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{{infobox writer
 
{{infobox writer
| name                = [[name::Jud Lew]]
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| name                = [[name::Lew]]
 
| image                =  
 
| image                =  
 
| imagesize            =  
 
| imagesize            =  
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| notableworks        =  
 
| notableworks        =  
 
| principal manuscript(s)= {{plainlist
 
| principal manuscript(s)= {{plainlist
  | [[Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3)|Cod.I.6.4º.3]] (1460s)
+
  | [[Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3)|Cod. I.6.4º.3]] (1460s)
 
  | [[Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29)|MS M.I.29]] (1491)
 
  | [[Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29)|MS M.I.29]] (1491)
 
}}
 
}}
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  | [[Oplodidaskalia sive Armorvm Tractandorvm Meditatio Alberti Dvreri (MS 26-232)|MS 26-232]] (1512)
 
  | [[Oplodidaskalia sive Armorvm Tractandorvm Meditatio Alberti Dvreri (MS 26-232)|MS 26-232]] (1512)
 
  | [[Über die Fechtkunst und den Ringkampf (MS 963)|MS 963]] (1538)
 
  | [[Über die Fechtkunst und den Ringkampf (MS 963)|MS 963]] (1538)
  | [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|MS Dresd.C.93/4]] (1542)
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  | [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MS Dresd.C.93/C.94)|MS Dresd. C.93/4]] (1542)
  | [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Cod.icon.393]] (1540s)
+
  | [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393)|Cod.icon. 393]] (1540s)
  | [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Cod.10825/6]] (1550s)
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  | [[Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826)|Cod. 10825/6]] (1550s)
 
  | [[Maister Liechtenawers Kunstbuech (Cgm 3712)|Cgm 3712]] (1556)
 
  | [[Maister Liechtenawers Kunstbuech (Cgm 3712)|Cgm 3712]] (1556)
 
  | [[Fechtbuch zu Ross und zu Fuss (MS Var.82)|MS Var.82]] (1570-71)
 
  | [[Fechtbuch zu Ross und zu Fuss (MS Var.82)|MS Var.82]] (1570-71)
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| below
 
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'''Jud Lew''' is the name (or possibly pseudonym) of a [[century::15th century]] [[nationality::German]] [[fencing master]]. The appellation "Jude" seems to signify that he was Jewish, though Jude was also a surname of some non-Jewish families, and he seems to have stood in the tradition of [[Johannes Liechtenauer]], though he was not included in [[Paulus Kal]]'s ca. 1470 list of the members of the [[Fellowship of Liechtenauer]].<ref>The Fellowship of Liechtenauer is recorded in three versions of [[Paulus Kal]]'s treatise: [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS 1825)|MS 1825]] (1460s), [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (Cgm 1507)|Cgm 1570]] (ca. 1470), and [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS KK5126)|MS KK5126]] (1480s).</ref>
+
'''Lew''' or '''Lewe''' is the presumed name of a [[century::15th century]] [[nationality::German]] [[fencing master]]. He seems to have stood in the tradition of [[Johannes Liechtenauer]], though he was not included in [[Paulus Kal]]'s ca. 1470 list of the members of the [[Fellowship of Liechtenauer]].<ref>The Fellowship of Liechtenauer is recorded in three versions of [[Paulus Kal]]'s treatise: [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS 1825)|MS 1825]] (1460s), [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (Cgm 1507)|Cgm 1570]] (ca. 1470), and [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS KK5126)|MS KK5126]] (1480s).</ref>
  
Lew is often erroneously credited with authoring the [[Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3)|Cod. I.6.4º.3]], an anonymous compilation of various fencing treatises created in the 1460s. In fact, his name is only associated with a single section of that book,<ref>See [[Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 123r.jpg|folio 123r]].</ref> a [[gloss]] of [[Johannes Liechtenauer]]'s [[Recital]] on [[mounted fencing]] that is one branch of the so-called [[Pseudo-Peter von Danzig]] gloss (see below). Though some versions of [[Martin Huntfeltz]]'s treatise on [[armored fencing]] are also attributed to Lew, this is almost certainly an error.<ref>Jaquet, Daniel; [[Bartłomiej Walczak|Walczak, Bartłomiej]]. "Liegnitzer, Hundsfeld or Lew? The question of authorship of popular Medieval fighting teachings". ''[[Acta Periodica Duellatorum]]'' '''2'''(1): 105-148. 2014. {{doi|10.1515/apd-2015-0015}}.</ref> By convention, the gloss of Liechtenauer's Recital on [[long sword]] fencing that generally accompanies this mounted gloss is also attributed to Lew.
+
The name ''Lewe'' means "lion" and might have been a nickname or pseudonym. The colophon to the [[Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3)|Cod. I.6.4º.3]],<ref>Subsequently copied into the [[Über die Fechtkunst und den Ringkampf (MS 963)|Graz version]] as part of Lew's mounted gloss.</ref> which states "Here ends the Jewish art of the man called Lew", has lead people to fabricate names like ''Jud Lew'' or ''Jude Lew'' (meaning "Lew the Jew"), even though such a name doesn't appear anywhere in the historical record, and even to speculate that Lew might be a Germanization of a Hebrew name like Levi.
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 +
Lew is sometimes erroneously credited with authoring the whole of the [[Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3)|Cod. I.6.4º.3]], which is an anonymous compilation of various fencing treatises, created in the 1460s. His name is actually associated with just two sections of that book: he is credited as the author of an armored fencing treatise which was really written by [[Martin Huntsfeld]],<ref>Jaquet, Daniel; [[Bartłomiej Walczak|Walczak, Bartłomiej]]. "Liegnitzer, Hundsfeld or Lew? The question of authorship of popular Medieval fighting teachings". ''[[Acta Periodica Duellatorum]]'' '''2'''(1): 105-148. 2014. {{doi|10.1515/apd-2015-0015}}.</ref> and is mentioned at the end of a [[gloss]] of [[Johannes Liechtenauer]]'s [[Recital]] on [[mounted fencing]]<ref>See the colophon on [[Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 123r.jpg|folio 123r]].</ref> (by convention, the gloss of Liechtenauer's Recital on [[long sword]] fencing that almost always accompanies this mounted gloss is also attributed to Lew). Though this colophon is generally regarded as indicating that Lew authored the gloss (which is one branch of the larger [[Pseudo-Peter von Danzig]] gloss family), it could alternatively be interpreted to mean that Lew was the scribe or client for the whole manuscript.
  
 
== Stemma ==
 
== Stemma ==
  
Early on in its history, the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig [[gloss]] seems to have split into at least three branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]] also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but it is currently unclear if Ringeck's gloss is based on that of pseudo-Danzig or if they both derive from an even earlier original gloss (or even if Ringeck and pseudo-Danzig are the same author and the "Ringeck" gloss should be considered a fourth branch).
+
Early on in its history, the prototype of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into at least three branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]] also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but it is currently unclear if Ringeck's gloss is based on that of pseudo-Danzig or if they both derive from an even earlier original gloss (or even if Ringeck and pseudo-Danzig are the same author and the "Ringeck" gloss should be considered a fourth branch).
  
