with the pommel at your opponent's face. If you are then standing with your right foot forward and the opponent is doing this to you, you grab hold with your left hand in the middle of the blade and the right on the hilt, and parry his thrust to your left. Then you step forward with the left foot and do the same to him. Thereafter you drop the sword and grab hold around his neck with your right hand, and pull him to you on your right side, while kicking his left knee with your right leg you will throw him backwards. If your opponent does this however, reach around his waist with your left hand, step back with your left leg grab hold with your right hand in the opponent's right leg, lift up and throw him out of the open tong hold.

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[29] Another armoured combat technique

When entering before your opponent, step forward with your left foot turn the sword around from right to left and join left and right hand together in the middle of the blade and strike a death blow at the opponent's head. If you are then standing with your right foot forward and he does this to you, you parry his strike between both your hands in the middle of the blade, pull his sword to your left with the cross and punch the pommel into his face. When you have done this, drop the sword grab hold around his neck with your right hand and pull him to you. If he grabs hold of you in this manner and pulls you to him then drop the sword also, and reach over his right leg with the left arm. If he then grabs hold with the left hand in your left elbow and tries to defend himself against you this way, you join your right hand to your left for support and lift up forcefully, then your opponent will be thrown backwards.

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[30] Another as previous

Do as follows in this device: stand with your left foot forward and hold your sword with the left hand on the middle of the blade and the right hand on the hilt resting on your right thigh. Then you step forward with your right foot and thrust at your opponent's face. If you are then standing with your right foot forward and he attacks you in said manner, while you are holding the sword with the right hand on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade, you move his thrust to the left between both your hands. Then you step forward with the left foot and punch him in the neck with the pommel. If he does this to you, then let go of the sword, stoop down and grab hold with the left hand on his left leg. If he does that, you reach with your right hand over his back and grab hold of his right side, and with the left hand into his visor, and if you then push down his torso, you will force him to fall.

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[31] A face forward throw

When you both go together you and your opponent, you stand with your left foot forward and hold your sword with the right hand on the hilt and raised behind your head and your left hand on the middle of the blade and the point directed toward the opponent. Then you step forward with the right leg and turn in the pommel from below towards his face or chest. If you are then standing with your left leg forward, holding the sword with your left hand on the middle of the blade, and the right on the hilt, you parry with the blade to your left, between both your hands, then you press down, drop the sword, step forward with your right leg and grab with your right arm around your opponent's neck. If he does this, however, you let go of your sword as well, grab hold with your right hand on his right and pull down hard, and grab hold with your left hand in his pelvic bone and lift. That way you will throw him face forward.

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[32] Another throw in armoured combat

When engaging into battle you and your opponent, you step forward with your right foot, and hold the sword with your right hand on the hilt to your right and your left hand on the middle of the blade with the point directed at the opponent. Then you take a step further with your left foot and turn in the point from above into his face. If you are then standing with your right leg forward and he attacks you in said manner, you move the thrust away with the front end of your sword and turn in the pommel between both his arms and into his face. If he does that, on the other hand, you drop the sword and grab hold around his head with both hands and press down hard. If you are pressed down this way by your opponent, you let go of your sword too, and grab hold of his left leg with your left hand and reach in with your right hand in behind his knee, and lift. That way you will throw him backwards.

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[33] Yet another combat armour device

Do as follows: step forward with your left foot and hold your sword on your left side with the right hand on the hilt and the left in the middle of the blade. Raise the pommel and punch it into the opponent's face. If you are then standing with your left foot forward, holding the sword with outstretched arms in front of your chest, pommel raised and point lowered, when he attacks, you then parry between both your hands on the blade. Then you step forward with your right foot and thrust your opponent in the chest with the point. If he does this, you drop the sword, step forward with your right foot grab hold with both arms around his right arm and pull him to you. If he has taken hold of you in said manner and tries to throw you over, you also quickly let go of your sword and grab hold with your left hand in his right elbow, then you push him away this way as you pull with the right arm, and you will throw him on his back.

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[34] Another throw in armoured combat

In this device you stand with your left foot forward, hold the sword with your right hand on your left side with the point directed toward the opponent. Then you join the right hand with your left for support, and strike a death blow with the cross to his head. If you are then standing with your right foot forward, and he tries to strike you in the head as mentioned, you parry with on the blade between your hands, and let go of the sword, step forward with your left foot and place your visor under his chin and reach around his neck and grab onto his right arm with your right hand, and place your left hand on his left elbow. If you then push him away from you as hard as you can, you will force him to fall. If your opponent on the other hand is holding you the same way, while you are falling, put your right leg into his groin and if he then tries to pull your left leg, with the left hand you grab hold with your left hand in his left elbow, and press down hard. That way you will hold your opponent captured, and he cannot get up from the ground.

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[35] A way of getting up after being thrown over

If you both have fallen, and you wish to get the upper hand, as soon as you get up you grab hold of your sword, and if he then tries to take his, you grab hold in the front end of his sword with your left hand and pull it to you. Then you place your sword-point on his chest while you at the same time step forward with your right foot. If he tries to do the same to you, while you are trying to get up with your right foot forward, grab hold of his sword-point with your left hand as well, and thrust him in the groin with your sword. Should he try to thrust you in the groin whilst holding on to your sword, you let go with your left hand and grab hold of your pommel with it, step back with your right foot and twist your sword thus out of your opponent's hand. Then you let go of your hilt with both hands, grip the middle of the blade with both hands, step forward with the right foot and strike him in the head with pommel and cross, and then back away from him.

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[36] Scissor lock

Step forward with your right foot and take hold of your sword with both hands on the hilt and make a long thrust at the opponent's groin. If he attacks you thus, and you too are standing with your right foot forward, you grab hold of the point of his sword with the left hand and thrust your own point into the opponent's chest. If he uses the same technique against you, you too take hold of his point with your left hand and turn to your right with both swords in scissor lock, i.e. joined crosswise over your shoulders, and then you step forward and pull to you. Of he uses the same technique on you, you turn to the right twice, and you have counter the technique and you get your sword back. Then you thrust your point into his face and withdraw from him.