Branch A, first attested in the [[Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3)|Augsburg version]] (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more plays overall than Branch B but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also glosses only Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing; in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword, it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of [[Andre Liegniczer]] and [[Martin Huntfeltz]] (or, in the case of the 1512 [[Oplodidaskalia sive Armorvm Tractandorvm Meditatio Alberti Dvreri (MS 26-232)|Vienna II]], Ringeck's short sword gloss). Branch A is sometimes called the [[Jud Lew]] gloss, based on a potential attribution at the end of the mounted gloss in a few copies. Apart from the Augsburg, the other principal text in Branch A is the [[Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29)|Salzburg version]] (1491), which was copied independently<ref>Both Augsburg and Salzburg contain significant scribal errors of omission that allow us to identify manuscripts copied from them.</ref> and also incorporates twelve paragraphs from Ringeck's gloss and nineteen paragraphs from an unidentified third source. Branch A was redacted by [[Paulus Hector Mair]] (three mss., 1540s), [[Maister Liechtenawers Kunstbuech (Cgm 3712)|Lienhart Sollinger]] (1556), and [[Fechtbuch zu Ross und zu Fuss (MS Var.82)|Joachim Meyer]] (1570), which despite being the latest is the cleanest extant version and was likely either copied directly from the original or created by comparing multiple versions to correct their errors. It was also one of the bases for [[Johannes Lecküchner]]'s gloss on the [[Messer]] in the late 1470s.
+
Branch A, first attested in the [[Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3)|Augsburg version]] (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more plays overall than Branch B but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also glosses only Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing; in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword, it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of [[Andre Lignitzer]] and [[Martin Huntsfeld]] (or, in the case of the 1512 [[Oplodidaskalia sive Armorvm Tractandorvm Meditatio Alberti Dvreri (MS 26-232)|Vienna II]], Ringeck's short sword gloss). Branch A is sometimes called the [[Lew]] gloss, based on a potential attribution at the end of the mounted gloss in a few copies. Apart from the Augsburg, the other principal text in Branch A is the [[Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29)|Salzburg version]] (1491), which was copied independently<ref>Both Augsburg and Salzburg contain significant scribal errors of omission that allow us to identify manuscripts copied from them.</ref> and also incorporates twelve paragraphs from Ringeck's gloss and nineteen paragraphs from an unidentified third source. Branch A was redacted by [[Paulus Hector Mair]] (three mss., 1540s), [[Maister Liechtenawers Kunstbuech (Cgm 3712)|Lienhart Sollinger]] (1556), and [[Fechtbuch zu Ross und zu Fuss (MS Var.82)|Joachim Meyer]] (1570), which despite being the latest is the cleanest extant version and was likely either copied directly from the original or created by comparing multiple versions to correct their errors. It was also one of the bases for [[Johannes Lecküchner]]'s gloss on the [[Messer]] in the late 1470s.
  
Branch B, attested first in the [[Codex Danzig (Cod.44.A.8)|Rome version]] (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer plays overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also differs from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The [[Goliath Fechtbuch (MS Germ.Quart.2020)|Krakow version]] (1535-40) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken from the Rome,<ref>Zabinski, pp 82-83</ref> while [[Hutter/Sollinger Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.2)|Augsburg II]] (1564) collects only the six illustrated wrestling plays from the Krakow. Even more anomalous is the [[Glasgow Fechtbuch (MS E.1939.65.341)|Glasgow version]] (1508), consisting solely of a nearly complete redaction of the short sword gloss (assigning it to Branch B), which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.
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Branch B, attested first in the [[Starhemberg Fechtbuch (Cod.44.A.8)|Rome version]] (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer plays overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also differs from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The [[Goliath Fechtbuch (MS Germ.Quart.2020)|Krakow version]] (1535-40) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken from the Rome,<ref>Zabinski, pp 82-83</ref> while [[Hutter/Sollinger Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.2)|Augsburg II]] (1564) collects only the six illustrated wrestling plays from the Krakow. Even more anomalous is the [[Glasgow Fechtbuch (MS E.1939.65.341)|Glasgow version]] (1508), consisting solely of a nearly complete redaction of the short sword gloss (assigning it to Branch B), which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.
  
Branch C is first attested in the [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS KK5126)|Vienna version]] (1480s). It is unclear whether it was derived independently from the original, represents an intermediate evolutionary step between Branches A and B, or was created by simply merging copies of the other branches together. The structure and contents of this branch very closely align with Branch B, lacking most of the unique plays of Branch A and including the gloss of the short sword, but the actual text is more consistent with that of Branch A (though not identical). The other substantial copy of Branch C is the [[Rast Fechtbuch (Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82)|Augsburg version II]] (1553), which was created by Paulus Hector Mair based on the writings of [[Antonius Rast]], and which segues into the text of [[Ringeck]]'s gloss for the final eighteen paragraphs. A substantial fragment of Branch C is present in five additional 16th century manuscripts alongside the illustrated treatise of [[Jörg Wilhalm Hutter]]; one of these, [[Gregor Erhart Fechtbuch (MS E.1939.65.354)|Glasgow II]] (1533) assigns the text a much earlier origin, stating that it was devised by one [[Nicolaüs Augsburger|Nicolaüs]] in 1489. This branch has received the least attention and is currently the least understood.
+
Branch C is first attested in the [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS KK5126)|Vienna version]] (1480s). It is unclear whether it was derived independently from the original, represents an intermediate evolutionary step between Branches A and B, or was created by simply merging copies of the other branches together. The structure and contents of this branch very closely align with Branch B, lacking most of the unique plays of Branch A and including the gloss of the short sword, but the actual text is more consistent with that of Branch A (though not identical). The other substantial copy of Branch C is the [[Rast Fechtbuch (Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82)|Augsburg version II]] (1553), which was created by Paulus Hector Mair based on the writings of [[Antonius Rast]], and which segues into the text of [[Sigmund ain Ringeck|Ringeck]]'s gloss for the final eighteen paragraphs. A substantial fragment of Branch C is present in five additional 16th century manuscripts alongside the illustrated treatise of [[Jörg Wilhalm Hutter]]; one of these, [[Gregor Erhart Fechtbuch (MS E.1939.65.354)|Glasgow II]] (1533) assigns the text a much earlier origin, stating that it was devised by one [[Nicolaüs Augsburger|Nicolaüs]] in 1489. This branch has received the least attention and is currently the least understood.
  
(A final text of interest is the 1539 treatise of [[Hans Medel|Hans Medel von Salzburg]],<ref>Medel's section of the [[Hans Medel Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.5)|Cod. I.6.2º.5]] is internally dated on [[page:Cod.I.6.2º.5 21r.jpg|folio 21r]].</ref> which was acquired by Mair and bound into the [[Hans Medel Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.5)|Cod. I.6.2º.5]] after 1566.<ref>The record of the [[Marxbrüder]] in the manuscript ends on [[page:Cod.I.6.2º.5 20r.jpg|folio 20r]] with the year 1566, so Mair couldn't have acquired it before then.</ref> Medel demonstrates familiarity with the teachings of a variety of 15th century Liechtenauer masters, and his text often takes the form of a revision and expansion of the long sword glosses of Ringeck and Nicolaüs. Because of the extent of the original and mixed content, Medel's versions are not included in any of these pages.)
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(A final text of interest is the treatise of [[Hans Medel|Hans Medel von Salzburg]], which was acquired by Mair in 1539<ref>Medel's section of the [[Hans Medel Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.5)|Cod. I.6.2º.5]] is internally dated on [[page:Cod.I.6.2º.5 21r.jpg|folio 21r]].</ref> and bound into the [[Hans Medel Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.5)|Cod. I.6.2º.5]] after 1566.<ref>The record of the [[Marxbrüder]] in the manuscript ends on [[page:Cod.I.6.2º.5 20r.jpg|folio 20r]] with the year 1566, so Mair couldn't have acquired it before then.</ref> Medel demonstrates familiarity with the teachings of a variety of 15th century Liechtenauer masters, and his text often takes the form of a revision and expansion of the long sword glosses of Ringeck and Nicolaüs. Because of the extent of the original and mixed content, Medel's versions are not included in any of these pages.)
  
 
== Treatises ==
 
== Treatises ==
  
While all branches were originally presented in a single concordance in the [[pseudo-Peter von Danzig]] article, the differences between them are extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus, Branch A has been placed here on the page of Jud Lew, Branch B has been retained on the main pseudo-Danzig page, and branch C is now on the [[Nicolaüs Augsburger]] page.
+
While all branches were originally presented in a single concordance in the [[pseudo-Peter von Danzig]] article, the differences between them are extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus, Branch A has been placed here on the page of Lew, Branch B has been retained on the main pseudo-Danzig page, and branch C is now on the [[Nicolaüs]] page.
  