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[37] Two point turns from both sides

Do mentioned device as follows: step forward with your left foot and hold your sword on your left side with your left hand on the blade and turn the pommel toward the opponent. Then you turn the point into his face and place it on the left side of his neck. If he does to you, and you are standing with your left foot forward as well, you remove his thrust with the front end of the sword and thrust the point into the right side of the chest. Has he thrust his sword-point into your side you place your right foot in front of his left and pull with the sword on his neck to the left. If he tries to do the same, you place your right foot behind his left lay the edge between your hands in his armpit and push away from you. Then you let go of the hilt with your right hand and move it to your left and hit him in the head with cross and pommel, and back away from him.

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[38] A scissor lock disarm followed by a throw

When engaging into combat you step in with your right foot and hold the sword outstretched before you with both hands on the hilt, and thrust at the opponent's face or chest. If you are then standing with your left foot forward, and the opponent is turning in his point towards you, then hold your sword on your right side with the right hand on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade, and thrust at his groin. If he parries, you grab hold of his blade with your left and turn to the right so that both sword end up crosswise on each shoulder. If you then step forward you take his sword. If he is about to steal your sword this way, you dive forward and grab hold in with your left hand on his left kneecap and the right on the same place on his right knee, and pull as you at the same time butt the visor into his back, and you will throw him face forward.

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[39] A turning with an onset

If you desire to win this fight then do as follows: step forward with your right foot and hold the sword up high with the left hand on the middle of the blade and the right on the hilt, and the pommel turned facing your opponent and punch it into his face. If he does this to you, then parry with the blade between your hands, lift up and thrust the point at his face. If he tries to do the same, then parry with the pommel, change grip with the right hand so that the sword lies over your back. Then you turn around to the left and move the pommel over the opponent's sword to the left side of his chest, as you pull with the cross. If he is about to pull you to him as described, you put your left leg in front of the opponent's right and lift up, and at the same time put your sword on the back of his neck or back, and push away from you. That way you will get free from him, and he cannot pull you over.

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[40] A disarm with a strike to the head

In this fight you step forward with your right foot and hold the sword with the right hand on the hilt on your right side the point towards the opponent, and the left hand on the middle of the blade, and thrust at your opponent's forward leg. If you are then standing with your right foot forward and he tries to thrust at you in said manner, and you are holding your sword to your left with the left hand on the middle of the blade and the right on the pommel directed toward the opponent, you move the front end of your sword forward and parry with it, then you let go with your left hand and grab hold on his sword and pull to you, that way you will pull the sword out of his hands, and strike him in the head with the pommel. If he tries to defend himself with his left arm, you pull back the pommel, step back and turn in a thrust in his face with the point of your sword.

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Mair's armored fencing 41.png

[41] An onset with a falling in

This way you perform this device: take a step forward with your left foot and hold your sword up high over your head with the left hand on the tip and the right on the hilt near the pommel in front of your face. Then you step forward with your right leg and turn the point into the opponent's face. If he does this, and you are standing with your left foot forward, holding your sword with the right hand on the hilt on your right side, and the left hand on the middle of the blade outstretched before you, then you parry with the front part of the sword and thrust the opponent in the chest with the point. If the opponent tries to do the same, however, then you let go of you sword and grab hold of his blade with both hands and lift, and at the same time you step back with the left foot, that way you will get out of harm's way and you can take up your sword again.

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[42] A thrust to the groin against a parry

In this device you do as follows: step forward with your left foot toward your opponent, and hold the sword with the hilt held on your right side and the left hand on the middle of the blade. Then you continue forward with your right foot and thrust at your opponent's groin. If your opponent does this to you, and you are standing with your left foot forward as well, holding the sword with the hilt by the chest and left hand on the middle of the blade, point directed up, you move the sword forward and place it on his cross and parry thus. The you step forward with your right foot and strike him in the neck with the pommel. If he strikes with the pommel at your neck, you step back with the right foot and parry on the blade in the middle of your hands, move the right hand to the left and strike him with the pommel and cross in his head, and back away from him.

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[43] An onset against the upper weak point against a parry

This device is performed thus: step forward with the left foot and hold the hilt on the right hand on your right side and the left on the middle of the blade, with the point toward your opponent. If he too steps towards you with his left foot and thrusts from below at your upper weak point, you move his thrust to the left so that your sword lies over his left arm. Then you step forward with your right foot and turn in the pommel from below, lay it on his neck and push away from you hard. Should he parry with the sword, you thrust with the front end in his left elbow. If he does this however, you step back with the left foot and parry on the blade between both hands, take two steps forward and insert the pommel around his neck, pull him to the right, and turn away from him.

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[44] An upper turning in against a parry

Step forward with your left foot when entering before your enemy, and hold your sword with the right hand on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade, and turn in a thrust against the opponent's visor. If he tries to do the same to you, and you too are standing with your left foot forward, then turn your head, and the thrust will miss. Then you lay your sword from your left against your opponent's sword and shove him away thus. Then, step forward with your right foot and strike him in the left side under his arm. If he does this, however, you step back with your left foot and parry. Then you join your right hand with your left for support on the middle of the blade and strike him hard in the head with the pommel, turn the sword around and move away from him.

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[45] A thrust to the groin against a turn

In said device you do as follows: step forward with the left foot and hold your sword on your right with the right hand on the hilt and the left hand on the middle of the blade, and thrust the opponent in the groin. If your opponent attacks you in this manner, and you are standing with your right foot forward, you parry with the point down, and the pommel up, and turn in the pommel from underneath into his face. If he parries on his right side you step forward with the left foot and let go with the right hand on the hilt and join it with your left on the middle of the blade. Then you strike him in the head with cross and pommel and take two steps away from him.