 
{{master begin
 
{{master begin
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  | width = 300em
 
  | width = 300em
 
}}
 
}}
{| class="floated master"
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{| class="master"
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
! <p>{{rating|B|Complete Translation (from the German)}}<br/>by [[Cory Winslow]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|B|Complete Translation (from the German)}}<br/>by [[Cory Winslow]]</p>
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[29] {{red|b=1|Another}}</p>
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| <p>[29] ''{{red|b=1|Another}}''</p>
  
 
<p>Item, you shall also drive the Crooked-hew from the Barrier-guard from both sides, and position yourself in the guard thus: when you come to the man with the pre-fencing, then set your<ref>A, M: "the</ref> left foot before [you] and hold your sword with the point near your right side on the earth so that the long edge on the sword is turned above, and thus you give an opening with the left side. If he then hews above to your opening, then spring from the hew<ref>"the hew" omitted in Mair.</ref> with the right foot well on the right side against him, and thrust the pommel of your sword under your right arm with the left hand, and strike him with the long edge (with crossed hands) with the point in his hands, etc.</p>
 
<p>Item, you shall also drive the Crooked-hew from the Barrier-guard from both sides, and position yourself in the guard thus: when you come to the man with the pre-fencing, then set your<ref>A, M: "the</ref> left foot before [you] and hold your sword with the point near your right side on the earth so that the long edge on the sword is turned above, and thus you give an opening with the left side. If he then hews above to your opening, then spring from the hew<ref>"the hew" omitted in Mair.</ref> with the right foot well on the right side against him, and thrust the pommel of your sword under your right arm with the left hand, and strike him with the long edge (with crossed hands) with the point in his hands, etc.</p>
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| {{red|Crooked not, hew short;<br/>Show changing-through therewith.}}
 
| {{red|Crooked not, hew short;<br/>Show changing-through therewith.}}
 
|}
 
|}
<p>This is a counter against the guard of the Ox, drive it thus: when you go to the man with the pre-fencing, if he then stands in the guard and holds his sword on his left side before the head, then throw your sword on your right shoulder and do as if you will bind on his sword with the Crooked-hew, and hew short and change through below therewith, and shoot the point long in to the other side to the opening, so he must parry. Therewith you come to strikes (and to other work with the sword).</p>
+
<p>This is a counter against the guard of the Ox, drive it thus: when you come<ref>A., M., S. "go"</ref> to the man with the pre-fencing, if he then stands in the guard and holds his sword on his left side before the head, then throw your sword on your right shoulder<ref>"the head, then throw your sword on" omitted from Mair. This is probably a scribal error, jumping from ''dem'' to ''dein''.</ref> and do as if you will bind on his sword with the Crooked-hew, and hew short and change through below therewith, and shoot the point long in to the other side to the opening, so he must parry. Therewith you come to strikes (and to other work with the sword).</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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| <p>[42] ''{{red|b=1|Another}}''</p>
 
| <p>[42] ''{{red|b=1|Another}}''</p>
  
<p>Item, drive the Failer thus, when you come to the man<ref>A., M., R. "him"</ref> with the pre-fencing, then hew the Under-hews from both sides. If you then come on him with an Under-hew from your right side, then shoot in<ref name="word-a"/> the point therewith long in to the breast, so he must parry. Then spring quickly with the left foot on his right side, and do as if you will strike him thereto, but pull the hew and strike quickly around again to the left side. Or,<ref name="word-r">Word omitted from the Rostock.</ref> if you come before the left side with the Under-hew on him, then shoot in the point yet long, and drive the driving as it stands before in the nearest description, etc.</p>
+
<p>Item, drive the Failer thus, when you come to the man<ref>A., M., R. "him"</ref> with the pre-fencing, then hew the Under-hews from both sides. If you then come on him with an Under-hew from your right side, then shoot in<ref name="word-a"/> the point therewith long in to the breast, so he must parry. Then spring quickly with the left foot on his right side, and do as if you will strike him thereto, but pull the hew and strike quickly around again to the left side with the Thwart. Or,<ref name="word-r">Word omitted from the Rostock.</ref> if you come before the left side with the Under-hew on him, then shoot in the point yet long, and drive the driving as it stands before in the nearest description, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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| {{red|The elbow take knowingly,<br/>Spring in his balance.}}
 
| {{red|The elbow take knowingly,<br/>Spring in his balance.}}
 
|}
 
|}
<p>Mark, you shall covertly bring the Inverter in the pre-fencing, when you force the man therewith so that you may Run-through him and correctly grasp him with wrestling.</p>
+
<p>Mark, you shall covertly bring the Inverter<ref>M. "you shall bring the Inverter with extended arms".</ref> in the pre-fencing, when you force the man therewith so that you may Run-through him and correctly grasp him with wrestling.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[60] Item, position yourself on the left side in the Ox thus: stand with the right foot before and hold your sword on your left side with the hilt in front of the head, so that the long edge stands against you, and hold the point thus against his face. And<ref name="word-sr">Word omitted from the Salzburg and the Rostock.</ref> that is the Ox from both sides.</p>
+
| <p>[60] Item, position yourself on the left side in the Ox thus: stand with the right foot before and hold your sword on your left side with the hilt in front of the head, so that the long edge stands against you, and hold the point thus against his face. And<ref name="word-sr"/> that is the Ox from both sides.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
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| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
  
{{section|Page:MS M.I.29 030v.jpg|2|lbl=-|lbl=30v}}
+
{{section|Page:MS M.I.29 030v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
  
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[83] {{red|b=1|Another}}</p>
+
| <p>[83] ''{{red|b=1|Another}}''</p>
  
 
<p>Item, mark, you shall Travel-after him from all guards and from all hews as quickly as you can, when he forehews in front of you or opens himself with the sword.</p>
 
<p>Item, mark, you shall Travel-after him from all guards and from all hews as quickly as you can, when he forehews in front of you or opens himself with the sword.</p>
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[102] '''Item, yet another<ref name="word-s"/> wrestling.'''</p>
+
| <p>[102] '''Item, yet another<ref>S., R. "a"</ref> wrestling.'''</p>
  
<p>When he runs in on you and is high with the arms, and you also, then you shall hold your sword in your right hand and then thrust his arm from you therewith, and spring with the left foot behind his right, and drive with the left arm below through before his breast, in his left side, and grasp him on your left hip and throw him behind you. Drive these two wrestlings also to both sides, etc.</p>
+
<p>When he runs in on you and is high with the arms, and you also, then you shall hold your sword in your right hand and then<ref name="word-sr"/> thrust his arm from you therewith, and spring with the left foot behind his right,<ref>M. "rightful"</ref> and drive with the left arm below through before his breast, in his left side, and grasp him on your left hip and throw him behind you. Drive these two wrestlings also to both sides, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[103] Mark, when he runs into you with the sword, and holds his arms low so that you may not run through him, then drive this wrestling as hereafter described.</p>
+
| <p>[103] Mark, when he runs into you with the<ref name="word-s"/> sword, and holds his arms low so that you may not<ref>Word doubled in Mair.</ref> run through him, then drive this wrestling as hereafter described.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 043r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 043r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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| <p>[105] '''Item, yet another wrestling.'''</p>
 
| <p>[105] '''Item, yet another wrestling.'''</p>
  
<p>When he runs in on you with the sword and is low with the hands, then release your left hand ahead from the sword, and with the right drive in with the pommel outside over his right hand, and press down therewith, and grasp him with the left hand by the right elbow, and spring with the left foot before his right, and press him thus over.</p>
+
<p>When he runs in on you with the sword and is low with the hands, then release your left hand ahead from the sword, and with the right drive in<ref name="word-s"/> with the pommel outside over his right hand, and press down therewith, and grasp him with the left hand by the right elbow, and spring with the left foot before his right, and press him thus over.</p>
 