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[46] A strike with the pommel to the opponent's face along with a hand twist as described here below

In this fight you step forward with your right foot, and hold your sword with your right hand on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade and punch the pommel into the opponent's groin as hard as you can. If he does this to you, and you are standing with your left foot forward, holding the sword raised up over your head, you grab hold with your left hand on his pommel and move away the attack thus, and then you strike your own pommel into his face. If he tries to do the same to you, then step back with your right foot, and twist the sword out of his left hand, and thus you have defended yourself from his pommel strike. Then you thrust him with the point into his chest and back away from him.

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[47] A pull with the pommel against a thrust to the groin

When entering before your opponent, do as follows in this device: step forward with your left foot and grab hold with both hands on the hilt on your right side, with the point towards the opponent, and thrust at his groin. If your opponent attacks you thus, and you are standing with your right foot forward, holding your sword with the right hand on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade, you lay your sword over his and parry that way, and then you turn the pommel in under his left knee. If you then pull to you and lift up you force him to fall backwards.

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[48] A throw with an onset

If you wish to be victorious in this device, you do as follows: step forward with your right foot, and hold the sword with the pommel raised over your head, and the left hand on the middle of the blade with the point directed at your opponent, and from here you thrust your point at your opponent's chest. If he tries to do the same to you, while you are standing with your left foot forward, holding the sword outstretched against the opponent with the right hand on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade, then parry between your hands on the blade. If he parries in this manner you kick his left knee with your right foot. If he tries to do the same to you, then turn your sword blade in under his knee and lift, that way you will force him to let go of his sword as he falls backwards.

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[49] A throw with an onset

When coming together, step forward with your left foot and hold the sword before you with the hilt in your right hand and the left on the middle of the blade with the tip pointing at the opponent. If you are standing with your right foot forward, holding the sword with the right hand on the hilt and the pommel toward your opponent, and the point behind your left leg and the left hand on the middle of the blade, then step forward with your left foot and thrust him in the face with the point. If he tries to do this, you step forward with your right foot and lay the blade by his cross and hilt and move away his thrust thus, and then you put your pommel in under his left knee. If he does thus however, you let go of your sword and grab hold with your left hand on his right shoulder and push him away from you. Should he try to do this, you raise the hilt up forcefully, and he will fall backwards.

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[50] A strike from above with a throw

In this device you do as follows: step forward with your right foot and hold your sword raised over your head, right hand on the hilt, point toward the opponent, and the left hand on the middle of the blade, strike with your front part of the sword at his head, and then thrust from below in the groin. If you are standing with your left foot forward holding the sword to the right with the right and on the hilt, point toward the ground, and your left hand on the middle of the blade then lift up the sword from here and parry both strike and thrust. Then, step forward with your right foot and punch the pommel into his visor, grab hold of his sword with your left hand on his sword and pull it to you. If your opponent has taken hold of your sword thus, then just let him. Step forward with your left foot and grab hold with both arms around his right leg and lift up. That way he will fall on his back whilst holding both swords.

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[51] Another throw

When engaging your opponent, step forward with your left foot, and hold the sword with your left hand on the hilt, and the right on the middle of the blade, point toward the opponent and thrust at his right elbow. If you are standing with your left foot forward as well, also holding the sword with the left hand on the hilt and the right on the middle of the blade, then step forward with your right foot and parry with the front end of your sword on your right side, and then you strike him in the face with the pommel. If he does this to you, then let go of the blade with the right hand, and grab hold of his right hand and move the thrust away. Then you step forward with your right foot behind his right and lay your sword over his neck from behind, reach around his waist with the right hand and grab hold in his left armpit and pull to you, and you will throw him over your forward right leg.

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[52] An upper and a lower onset

In this device you do as follows: step forward with your right foot and hold the sword with the pommel in front of your right leg. Then you enter the scales position,[118] and hit him in the left knee with your pommel. If you are standing with your left leg forward, and he attacks you thus, while you are holding your sword with the right hand on the hilt by your chest and the left hand on the middle of the blade, then parry with the front end, lay the sword on the opponent's neck, and push away as hard as you can. If he lays his sword on your neck, then step back with your right foot, raise your sword and parry on blade between your hands, and thrust the point into his face. If he then parries with the front end of his sword then move your right hand to your left on the middle of the blade and strike the pommel into his head, and step away from him.

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[53] A pull with a throw

In this device you do thus: step forward with your right foot and hold the hilt of your sword over your left leg, with the left hand on the middle of the blade, and the pommel toward your opponent. Then you continue forward with your left foot and turn the point into his face. If he tries to do the same to you, while you are standing with your right foot forward, then parry with the front end of your sword, step forward with right foot and turn in the pommel into his right side and pull to you. If he does this to you, then you lay the sword over his neck, step out on the outside of both his and pull hard to your left with your sword while it is lying over his neck, whilst lifting your left leg, he will fall over it.

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[54] A pushing in with the hilt on the opponent's sword along with a pull

When entering before each other, step forward with your right foot and hold the sword with the right hand on the hilt in front of your face, and the left hand on the middle of the blade with the point toward the opponent, then you take another step forward with your left foot and thrust him in the groin. If your opponent attacks you in the same manner, and you are standing with your left foot forward, holding the sword with the point toward him, left hand on the middle of the blade and the right in the hilt, you parry with the front part of the sword, step forward with the right foot and push in the hilt over his sword. Then you grab hold of his sword with your right hand under his left armpit, and join it together with your hilt, and pull you your right. If he does this to you, you let go of the sword with your left hand and grab hold of his right shoulder with it, and push him away as hard as you can, that way your opponent will have to let go of your sword. When you have done this, you strike your opponent in the head with cross and pommel and move away from him.