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|  
 
|  
 
|  
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| <p>[107] '''Item, yet another wrestling.'''</p>
 
| <p>[107] '''Item, yet another wrestling.'''</p>
  
<p>When he runs in on you with the sword, then let your sword fall, and invert your right hand and grip his right outwardly therewith, and with the left grasp him by the right elbow, and spring with the left foot before his right, and thrust his right hand over your left with the right arm,<ref>"and thrust... the right" omitted from the Augsburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''siner rechte~''.</ref> and lift him upwards therewith. Thus he is locked, and you may thus break the arm or throw [him] before you over the left leg.</p>
+
<p>When he runs in on you with the sword, then let your sword fall, and invert your right hand and grip his right<ref>M. "rightful"</ref> outwardly therewith, and with the left hand<ref name="word-asr">Word omitted from the Augsburg, the Salzburg, and the Rostock.</ref> grasp him by the right elbow, and spring with the left foot before his right, and thrust his right hand over your left with the right arm,<ref>"and thrust... the right" omitted from the Augsburg and Mair. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''siner rechte~''.</ref> and lift him upwards therewith. Thus he is locked, and you may thus break the arm or<ref>R. "but"</ref> throw [him] before you over the left leg.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
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| {{red|Slice off the hard ones<br/>From below in both drivings.}}
 
| {{red|Slice off the hard ones<br/>From below in both drivings.}}
 
|}
 
|}
<p>{{blue|That is a counter against the over-binding of your sword, drive that thus. When you fight to him from Under-hews, or from the Strife Hewing, or you lie against him in the guard that is called the Fool, if he falls then with the sword on yours before you then come up with the sword; then remain below on the sword and lift with the short edge fast upwards. If he then presses down fast, then slash below behind you with the sword on his sword's blade, off from his sword, and hew on the sword again quickly into his face, etc.}}</p>
+
<p>{{blue|That is a counter against the over-binding<ref>S., M., R. "over-winding"</ref> of your sword, drive that thus. When you fight to him from Under-hews, or from the Strife Hewing, or you lie against him in the guard that is called the<ref name="word-r"/> Fool, if he falls then with the sword on yours before you then come up with the sword; then remain below on the sword and lift with the short edge fast upwards. If he then presses down fast, then slash below behind<ref name="word-s"/> you with the sword on his sword's blade, off from his sword, and hew on the sword again quickly into his face, etc.}}</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[109] '''Item, another.'''<ref>S. "Another wrestling".</ref></p>
+
| <p>[109] '''Item, another.'''<ref>S., R. "Another wrestling".</ref></p>
  
<p>When you fight to his body<ref>A. "him".</ref> with Under-hewing, or lie in the guard Fool, if he then<ref name="word-s"/> falls with the sword on yours near by the hilt so that his point goes out to your<ref>A. "his".</ref> right side, then drive quickly up with the pommel over his sword, and strike him with the long edge to the head. Or, if he binds on your sword to your left side, then drive agilely up with the pommel over his sword and strike him with the short edge to the head. And that is called the Snapping or the Speeding, etc.</p>
+
<p>When you fight to his body<ref>A., M. "him".</ref> with Under-hewing, or lie in the guard Fool, if he then<ref name="word-sr"/> falls with the sword on yours near by the hilt so that his point goes out to your<ref>A. "his"; M. "the".</ref> right side, then drive quickly up with the pommel over his sword, and strike him with the long edge to the head. Or, if he binds on your sword to<ref>M. "on"</ref> your left side, then drive agilely up with the pommel over his sword and strike him with the short edge to the head. And that is called the Snapping or the Speeding, etc.</p>
 
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|  
 
|  
 
|  
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| {{red|Four are the Slices,<br/>Two below, with two above.}}
 
| {{red|Four are the Slices,<br/>Two below, with two above.}}
 
|}
 
|}
<p>Item,<ref name="word-s"/> mark the Four Slices. The first are the two Overs that pertain to driving against the fencers that like striking around to the other side from the parrying or from the bind of the swords. And counter that<ref name="word-s"/> before with the slice thus: when he binds on your sword with the parrying or such to your left side, and strikes therewith quickly around with the Thwart<ref>S. "weapon".</ref> or such to your right side, then spring from the hew with the left foot on his<ref>S. "your".</ref> right side and fall in with the long edge above over both arms, and press with the slice from you. You shall drive that from both sides, always when he strikes around from the parrying, etc.</p>
+
<p>Item,<ref name="word-sr"/> mark the Four Slices. The first are the two Overs that pertain to driving against the fencers that like striking around to the other side from the parrying or from the bind of the swords. And counter that<ref name="word-s"/> before with the slice thus: when he binds on your sword with the parrying or such to your left side, and strikes therewith quickly around with the Thwart<ref>S. "weapon".</ref> or such to your right side, then spring from the hew with the left foot on his<ref>S. "your".</ref> right side and fall in with the long edge above over both arms, and press with the slice from you. You shall drive that from both sides, always when he strikes around from the parrying, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[111] Item, the two Under-slices pertain to driving against the fencers that run in with arms stretched up, and drive them thus: When he binds you on your sword, be it with parrying or such, if he then drives high up with the arms and runs in on you to your left side, then turn your sword so that your thumb comes below, with the long edge under his hilt in his arm, and press upward with the slice.</p>
+
| <p>[111] Item, the two Under-slices pertain to driving against the fencers that run in with arms stretched up, and drive them thus: When he binds you on your sword, be it with parrying or such, if he then drives high up with the arms and runs in on you to your<ref>M. "with his"</ref> left side, then turn your sword so that your thumb comes below, with the long edge under his hilt in his arm, and press upward with the slice.</p>
 
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|  
 
|  
 
|  
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| {{red|Turn your edge,<br/>To escape, press your hands.}}
 
| {{red|Turn your edge,<br/>To escape, press your hands.}}
 
|}
 
|}
<p>That is how you shall change from the Under-slices to the Over-slices, mark that thus. When he runs in on you to your left side with arms stretched up, then turn your sword with the long edge under his hilt in his arms, and press upwards fast, and step therewith on his right side, and Wind through below with the pommel, and come with the sword not<ref>A. "with".</ref> from his arms, and turn the sword from the Under-slice to the Over, over his arms with the long edge, etc.</p>
+
<p>That is how you shall change from the Under-slices to the Over-slices, mark that thus. When he runs in on you to your left side with arms stretched up, then turn your sword with the long edge under his hilt in his arms, and press upwards fast, and step therewith on his right side, and Wind through below with the pommel, and come with the sword not<ref>A. "with".</ref> from his arms, and turn the sword from<ref>S. "on"</ref> the Under-slice to the Over, over his arms with the long edge, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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| {{red|In all driving<br/>Hew, stab, Leaguer, Soft or Hard.}}
 
| {{red|In all driving<br/>Hew, stab, Leaguer, Soft or Hard.}}
 
|}
 
|}
<p>Know the Two Hangings from the earth, that is the Plow from both sides, therein you shall also have the Feeling in hewing, and in stabbing, and in the binds of the swords, if he is Soft or Hard therein, etc.</p>
+
<p>Know the Two Hangings from the earth, that is the Plow from both sides, therein you shall also have the Feeling in hewing, and<ref name="word-sr"/> in<ref name="word-am"/> stabbing, and in the binds of the swords, if he is Soft or Hard therein, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[116] Also you shall know that you shall therefrom drive the Four Windings, and from each single Winding<ref>"and from each single Winding" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> particularly a hew, a stab, and a slice, as from the upper Hangings.</p>
+
| <p>[116] Also you shall know that you shall therefrom drive the Four Windings, and from each single Winding<ref name="word-m"/><ref>"and from each single Winding" omitted from the Salzburg. This is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''winden''.</ref> particularly a hew, a stab, and a slice, as from the upper Hangings.<ref name="word-m"/></p>
 