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[55] An onset Template:Dec against a parry[119] This device is performed thus: step forward with your left foot and hold your sword with your left hand on the middle of the blade (point) towards the opponent, and the hilt in your right hand and the pommel behind your head on your right side. From this position you thrust your opponent in the neck. If he should do this, and you are then standing with your right foot forward, holding the sword with the hilt in your right hand, with the pommel toward the opponent, and the left on the middle of the blade on your left side, then you step back with your right foot and parry between both your hands on the blade. Then as fast as you can, you step back again, and turn in a thrust with the point over his sword between both his arms. Then you pull to the left and place the pommel on his neck and pull to the right. If he tries to do the same, then let go of the blade with your left hand and grab hold of his right elbow, and grab hold of the hilt with your left, you strike him in the head as hard as you can.

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[56] Two onsets

When you both go together then do as follows: step forward with your left foot and hold your sword with the right hand on the hilt behind your head on your right side, and the left on the middle of the blade, and thus you set the point on your opponent's left arm. If he does the same thing to you, while you are standing with your left foot forward, with your left on the hilt held over your left leg, then parry his thrust with your point, and thrust him in his right armpit. If he uses the same technique against you, then step back with your left foot and parry his thrust between your hands on your left side, let go of the hilt with the right and move it to your left for support and hit him in the head with pommel and cross, and then back away from him.

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[57] A parry against a thrust to the groin

In this combat you do as follows: step forward with your right foot and hold your pommel in your right hand pointed at your opponent, and the left hand on the middle of the blade. If he then steps forward with his left foot, holding the sword with the right hand on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade, and tries to thrust you in the groin, then you move your cross over his sword and parry his thrust thus. Then you step forward with your left foot and turn the pommel from below into his face. If he tries to punch you in the face in this manner, then parry with the forward end of the sword and turn the point in over his left arm and thrust it into his chest. Then move away from him as you turn the sword around.

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[58] Another throw

This combat device is performed thus: step forward with your right foot and hold your sword up high with the right hand on the hilt on your right side and the left hand on the middle of the sword, point toward the opponent, and from this position you continue forward with the left foot and turn in the pommel toward the opponent's neck from below. If he does the same to you, and you are standing with your right foot forward, holding your sword with the right hand on the hilt on your right side, and the middle of the blade in your left, point toward the him, then parry his attack with your sword, and step forward with your left foot, drop your sword and grab hold with your left hand in your opponent's right arm, and pull it to you, so that he also is forced to drop his sword, then grab hold with your right in the back of his right knee, and drive the visor of your helmet hard into his right side, as you push above and pull below, that way he will fall backwards.

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[59] Another devices as the previous

In this fight you step forward with your right foot, and hold your sword with your right hand on the hilt on your right side, and the left on the middle of the blade, with the point toward the opponent. Then let go of the hilt with your right hand and join it with your left, and strike him in the head with cross and pommel. If he tries to do the same, while you are standing with your right foot forward, then lift up your sword against him and parry his attack between your hands. Then you throw away your sword, and stoop down into scale position, reach with your right hand into his left side and pull to you. If your opponent is trying to pull you this way, then reach under his left arm with your right hand and grab hold in his left armpit, and then you pull him over your forward foot, and that way you will throw him face forward.

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[60] How to pry open the opponent's visor with his own dagger

When you and your opponent are entering into combat, step with your right foot forward and hold your sword with the left hand on the hilt on your left side and the right on the middle of the blade with the point directed toward the opponent. Then, from this position you thrust your opponent in the groin. If he comes at you in the same manner, while you are standing with your left foot forward, then parry his thrust with your sword on the blade between your hands. After that you turn in your point from below, and press your lower part of your sword over his sword, and punch the pommel hard into the (his) left side. If he uses the same technique against you, then put the sword on the right arm, that way you will counter his strike. Then you let go of the blade with your right hand and put your sword around the back of his neck his left shoulder, and pull him to you, stand with your left foot on the opponent's right, and take his dagger out of the sheath. Then you stab the dagger into his visor, and in the same act of stabbing you may also throw him over.

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[61] Another throwing technique in armoured combat

This way you perform above mentioned fight: step forward with your left foot and hold your sword with the hilt in your right hand with the point towards the opponent, and the left on the middle of the blade on your left side. Then, step forward with your right foot and turn in the point of the sword into the opponent's face. If he does this, on the other hand, and you are standing with your left foot toward him, then parry his thrust with the front end of the sword to your right, step in with the right foot and punch him in the face with the pommel. But if he does the same, then put your left hand on your opponent's right elbow and counter his punch thus. Then you drop your sword and step in with your right foot, draw your dagger and thrust it into the opponent's right armpit. If he uses the same technique against you, then let go of the hilt with your right hand and grab his right hand, and push him away from you, that way you have defended yourself against his attack. Then you drop your sword as well, and draw the dagger with your left hand and thrust at his right armpit. If he comes at you with his dagger in this manner, then drop your dagger and reach around with both arms around his neck over his shoulder, and pull to you as you press down. If he tries to do the same, then quickly drop your dagger as well, and grab hold of the upper part of his left leg with your left hand and reach around in front of his waist, and if you pull to you firmly below and push away to your right side above, you will throw the opponent over your right leg.

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[62] A parry against a death blow

Step forward with your left foot when you engage each other to fight, and hold your sword with the right hand on the hilt behind your head, and the left on the middle of the blade, and the point toward the opponent. Then you let go of the hilt with your right hand and join it with your left, step forward with your left foot and give a death blow to his right side with your cross and pommel. If you are standing with your right foot as well, and he comes at you in this manner, then place your left foot at your opponent's left, and parry his strike between both hands on your right side. Then you turn in your point into the opponent's visor. If your opponent does the same, then quickly take hold of your hilt with the left hand and parry the thrust between your hands on the blade. Then you step forward with the right foot and thrust the point into his neck, and this way you turn the sword twice and step away from your opponent.

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[63] Two break-ins in armoured combat

When you come close to the opponent, then step forward with your left foot and hold the sword with the right hand on the hilt over your head and the left on the middle of the blade, with the point toward the opponent. Then, step forward with your right foot, let go of the hilt with your right hand and join it with your left, break in with the pommel and strike a death blow to the opponent's right shoulder. If he comes at you in the same manner, while you are standing with your right foot forward, then parry his strike on your sword between your hands, continue forward with your left foot, and move your sword over his, and press against him with your chest, and try to break in with the front end of your sword as well, and insert your sword or point on the left side of his neck. If he tries to do the same, then grab hold with your right hand on your opponent's blade, and push away his thrust thus. If he tries to grab your sword then you too grab hold of his sword with your left hand and bend the sword back, and hit him in the right elbow.

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[64] A turning technique together with a way of turning away the opponent

Put your left foot forward in this fight, and hold the sword with the left hand on the hilt, pommel towards the opponent, and the right on the middle of the blade. Then punch the pommel into the opponent's neck. If your opponent tries to do the same, and you are standing with your left foot forward, left hand holding the hilt on your left side, and the right on the middle of the blade, then parry the hit on the sword between your hands, step forward with your right and turn down the sword on the right shoulder under the opponent's right arm, and if you push away out of this position you will turn the opponent around. If he turns you around, then turn to your right, and parry between your hands. Then punch the pommel forcefully into the opponent's visor, and take two steps back from the opponent.

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Mair's armored fencing 65.png

[65] A parry against a death blow

When entering before your opponent, step forward with your right foot and hold both hands on the middle of the blade, and from here you strike your opponent with the upper part of the sword, i.e. cross and pommel in his right arm. If you are then standing with your left foot forward, holding the sword with the hilt in front of your face, point toward the ground, then parry his strike on the blade between your hands. Then you step forward with your right foot and turn in a thrust from below between the opponent's both arms into his visor. If he tries to do the same, you step forward with your left foot and parry his thrust with the front end of the sword and then you turn in a thrust with the point over his left arm and into his neck. If he parries, you step back with the left foot and strike him in the head with cross and pommel.

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Mair's armored fencing 66.png

[66] A strike to the leg out of guard

Step forward with your left foot, hold your sword with the right hand on the hilt over the chest on your right side, and the left on the blade near the point. Then, with arms raised so that the point is directed at the opponent, execute a thrust at his face or armpit. If he attacks you in the same manner, and you are holding the sword with your right hand on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade but nearer to the point, and the point facing down, then lift up the sword and parry his thrust on your left side on the sword between your arms. Then you let go of the hilt with your right and join it with your left for support, and at the same time you step forward with your right foot and strike him with cross and pommel in his forward leg so that the cross ends up behind the back of his knees, and if you then pull to you, you will throw him over. If he has you locked the same way, and tries to pull you over, then as fast as you can, step forward with your right foot, and thrust at his crotch, and he is forced to back away from you.

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[67] A turning in followed by a throw

Put your right foot forward and hold your sword with your right hand on the hilt over your left thigh, and the left on the blade near the point, and the point pointing up. Then you step forward with your left foot and raise your arms with the sword and turn the point toward the opponent, and from this position you thrust at his face. If he attacks you in the same manner, and you are standing with your right foot forward, holding the sword with your right hand on the hilt over your right thigh, and the pommel is facing the opponent, then you grab the middle of the blade with your left hand so that the point is turned backward, and from this position, you thrust him in the face or chest. If he comes at you in the same manner, and you are standing with your right foot forward, holding your sword with the right hand on the hilt over your right thigh, pommel turned toward the opponent, then take hold of the middle of the blade with your left hand so that the point is turning back, and from this position you turn your left hand with the blade over your right, so that the pommel is pointing down, and this way you parry the attack to your right between your hands. Then you step forward with your left and place the foot beside your opponent's left, and turn the sword from your right inside through his both arms, so that the hilt of your sword ends up by his hand, and then you pull down below as hard as you can to your right, and above you push to your right, that way you will twist the opponent's sword out of his hands. If he tries to twist the sword out of your hands, then place your right foot by his left, let go of the hilt with your right hand, step back with your right foot again, and you will avoid the disarm.

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[68] A turning in, from which a throw comes

Having stepped forward with your left foot, holding the sword with the right hand on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade, you raise both arms so that the point and your left hand is turned toward the opponent, with the right hand on the hilt behind, and thrust him in the face. If he comes at you in the same manner, and you are standing with your left foot forward, holding the sword with the right hand on the hilt against your chest on your right side, and your blade in your left with the point toward the opponent, you lift the sword and parry the attack on your left side on the sword between your hands. Then you step forward with your right foot behind the opponent's left leg, and move your sword outside his left arm, and put the hilt that you hold in your right hand on his neck. And if you then press down to the right as hard as you can above, you will throw the opponent on his back over your leg. If he tries to throw you the same way, then quickly pull back your left leg form his right, let go of the sword with your left hand and grab hold on the outside of his elbow and push him away, and you will get out of harm's way.

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[69] A shooting over with the sword out of which a throw comes

Step forward with your left leg, hold your sword with the right hand on the hilt, and the left on the middle, the right resting over your right leg, and the left holding the point directed upward to the opponent, then tip the point down with your left hand and raise the hilt with your right, and thrust your opponent in the groin. If he attacks you thus, and you are standing with your left foot forward, with your right hand on your sword hilt and the left on the middle of the blade, then move the sword to your right side, parry the thrust between your hands on the blade, and as fast as you can place your right foot forward on the outside of his left, and shoot in the sword over is both arms, and press them down to his thighs and pull as hard as you can to your right side, and you will throw him backwards over your left leg. If he wishes to throw you in the same way, then as fast as you can, step back with your left leg, let go of the hilt with your right hand and grab hold of his right hand, and press down with all your might, as you pull your sword to you with the left. That way you will avoid the throw.