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|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 048r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 048r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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| {{red|If you have understood,<br/>He may not come to strikes.}}
 
| {{red|If you have understood,<br/>He may not come to strikes.}}
 
|}
 
|}
<p>Item, mark, you have heard before how you shall position yourself before the man with the sword in the Four Guards. So you shall now know that the Speaking-Window is a guard wherein you may stand well, and the guard is the Long Point, that is the noblest and the<ref name="word-a"/> best ward with the sword. Who can fence correctly therefrom forces the man therewith so that he must allow striking without thinking, and may therefore not well come to strikes, etc.</p>
+
<p>Item,<ref name="word-sr"/> mark, you have heard before how you shall position yourself before the man with the sword in the Four Guards. So you shall now know that the Speaking-Window is a guard wherein you may stand well, and the guard is the Long Point, that is the noblest and the<ref name="word-am"/> best ward with the sword. Who can fence correctly therefrom forces the man therewith so that he must allow striking without thinking, and may therefore not well come to strikes, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[118] Item, make the Speaking-Window thus: when you go to the man with the pre-fencing with whatever hew you then come on him, be it an Over or an Under-hew,<ref>S. "be it an Over-/Under-hew".</ref> then let the point always shoot-in long from the arms with the hew, to the face or the<ref name="word-s"/> breast. Therewith you force him so that he must parry or bind on, and when he has bound-on thus, then remain strong with the long edge on the sword, and stand freely and see his manner; what he will fence further. If he pulls backwards from the sword, then follow after him with the point to the face or the<ref name="word-s"/> breast. Or, if he strikes from the bind around to the other side, then slice him strongly over the arms, and work in above to the head. Or, if he will not pull off nor strike around, then work with the Doubling or such with other techniques thereafter, as you find if he is Strong or Weak on the sword, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[118] Item, make the Speaking-Window thus: when you go to the man with the pre-fencing with whatever hew you then come on him, be it an Over or<ref name="word-r"/> an Under-hew,<ref>S. "be it Over-/Under-hew".</ref> then let the point always shoot-in long from the arms with the hew, to the face or the<ref name="word-sr"/> breast. Therewith you force him so that he must parry or bind on, and when he has bound-on thus, then remain strong with the long edge on the sword, and stand freely and see his manner; what he will fence further. If he pulls backwards from the sword, then follow after him with your<ref>A., S., R. "the"</ref> point to the face or the<ref name="word-s"/> breast. Or, if he strikes from the bind around to the other side, then slice him strongly over the arms, and work in<ref name="word-m"/> above to the head. Or, if he will not pull off nor strike around, then work with the Doubling or such with other techniques thereafter, as you find if he is Strong or Weak on the sword, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[120] Item, I say truthfully that the Long Point is the best<ref>A. "noblest"</ref> ward on the sword, when therewith you compel the man that he must let you strike, and therefore to no strikes may come. Wherefore you shall drive the point in to the man with all hews, to the breast or to the face, and further therefrom drive stab and strike, etc...</p>
+
| <p>[120] Item, I say truthfully that the Long Point is the noblest<ref name="word-sr"/> [and] best<ref name="word-am"/> ward on the sword, when therewith you compel the man that he must let you strike, and therefore to no strikes may come. Wherefore you shall drive the point in to the man with all hews, to the breast or to the face, and further therefrom drive stab and strike, etc...</p>
 
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|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 050r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 050r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[121] Item, mark that is also<ref name="word-s"/> called a Speaking-Window when you are<ref name="word-s"/> come close<ref name="word-s"/> to the man with the pre-fencing. Then set the left foot before, and hold the point long from the arms against the face or the breast ere when you bind him on the sword, and stand joyfully and see what he will fence against you. If he then hews in above, then drive up with the sword and Wind against his hew in the Ox, and stab him to the face. Or, if he hews to the sword and not to the body, then Change-through bravely and stab in to the other side. Or, if he runs in and is high with the arms, then drive the Under-slice; or if he is low with the arms, then await the wrestling. Thus you may drive all techniques from the arms, whichever is best, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[121] Item, mark that is also<ref name="word-sr"/> called a Speaking-Window when you are<ref name="word-s"/> come close<ref name="word-s"/> to the man with the pre-fencing. Then set the left foot before, and hold the point long from the arms against the face or the breast ere when you bind him on the sword, and stand joyfully and see what he will fence against you. If he then hews in above, then drive up with the sword and Wind against his hew in the Ox, and stab him to the face. Or, if he hews to the sword and not to the body, then Change-through<ref>R. "change"</ref> bravely and stab in to the other side. Or, if he runs in and is high with the arms, then drive the Under-slice; or if he is low with the arms, then await the wrestling. Thus you may drive all techniques from the arms, whichever is best, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[122] {{red|b=1|The conclusion of the new epitome}}</p>
+
| <p>[122] {{red|b=1|The conclusion of the new<ref>R. "correct"</ref> epitome}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 2,937: Line 2,939:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>106</small>
 
| <small>106</small>
| {{red|And you each<br/>The Windings triple,}}
+
| {{red|And you each<br/>The Windings triple, I mean,<ref>"I mean" omitted from the Augsburg, the Rostock, and Mair.</ref>}}
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>107</small>
 
| <small>107</small>
| {{red|Twenty-<br/>And-four pieces only.}}
+
| {{red|So they are<ref>"So they are" omitted from the Augsburg and Mair.</ref> Twenty-<br/>And-four pieces only.}}
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>108</small>
 
| <small>108</small>
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| {{red|And prove the driving,<br/>Not more than Soft or Hard.}}
 
| {{red|And prove the driving,<br/>Not more than Soft or Hard.}}
 
|}
 
|}
<p>This is a lesson and admonition of the Art of the Sword that you therein shall very well judge and meditate on, so that you quickly drive bravely, and correctly drive the counters against his techniques. Thus you shall particularly drive the Three Wounders in each counter, which become explained hereafter. Also you shall know that the Four Hangings are two below and two above: the upper is the Ox, the lower is the Plow, to both sides. And from the Four Hangings you shall thus further contemplate and rightly weigh Eight Windings, so that you shall particularly drive a hew, a stab, and a slice from each Winding. These are the previously described Four Windings, etc.</p>
+
<p>This is a lesson and admonition of the Art of the Sword that you therein shall very well judge and meditate on,<ref>S., R. "meditate and judge"</ref> so that you quickly drive bravely, and correctly drive the counters against his techniques. Thus you shall particularly<ref name="word-s"/> drive the Three Wounders in each counter, which become explained hereafter. Also you shall know that the Four Hangings are two below and two above: the upper is the Ox, the lower is the Plow, to both sides. And from the Four Hangings you shall bring Eight Windings, and the same Eight Windings<ref>"and the same Eight Windings" omitted from Mair. This is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''winden''.</ref> you shall thus further<ref name="word-sr"/> contemplate and rightly weigh, so that you shall particularly drive a hew, a stab, and<ref name="word-sr"/> a slice from each Winding. These are the previously described Four Windings, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 051r.jpg|1|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 051r.jpg|1|lbl=-}}
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[123] Item, here<ref name="word-s"/> mark how you shall drive the Eight Windings from the Four Hangings. The first Over-Hanging has two Windings, drive that thus. When you come to the man<ref>A. "him".</ref> with the pre-fencing, then stand on your right side in the Ox. If he then hews in<ref name="word-a"/> above in to your left side, then Wind against his hew, the short edge on his sword, yet in Ox, and stab him above in to the face. That is the Winding-in. If he sets the stab off to<ref>S. "against".</ref> his left side, then remain on the sword, and Wind again on your right side in the Ox, the long edge on his sword, and stab him above in to the face. That is one Hanging from your right side with two Windings on his sword.</p>
+
| <p>[123] Item, here<ref name="word-s"/> mark how you shall drive the Eight Windings from the Four Hangings. The first Over-Hanging has two Windings, drive that thus. When you come to the man<ref>A., M., R. "him".</ref> with the pre-fencing, then stand on your right side in the Ox. If he then hews in<ref name="word-a"/> above in to your left side, then Wind against his hew,<ref>M. "against his hew oppositely"</ref> the short edge on his sword, yet in Ox, and stab him above in to the face. That is the<ref name="word-m"/> Winding-in. If he sets the stab off to<ref>S., R. "against".</ref> his left side, then remain on the sword, and Wind again on your right side in the Ox, the long edge on his sword, and stab him above in to the face. That is one<ref>S., R. "the one"</ref> Hanging from your right side with two Windings on his sword.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 2,981: Line 2,983:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[124] {{red|b=1|Another}}</p>
+
| <p>[124] ''{{red|b=1|Another}}''</p>
  
<p>Item, drive the two Over-Hangings yet with two Windings thus. When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand on your left side in the Ox. If he then hews above in to your right side, then Wind the long edge on his sword against his hew and stab him above to the face. That is but one Winding. If he sets the stab off against your<ref>A. "his".</ref> right side, then remain on the sword and Wind again on your left side in the Ox, the short (?) edge on his sword, and stab him above in to the face. This is the second Over-Hanging from the<ref>S. "your".</ref> left side, yet with two Windings on his sword, etc.</p>
+
<p>Item, drive the two Over-Hangings yet with two Windings<ref>M. "hangings"</ref> thus. When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand on your left side in the Ox. If he then hews above in to your right side, then Wind the long edge on his sword against his hew and stab him above to the face. That is but one Winding. If he sets the stab off against your<ref>A. "his".</ref> right side, then remain on the sword and Wind again on your left side in the Ox, the short (?) edge on his sword, and stab him above in to the face. This is the second<ref>M. "another"</ref> Over-Hanging from the<ref>S., R. "your".</ref> left side, yet with two Windings on his sword, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
Line 3,003: Line 3,005:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[125] Item, Now you shall know that from the two Under Hangings, that is the Plow from both sides, you shall also drive Four Windings with all your drivings, as from the Overs. These are the Eight Windings. And as often as you Wind, then think in each single Wind particularly on the hew, and<ref name="word-s"/> on the stab, and on the slice. Thus come from the Eight Windings twenty-four, and from whatever Winding, and against whatever technique, and against whatever hew you shall drive the hew, or the stab, or the slice. You find all that described before in the techniques,<ref>"in the techniques" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> etc.</p>
+
| class="noline" | <p>[125] Item, Now you shall know that from the two Under Hangings, that is the Plow from both sides, you shall also drive Four Windings with all your drivings, as from the Overs. These are the Eight Windings. And as often as you Wind, then think in each single Wind particularly on the hew, and<ref name="word-s"/> on the<ref>"on the" omitted from Mair.</ref> stab, and on the slice. Thus twenty-four come from the Eight Windings, and from whatever Winding, and against whatever technique, and against whatever hew you shall drive the hew, or the<ref name="word-m"/> stab, or the slice. You find all that described before in the techniques,<ref>"in the techniques" omitted from the Salzburg and the Rostock.</ref> etc.</p>
|  
+
| class="noline" |  
|  
+
| class="noline" |  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 053r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 053v.jpg|1|lbl=53v|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 053r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 053v.jpg|1|lbl=53v|p=1}}
| {{section|Page:MS M.I.29 044r.jpg|1|lbl=44r}}
+
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:MS M.I.29 044r.jpg|1|lbl=44r}}
| {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 113r.png|1|lbl=113r}}
+
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 113r.png|1|lbl=113r}}
| {{section|Page:Cod.10825 089v.png|3|lbl=-}}
+
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Cod.10825 089v.png|3|lbl=-}}
|  
+
| class="noline" |  
|  
+
| class="noline" |  
|  
+
| class="noline" |  
| {{section|Page:MS Var.82 039v.png|2|lbl=-}}
+
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:MS Var.82 039v.png|2|lbl=-}}
  
 
|}
 
|}
 
{{master end}}
 
{{master end}}
 +
 
{{master begin
 
{{master begin
 
  | title = Mounted Fencing Gloss
 
  | title = Mounted Fencing Gloss
 
  | width = 360em
 
  | width = 360em
 
}}
 
}}
{| class="floated master"
+
{| class="master"
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
! <p>{{rating|start|Zettel Translation (from the German)}}<br/>by [[Christian Tobler]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|start|Zettel Translation (from the German)}}<br/>by [[Christian Tobler]]</p>
Line 6,584: Line 6,587:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| <p>[142]</p>
+
| class="noline" | <p>[142]</p>
| <p>'''Some other excellent pieces of advice'''</p>
+
| class="noline" | <p>'''Some other excellent pieces of advice'''</p>
  
 
<p>Learn how to steer and turn the horse on both sides.</p>
 
<p>Learn how to steer and turn the horse on both sides.</p>
Line 6,606: Line 6,609:
  
 
<p>Then you cut off his reins(and furthermore threaten his left leg).</p>
 
<p>Then you cut off his reins(and furthermore threaten his left leg).</p>
| <p><br/></p>
+
| class="noline" | <p><br/></p>
  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 123v.jpg|1|lbl=123v|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 124r.jpg|1|lbl=124r|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 123v.jpg|1|lbl=123v|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 124r.jpg|1|lbl=124r|p=1}}
|  
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== Additional Resources ==
 
== Additional Resources ==
  
* Bergner, U. and Giessauf, J. ''[http://www.adeva.com/produkt_detail.asp?id=223 Würgegriff und Mordschlag. Die Fecht- und Ringlehre des Hans Czynner (1538)]''. ADEVA Graz, 2006. ISBN 978-3-201-01855-5
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* [[Stephen Cheney|Cheney, Stephen]]. ''Ringeck &middot; Danzig &middot; Lew Longsword''. Self-published, 2020. ISBN 978-8649845441
 +
* Bergner, U. and Giessauf, J. ''Würgegriff und Mordschlag. Die Fecht- und Ringlehre des Hans Czynner (1538)''. Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 2006. ISBN 978-3-201-01855-5
 
* [[Dierk Hagedorn|Hagedorn, Dierk]]. ''Jude Lew: Das Fechtbuch.'' VS-Books, 2017. ISBN 978-3-932077-46-3
 
* [[Dierk Hagedorn|Hagedorn, Dierk]]. ''Jude Lew: Das Fechtbuch.'' VS-Books, 2017. ISBN 978-3-932077-46-3
* Jaquet, Daniel. "The collection of Lew the Jew in the lineage of German Fight Books corpus". ''Acta Periodica Duellatorum'' '''5'''(1):151–191. April 2017. {{doi|10.1515/apd-2017-0004}}.
+
* Jaquet, Daniel. "The collection of Lew the Jew in the lineage of German Fight Books corpus". ''[[Acta Periodica Duellatorum]]'' '''5'''(1):151–191. April 2017. {{doi|10.1515/apd-2017-0004}}.
 
* Jaquet, Daniel; [[Bartłomiej Walczak|Walczak, Bartłomiej]]. "Liegnitzer, Hundsfeld or Lew? The question of authorship of popular Medieval fighting teachings". ''[[Acta Periodica Duellatorum]]'' '''2'''(1): 105-148. 2014. {{doi|10.1515/apd-2015-0015}}.
 
* Jaquet, Daniel; [[Bartłomiej Walczak|Walczak, Bartłomiej]]. "Liegnitzer, Hundsfeld or Lew? The question of authorship of popular Medieval fighting teachings". ''[[Acta Periodica Duellatorum]]'' '''2'''(1): 105-148. 2014. {{doi|10.1515/apd-2015-0015}}.
  
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Revision as of 19:16, 20 July 2021

Lew
Occupation Fencing master
Ethnicity Jewish (?)
Movement Liechtenauer Tradition
Genres
Language Early New High German
Principal
manuscript(s)
Manuscript(s)
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations Traducción castellano

Lew or Lewe is the presumed name of a 15th century German fencing master. He seems to have stood in the tradition of Johannes Liechtenauer, though he was not included in Paulus Kal's ca. 1470 list of the members of the Fellowship of Liechtenauer.[1]

The name Lewe means "lion" and might have been a nickname or pseudonym. The colophon to the Cod. I.6.4º.3,[2] which states "Here ends the Jewish art of the man called Lew", has lead people to fabricate names like Jud Lew or Jude Lew (meaning "Lew the Jew"), even though such a name doesn't appear anywhere in the historical record, and even to speculate that Lew might be a Germanization of a Hebrew name like Levi.