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[70] A throw with the sword

Step forward with your right leg, and hold the sword with the hilt with the right hand on the inside over your right leg, so that the pommel faces the opponent, and your left hand on the middle of the blade, with the point turned downward. And if he also steps forward with is right leg, holding his sword with the right hand on the hilt as well, and the left on the middle of the blade, standing in open and raised guard, then place your left foot with straight body behind his right foot, and simultaneously the sword falls down, and you reach down your pommel on the inside behind his knees, and you lift up with all your might, and this way you will throw the opponent on his back. If he wishes to throw you the same way, then quickly place your hilt on the right side in front of his neck, and place the middle of the sword on his right arm. Then you pull to you as hard as you can above, and press down below with your left hand, thus he is forced to fall with you.

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[71] Another throwing technique

Having stepped forward with your left leg, holding your sword over your right leg, the left hand toward the point, and the right hand on the hilt, pommel pointing backward, and he, the opponent, has also stepped forward with his left leg, and you who want to obtain the victory, step forward in scales position with your right leg on the inside of your opponent's left, and then you turn in the pommel behind his knees on the outside, and with your right hand you are holding the hilt with, pull up as hard as you can, and with your left hand that you hold near the point of your sword, press down. If he is trying to throw you over with the same technique, then quickly move your pommel and the hilt under the left arm, and punch the pommel as hard as you can into his left armpit, thus he will remove his left hand above of the sword. Then, if you let go of the hilt with your right hand, and grab hold of his right, and push down forcefully you will avoid the fall.

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[72] A throwing technique from the upper and lower weak points.

In this fight, you step forward with your left foot, hold the hilt with your right hand up high, and the left on the middle of the blade with the point toward the opponent, and from here you thrust the opponent in the face. If he tries to do the same to you, and you are standing with your right foot forward, holding the sword with your right hand on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade, with the point toward the opponent, then raise your sword and parry the thrust. Then you step forward with your left foot and let go of the sword with your left hand, and move the sword with your right hand behind his both legs, and quickly then grab hold of the sword again with your left and pull to you, as you ram him with the visor, that way you will throw your opponent over. Furthermore, if your opponent does this to you, then throw your sword, and reach in with both arms over his shoulders and in under his armpits and pull to you then the opponent falls with you.

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[73] Yet another throwing technique

When you go together you and your opponent, then do as follows: step forward with your left leg, hold the sword with your right hand on the hilt up high, and the left hand on the middle of the blade, point toward the opponent. Then you let go of the hilt with your right hand and join it to your left for support, and strike him in the head with cross and pommel. If he tries to do this to you, and you are standing with your left foot forward, holding the sword with your right hand on the hilt on your left side, the left hand on the middle of the blade, and the pommel toward the opponent, then raise your sword and parry his strike on the blade between your both hands. Then you move your sword in under his left armpit, step forward, and push him forward. With this done, you drop your sword, and grab hold with your left hand on his left, and place your right hand on his neck by his left shoulder. If he has dropped his sword as well, and tries to grab hold of your right leg with his right hand, then push him away above, and hold his hand firmly, and this way you will throw him over your right leg on your right side.

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[74] Another as the above

If you want to emerge victorious, then do as follows in this fight: step forward with your left foot and hold the sword with both hands on the hilt over your head, with the pommel toward the opponent. From this position you step forward with your right foot and strike your opponent hard in the head. If he tries to strike you thus, while you are standing with your left foot forward, holding the sword with your right hand on the hilt and raised with the pommel toward the opponent, and the left on the middle of the blade, then parry his strike between both hands on the blade, drop the sword, continue forward with the left foot, and grab hold on the inside of his right leg with your left hand and lift up. If he has dropped his sword and grabbed hold around your thighs, and have them in his left armpit, then reach around his neck with your right arm over his shoulder around his neck and if you then press down above with full force, and simultaneously lift up below, you will throw him face first.

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[75] An onset along with an opening of the hand, which is its counter

When stepping together you and your opponent, then step forward with your right foot and hold your sword with the right hand on the hilt on your right side, and the left on the middle of the blade with the point toward the enemy. From this position continue forward with your left foot and turn in the point in the opponent's visor. If the opponent should try the same against you, and you are standing with your left foot forward, holding the sword with the right on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade, point toward enemy, then parry the thrust with the front end of your sword and thrust him in the chest with the point. If he does the same, then drop your sword and grab hold of his left hand along with the sword with your left hand, and clench hard. Then you pull your dagger with your right hand and stab him in the palm of his left hand, and that way you will open it.

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[76] Another throw

Thus you behave in the following fight: step forward with your right foot and hold your sword with the right hand on the hilt, pommel turning to the ground, left hand on the middle of the blade resting on left thigh. From here you take another step forward with your left foot and turn in the point from below into your opponent's groin. However, if your opponent is trying the same on you, and you are standing with your left forward, hilt in your right hand, point toward the enemy, then parry his thrust with the front end of the sword. Then you take a step forward with your right foot, let go of the sword with your left hand, reach around his neck and grab hold of his chest and pull to you. If your opponent is holding you in the same manner, then drop your sword, and stoop down in to scales position, and grab hold of his left hand with your right, and pull to you as you grab hold of his left leg with your left hand, and if you rise up from this position you will throw your opponent over on your left side.

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[77] Yet another throwing technique

When draw near your opponent, then step forward with your left foot, and hold the sword with the left hand on the hilt resting on your right thigh, the right hand on the middle of the blade and the point toward the ground. Then you step forward with your left foot and thrust the pommel into the opponent's crotch from below. If your opponent does this to you, and you are standing with your right foot forward, with the right hand on the hilt resting on your right thigh, the left hand on the middle of the sword, and the point toward the enemy, then parry his thrust between your both hands to your right, and stab him in the neck. If he tries to do the same, you parry between your hands on the blade, and turn his thrust down to your left. Then you move the sword in behind his right knee and lift up hard, and you will force him off balance and he will fall. If you then press down with your left leg and thrust the cross in his visor, he will fall backwards.

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[78] A thrust to the groin with a death blow

In this device you stand with your right leg forward and hold the sword with the right hand on the hilt facing the enemy pointing downward, the left hand on the middle of the blade on your left side. From here you step forward with your left foot and move the point up front and thrust the opponent in the neck. If he tries to do the same against you, and you are standing with your left foot forward, right hand on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade, with the point toward the enemy, you parry his thrust with the front end of the sword to your right, and turn the pommel into his visor. If he tries to do the same, you parry his attack to the right, let go of the blade with the left hand and grab his pommel and bend his sword onto his back. Then you kick him in the groin with the left foot, grab the blade with both hands and deliver a death blow to his head with cross and pommel, so that he falls to the ground half dead.

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[79] A throw with a deadly thrust

In said device you do as follows: place your left leg forward and hold your sword with your right hand on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade with the point toward the enemy. Then you continue forward with your right foot and turn in the pommel from below and punch him in the neck. If he does the same to you, and you are standing with your right foot forward holding the sword with the right hand on the hilt, with the pommel toward the enemy, and the left on the middle of the blade, then step in with your left and parry with the front end of your sword to your left. Then you turn in the point over his right arm and into his visor. If he does the same, then lay your sword between your hands under his left armpit, and place your right foot inside his left. If you then lift up firmly, you will throw him over backwards, and he will have to drop his sword. When this is done, you quickly let go of our sword, and draw your dagger, and drive both your knees into his torso, and press his legs together, so that he cannot get up, and then you stab him in the neck.

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[80] Another throw with a thrust with the dagger

In this above-mentioned fight you do as follows: place your left leg forward, and hold the sword with your right on the hilt resting on your right hip/thigh, and the point pointing down to the ground. Then you step forward with your right leg and turn in the point into the opponent's visor. If he tries to do this to you, as you are standing with your right leg forward, holding the sword with your right hand on the hilt, and the left on the middle of the blade, point toward the opponent, then parry his thrust with the forward end or the sword to your right, and step forward with your left foot and punch the pommel into his visor. If he tries to do the same, then parry his strike on the sword between your hands to your left, then let go of the sword with your left hand, grab hold of his left shoulder and push it from you, that way he will turn around. Then quickly, drop the sword, and grab around his left leg with both hands, and if you pull to you below, as you push above, you will throw forward on his face, and at the same time he should also have to throw away his sword. Then make sure that you pin his body down with both knees, draw your dagger with your right hand and stab it through his neck.

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[81] Another throwing technique

If you wish to be victorious in this fight then you must do as follows: step forward with your left foot and hold the sword with the right hand on the hilt over your right thigh, left hand on the middle of the blade, point toward the enemy. And from this position you step forward with your right leg and turn in a thrust with the point at his visor. If you are standing with your left foot forward, holding your sword point straight at your opponent, then parry his thrust between your hands to your left, place your right foot before his left, drop your sword, and put your right hand in his left armout, and grab hold with your left hand on the inside of his right elbow, as well as you hook your opponent's right leg with your right, and pull to you, as well as push away above, he will fall backwards. If it were to happen that you fall with him, then put your left leg on both his, and then press down, so that he cannot get up from the ground, and thus you have pinned the enemy down.

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[82] A throw with a deadly stab with the dagger

In said fight you behave as follows: step up with your right foot toward your opponent, and hold your sword with your right hand on the hilt and the pommel directed at the opponent, left hand on the middle of the blade. Then you step forward with your left foot and turn in the point into the opponent's groin. If he does this to you, and you are standing with your left foot forward, holding the sword with your right hand on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade, point toward the enemy, then lower your sword and parry his thrust to your right. If your thrust is parried in the same manner, then drop your sword, grab hold with your left hand in the opponent's left, lift it up, and ram your chest into his loins so that the opponent's is forced down. Then you draw your dagger, pry open the visor on his helmet and stab it through his head.

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[83] Another technique as the previous

When you step together in this fight you and your opponent, then you must do as follows: take a step forward with your left leg, and hold the sword with the right hand on the hilt and the pommel facing the opponent, and the left hand on the middle of the blade, and the point over the left leg. Then you take another step forward with your right leg, and stab the opponent in the groin with the point. If you are standing with your left foot forward too, holding the sword with your right hand on the hilt toward the opponent, and the left hand on the middle of the blade, raised over your head, then parry his thrust on the blade between your hands and do a double thrust at his visor. If he attacks you in the same manner, then drop your sword, and grab his left elbow with your left hand and push him away, and you have averted his thrusts. Then, however, you grab hold of his waist with your right hand, and pull it away forcefully. That way you will throw the opponent on his face. When this is done, then knee him between his legs and press him down thus. Pull the dagger, pry open his visor and stab him in the neck. When you have thrown him over in this manner, then you take his sword and put it over his back, as is custom in a duel.

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[84] A throw in armoured combat followed by tying up the opponent

When you enter before your opponent, then step forward with your left foot and hold your sword with your right hand on the hilt over your head and the left on the middle of the blade with the point toward the enemy, and from here you step forward with your right foot and strike the opponent in the visor with the pommel. If he attacks you in the same manner, and you are standing with your left foot forward, holding your sword with your right hand on the hilt and the pommel toward the opponent, and the left on the middle of the blade over your right leg, then parry his strike on your blade between your hands, and hit him in the head with the cross or pommel. Then you drop the sword and reach down with both hands around behind the enemy's both legs and pull to you firmly, so that he falls forward. Thereafter you place your legs over your opponent's legs near his groin, and press down hard, so that he cannot get up. Then you take his sword and insert it through his arms and over his back, as well as take the strap, and tie his hands together, which is custom in duels.