Lew is sometimes erroneously credited with authoring the whole of the Cod. I.6.4º.3, which is an anonymous compilation of various fencing treatises, created in the 1460s. His name is actually associated with just two sections of that book: he is credited as the author of an armored fencing treatise which was really written by Martin Huntsfeld,[3] and is mentioned at the end of a gloss of Johannes Liechtenauer's Recital on mounted fencing[4] (by convention, the gloss of Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword fencing that almost always accompanies this mounted gloss is also attributed to Lew). Though this colophon is generally regarded as indicating that Lew authored the gloss (which is one branch of the larger Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss family), it could alternatively be interpreted to mean that Lew was the scribe or client for the whole manuscript.

Stemma

Early on in its history, the prototype of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into at least three branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but it is currently unclear if Ringeck's gloss is based on that of pseudo-Danzig or if they both derive from an even earlier original gloss (or even if Ringeck and pseudo-Danzig are the same author and the "Ringeck" gloss should be considered a fourth branch).

Branch A, first attested in the Augsburg version (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more plays overall than Branch B but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also glosses only Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing; in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword, it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of Andre Lignitzer and Martin Huntsfeld (or, in the case of the 1512 Vienna II, Ringeck's short sword gloss). Branch A is sometimes called the Lew gloss, based on a potential attribution at the end of the mounted gloss in a few copies. Apart from the Augsburg, the other principal text in Branch A is the Salzburg version (1491), which was copied independently[5] and also incorporates twelve paragraphs from Ringeck's gloss and nineteen paragraphs from an unidentified third source. Branch A was redacted by Paulus Hector Mair (three mss., 1540s), Lienhart Sollinger (1556), and Joachim Meyer (1570), which despite being the latest is the cleanest extant version and was likely either copied directly from the original or created by comparing multiple versions to correct their errors. It was also one of the bases for Johannes Lecküchner's gloss on the Messer in the late 1470s.

Branch B, attested first in the Rome version (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer plays overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also differs from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The Krakow version (1535-40) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken from the Rome,[6] while Augsburg II (1564) collects only the six illustrated wrestling plays from the Krakow. Even more anomalous is the Glasgow version (1508), consisting solely of a nearly complete redaction of the short sword gloss (assigning it to Branch B), which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.

Branch C is first attested in the Vienna version (1480s). It is unclear whether it was derived independently from the original, represents an intermediate evolutionary step between Branches A and B, or was created by simply merging copies of the other branches together. The structure and contents of this branch very closely align with Branch B, lacking most of the unique plays of Branch A and including the gloss of the short sword, but the actual text is more consistent with that of Branch A (though not identical). The other substantial copy of Branch C is the Augsburg version II (1553), which was created by Paulus Hector Mair based on the writings of Antonius Rast, and which segues into the text of Ringeck's gloss for the final eighteen paragraphs. A substantial fragment of Branch C is present in five additional 16th century manuscripts alongside the illustrated treatise of Jörg Wilhalm Hutter; one of these, Glasgow II (1533) assigns the text a much earlier origin, stating that it was devised by one Nicolaüs in 1489. This branch has received the least attention and is currently the least understood.

(A final text of interest is the treatise of Hans Medel von Salzburg, which was acquired by Mair in 1539[7] and bound into the Cod. I.6.2º.5 after 1566.[8] Medel demonstrates familiarity with the teachings of a variety of 15th century Liechtenauer masters, and his text often takes the form of a revision and expansion of the long sword glosses of Ringeck and Nicolaüs. Because of the extent of the original and mixed content, Medel's versions are not included in any of these pages.)

Treatises

While all branches were originally presented in a single concordance in the pseudo-Peter von Danzig article, the differences between them are extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus, Branch A has been placed here on the page of Lew, Branch B has been retained on the main pseudo-Danzig page, and branch C is now on the Nicolaüs page.