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[85] The last device in armour combat where the opponent's life is taken

Thus you perform this device: step forward with your right leg, and hold the hilt of your sword in your right hand and the left on the middle of the blade before your face, pommel pointing down, point up. Then you take another step forward with your left leg and make a double thrust with your point at your opponent's visor. If he tries to attack you in the same manner, and you are standing with your right foot forward, holding your sword with your right on the hilt and the left on the middle of the blade, point toward the enemy, then lift the sword up high and parry his thrust on the blade between your hands, to your left side. Then quickly, drop your sword and put your left hand under his left armpit and shove him away from you, place your right foot outside behind his left grab hold with your right hand in his right leg and pull hard, and he will fall face first. Then you pull the dagger and stab it through the back of his neck. After that you take his sword and place it under his arms and over his back, and tie his arms together with the strap, which is custom and ancient law for the victor in ordeal by combat.

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Mair's armored fencing 86.png

[86] Afterword

Behold, good gentlemen, here lies the man
who vilely lied about me, and
God knows what falsehoods he of late
accused me for in envy and hate
He betrayed me as he thought he might
bring to my reputation malice and spite.
He wanted to soil my good name
and slander me for evil shame
but God and the virtuous spirit of mine
defended have my life this time
God that gave me courage and power,
so that I was the victor upon this hour,
and won to day in a most honorable way,
For that I thank almighty God in all my days,
Forgive him for his sins O Lord above, you may
He has received his punishment today,
I am only content as here I stand,
defended have my honour with my hand
which is demanded of a man of my station,
who cherishes his name and his reputation.

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Source Illustrations

Images
from the Dresden Version

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by Robert Kraaijeveld

Dresden II Transcription (1540s)Template:Edit index

Vienna II Transcription [German] (1550s)Template:Edit index

Munich II Transcription (1540s)Template:Edit index

Vienna II Transcription [Latin] (1550s)Template:Edit index

Draftbook Transcription (1540s)Template:Edit index
by Dierk Hagedorn

Mair crest.png

Herewith the two Art-fightbooks should be in your Honor's possession, as they have been combined and put together with unabridged layout by myself, Paulus Hector Mair, citizen of Augsburg, with highest diligence, perfect effort, and considerable costs applied thereon. And hereby, to all those who will receive or acquire artbooks like these, of whatever honor, worthiness or standing, friend or foe, it is my humblestly humble, diligent and friendly wish that they examine these. (I hope) You will graciously gracious find my within these (books) invested effort, diligence and work, kindly likable and enjoyable. Hereby I fully willingly offer anyone (who reads this) (my) helpful servitude, and all the best.

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Template:Master begin For further information, including transcription and translation notes, see the [[Talk:PAGENAME|discussion page]].

Work Author(s) Source License
Draftbook Images Universitätsbibliothek Augsburg Universitätsbibliothek Augsburg Template:PD-permission
Dresden I Images Sächsische Landesbibliothek Sächsische Landesbibliothek Template:CC-BY-SA-4.0
Dresden II Images Sächsische Landesbibliothek Sächsische Landesbibliothek Template:CC-BY-SA-4.0
Munich I Images Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Template:CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
Munich II Images Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Template:CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0}
Vienna I Images Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Wiktenauer Template:PD-permission
Vienna II Images Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Wiktenauer Template:PD-permission
Translation Keith P. Myers Meyer Frei Fechter Guild Template:CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
Translation Eric Mains Documents circulated online: [1] [2] [3] Template:CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
Translation Jason Taylor Wiktenauer Template:CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
Translation Reinier van Noort, Saskia Roselaar De Orde der Noorderwind Template:Copyrighted
Translation Per Magnus Haaland Private communication Template:Copyrighted
Translation Kendra Brown, Rebecca Garber, Mark Millman, Jon Reynolds, Amy West Cambridge HEMA Society Template:Copyrighted
Draftbook Transcription Dierk Hagedorn Index: Jörg Breu Draftbook (Cod.I.6.2º.4) Template:Copyrighted
Dresden I Transcription Pierre-Henry Bas, Julia Gräf, Ingo Petri Index:Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MS Dresd.C.93) Template:Copyrighted
Dresden II Transcription Pierre-Henry Bas, Jan Gosewinkel, Oliver Janseps, Bartłomiej Walczak Index:Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MS Dresd.C.94) Template:Copyrighted
Munich I Transcription Per Magnus Haaland, Saskia Roselaar Index:Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393 I) Template:Various licenses
Munich II Transcription Kendra Brown, Per Magnus Haaland, Robin Verhoef Index:Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393 II) Template:Various licenses
Vienna I Transcription Dieter Bachmann, Kendra Brown, Rebecca Garber, Julia Gräf, Anton Kohutovič, Keith Myers, Ingo Petri, Amy West, Robin Verhoef, Christiaan Verhoef Index:Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825) Template:Various licenses
Vienna II Transcription Per Magnus Haaland Index:Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10826) Template:Various licenses

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Additional Resources

  • Forgeng, Jeffrey L.. "The Martial Arts Treatise of Paulus Hector Mair". Die Kunst des Fechtens: 267-284. Ed. Elisabeth Vavra, Matthias Johannes Bauer. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, 2017. ISBN 978-3-8253-6699-5
  • Hunt, Brian. "Paulus Hector Mair: Peasant Staff and Flail." Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts. Ed. Jeffrey Hull. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-58160-668-3
  • Knight, David James, and Hunt, Brian. The Polearms of Paulus Hector Mair. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-58160-644-7
  • Welle, Rainer. "…und wisse das alle höbischeit kompt von deme ringen". Der Ringkampf als adelige Kunst im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert. Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1993. ISBN 3-89085-755-8

References

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