Additional Resources

References

  1. The Fellowship of Liechtenauer is recorded in three versions of Paulus Kal's treatise: MS 1825 (1460s), Cgm 1570 (ca. 1470), and MS KK5126 (1480s).
  2. Subsequently copied into the Graz version as part of Lew's mounted gloss.
  3. Jaquet, Daniel; Walczak, Bartłomiej. "Liegnitzer, Hundsfeld or Lew? The question of authorship of popular Medieval fighting teachings". Acta Periodica Duellatorum 2(1): 105-148. 2014. doi:10.1515/apd-2015-0015.
  4. See the colophon on folio 123r.
  5. Both Augsburg and Salzburg contain significant scribal errors of omission that allow us to identify manuscripts copied from them.
  6. Zabinski, pp 82-83
  7. Medel's section of the Cod. I.6.2º.5 is internally dated on folio 21r.
  8. The record of the Marxbrüder in the manuscript ends on folio 20r with the year 1566, so Mair couldn't have acquired it before then.
  9. "the hew" omitted from the Salzburg.
  10. S. "right-side foot".
  11. Mair: "If he comes then onto your sword with the strong".
  12. sic : nahent
  13. Liechtenauer's verse has in der rechten, "on the right", here, but it has been changed in all copies except the Salzburg and the Rostock.
  14. A. "or"
  15. sic : rechten
  16. S. "art or fencing".
  17. S., R. "before"
  18. sic : lonen
  19. S. "crooked hew"
  20. S. "thwart hew"
  21. Mair: "twelve"
  22. 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 22.13 22.14 22.15 Word omitted from the Salzburg and Rostock.
  23. S. "peasant hew".
  24. 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 24.15 24.16 24.17 24.18 24.19 24.20 24.21 24.22 24.23 24.24 24.25 24.26 24.27 24.28 24.29 24.30 24.31 24.32 24.33 24.34 24.35 24.36 24.37 Word omitted from the Salzburg.
  25. Could be read as “schlichter”.
  26. Mair: "This is a lesson on when".
  27. "with a" omitted from Rostock.
  28. Mair adds "not", making it "after the Soft and not after the Hard".
  29. "The lower opening" is omitted in Mair, shortening it to "to the left side".
  30. "And you shall... with the other" omitted from the Augsburg, the Rostock, and Mair. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of also soltu das.
  31. Couplet 104, part of the group 102-109.
  32. 32.00 32.01 32.02 32.03 32.04 32.05 32.06 32.07 32.08 32.09 32.10 Word omitted from the Augsburg, the Rostock, and Mair.
  33. "of the man… of the girdle" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of der gürttell.
  34. 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 The subsequent play in Salzburg is taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and is therefore omitted here.
  35. "To you truthfully" effaced from the Augsburg by damage to the page.
  36. "of the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.
  37. Fehlstelle im Manuskript
  38. "and you bind with… standing on the sword" omitted from the Augsburg, the Rostock, and Mair.
  39. "with the arms… and drive" omitted from the Rostock. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of den armen.
  40. "And wind yet… and stab him" omitted from the Augsburg, the Rostock, and Mair.
  41. Here Salzburg segues into Sigmund ain Ringeck's gloss of the same verse describing how the Crooked hew is used as a counter-cut: "This is how you shall cut crooked to the hands, and execute the play thus: When he cuts from your right side with the over- or under-cut, spring away from the cut with the right foot against him well to his left side, and strike him with outstretched arms with the [point] upon his hands."
  42. Literally "boar" (eber) in Augsburg, Salzburg, and Mair, probably due to a scribal error from über. Rostock further changes this to alber.
  43. A. "him"
  44. A., M. "the"
  45. A, M: "the
  46. "the hew" omitted in Mair.
  47. A., M., R. "the"
  48. "with the short edge" omitted from the Salzburg.
  49. S. "bind of the sword hews".
  50. A., R. "him".
  51. sic : schwerts
  52. A., M., S. "go"
  53. "the head, then throw your sword on" omitted from Mair. This is probably a scribal error, jumping from dem to dein.
  54. Augsburg and Mair just have "protect".
  55. "before your" omitted from the Salzburg and Rostock.
  56. A., M., R. "your"
  57. A., M., R. "the"
  58. Lit. "his".
  59. "after the Weak of his sword" omitted from Mair. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of Schwerts.
  60. 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 Word omitted from the Augsburg, Rostock, and Mair.
  61. Salzburg and Rostock double "schlag".
  62. "and to the body" omitted from the Salzburg.
  63. A. treffen, S. griffen.
  64. A., M., R. "him"
  65. 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 65.4 65.5 Word omitted from the Rostock.
  66. M. "you shall bring the Inverter with extended arms".
  67. A., S., R. "when you are gone half to him with the pre-fencing"
  68. A., M., R. "each and every"
  69. Mair has "from the right side, in accordance with the right side, in accordance with each step forward", which is probably scribal error of duplication, where the scribe repeated a line of text.
  70. A., M. "and"
  71. A. "on"
  72. A., M. "when"
  73. Couplet 91.
  74. S. has vier oder trieb, which should perhaps be read as fahr oder treib, "drive or drive".
  75. Scribal error in S. and R., replacing "even to you" with "above".
  76. S. "to his"
  77. A. "to the"
  78. M. "with"
  79. "and slice" omitted from the Salzburg.
  80. "if that is what you wish" omitted from the Salzburg.
  81. sic : deinem
  82. "of the sword" omitted in Mair.
  83. A., R. "the"
  84. "with the stab" omitted from the Rostock.
  85. A., M., R. "the"
  86. A., M., R. aber: "yet"; this seems to be a misspelling of alber.
  87. "and all Windings... are all short" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of kurtz vnd.
  88. "that so fight short" omitted from Mair. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping from fechtern to fechten.
  89. 89.00 89.01 89.02 89.03 89.04 89.05 89.06 89.07 89.08 89.09 89.10 Word omitted from Mair.
  90. A., M. anwind: "wind on".
  91. A., M., R. "him".
  92. S. "your"
  93. R. "the breast".
  94. Korrigiert aus »Hautt«.
  95. These verses are glossed previously, as the Rostock indicates (see the next note), but with a significantly different play.
  96. A., M., R. "the"
  97. R. "his"
  98. "as if you" omitted from the Salzburg and Rostock.
  99. Rostock ends here with the statement (written in Latin) "Previously in the chapter Vom Feler", which is odd because this is the exact point when the text ceases to bear any resemblance to the earlier version in that chapter.
  100. "in the arms with the edge" omitted from Mair and the Rostock. This is probably a scribal error, jumping from schneiden to schnitt.
  101. Disappears into the margin.
  102. S. "he then".
  103. S. "the one hilt".
  104. S. "thrusts your point up".
  105. Clause omitted from the Augsburg, Mair, and the Rostock.
  106. Word omitted in the Augsburg, Salzburg, and Mair.
  107. Augsburg doubles the phrase "and hold your sword on your right side with the hilt in front". This is probably a scribal error in which the scribe's eye jumped to the wrong line.
  108. This couplet is listed separately in Salzburg, with a paragraph from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck.
  109. 109.0 109.1 109.2 109.3 Word omitted from the Augsburg, Salzburg, and Mair.
  110. The subsequent play in Salzburg, which repeats couplet 71 and glosses it, is taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and is therefore omitted here.
  111. "this is" omitted in the Augsburg, the Rostock, and the Mair.
  112. The subsequent two plays in Salzburg are taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and are therefore omitted here.
  113. Mittels Einfügezeichen korrigiert aus »siten rechten«
  114. M. "his"
  115. A. "quickly there".
  116. "many and" omitted in Mair; Augsburg omits "many" and just says "are and multiple".
  117. "that fence from free long hews" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of fechten.
  118. "do not hold" omitted from the Salzburg.
  119. "to him" omitted from the Salzburg and Mair. Rostock just has "to".
  120. 120.0 120.1 Title is repeated in Mair.
  121. M. "if he the drives his sword quickly upward".
  122. M. "Soft or Hard".
  123. A. zwer: "thwart".
  124. "on his neck... on his right side" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping from to the second instance of seiten.
  125. "Strike or" omitted from the Augsburg, Salzburg, and Rostock.
  126. S., R. "ere when you come up"
  127. S. "to"
  128. 128.0 128.1 128.2 128.3 128.4 128.5 128.6 128.7 Word omitted from the Augsburg and Mair.
  129. "The word" omitted from the Augsburg, the Rostock, and Mair.
  130. A., R. "in"
  131. Salzburg doubles "the feeling".
  132. "Feel and cannot undertake" omitted from the Salzburg. This is probably a scribal error, jumping from one instance of nicht to the next.
  133. S. "work".
  134. S., R. entphindest: "perceive".
  135. S., R. "ere when".
  136. M. "undertake"
  137. Word doubled in the Salzburg.
  138. S. "word".
  139. S. "right or left side".
  140. S. "Whoever aims below", which matches the standard Recital. R. "whoever winds below".
  141. S. bindest gebünde~.
  142. M. "under"
  143. S. "his"
  144. M. "left side"
  145. 145.0 145.1 Disappears into the binding.
  146. S. "his"
  147. S. "after".
  148. R. "hews you"
  149. S., R. "change through"
  150. S. "the"
  151. S., R. "wind".
  152. S. "Technique".
  153. R. "on"
  154. Word doubled in the Augsburg.
  155. S. "your"
  156. A., R. "the"
  157. "down a little" omitted from the Salzburg.
  158. A., M., R. "the"
  159. A., S., R. "the"
  160. "before you" omitted from the Salzburg.
  161. S., R. "a"
  162. M. "rightful"
  163. Word doubled in Mair.
  164. S. dring.
  165. "at the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.
  166. M. "rightful"
  167. Word omitted from the Augsburg, the Salzburg, and the Rostock.
  168. "and thrust... the right" omitted from the Augsburg and Mair. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of siner rechte~.
  169. R. "but"
  170. sic : sein rechten bis repetita
  171. S., M., R. "over-winding"
  172. S., R. "Another wrestling".
  173. A., M. "him".
  174. A. "his"; M. "the".
  175. M. "on"
  176. S. "weapon".
  177. S. "your".
  178. M. "with his"
  179. A. "with".
  180. S. "on"
  181. S. "his".
  182. "and from each single Winding" omitted from the Salzburg. This is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of winden.
  183. S. "be it Over-/Under-hew".
  184. A., S., R. "the"
  185. ”einwindẽ durchwindẽ“ written in another hand above the line.
  186. Illegible word from another hand written above the line.
  187. R. "change"
  188. R. "correct"
  189. "I mean" omitted from the Augsburg, the Rostock, and Mair.
  190. "So they are" omitted from the Augsburg and Mair.
  191. S., R. "meditate and judge"
  192. "and the same Eight Windings" omitted from Mair. This is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of winden.
  193. Rest der Zeile verschwindet im Bund
  194. A., M., R. "him".
  195. M. "against his hew oppositely"
  196. S., R. "against".
  197. S., R. "the one"
  198. M. "hangings"
  199. A. "his".
  200. M. "another"
  201. S., R. "your".
  202. "on the" omitted from Mair.
  203. "in the techniques" omitted from the Salzburg and the Rostock.
  204. korrigiert aus »schnudt«
  205. Germ. And the eyes
  206. illegible deletion
  207. S corrected from D
  208. Germ. ”the sharp grip”
  209. Unleserlich. Gemeint ist die 20. Figur. Illegible. Refers to the 20th figure.
  210. Marginalie von anderer Hand. Marginal note from a different hand.
  211. German. How you use the bag strike at your opponent.
  212. Auf beiden Seiten neben dem Text, oberhalb einer Linie. On either side of the text, above a line.
  213. Marginalie. Marginal note.
  214. Marginalie neben einer Linie. Marginal note next to a line.
  215. Germ. If you have caught the opponent by the reins you can pursue his openings.
  216. Unleserliche Streichung
  217. Germ. Do not!
  218. Marginalie. Maginal note.
  219. Illegible deletion
  220. Die Wörter »so« und »Spricht« sind im Manuskript vertauscht, was durch entsprechende, oberen Anführungen gleichenden, Einfügezeichen kenntlcih gemacht wird.
  221. Marginalie. Marginal note.
  222. Über der Streichung eingefügt.
  223. Germ. The left
  224. Der Text läuft in den Bund.
  225. Marginalie. Marginal note.
  226. Germ. sword, messer, or dagger
  227. Der Text läuft oben aus der Seite heraus (beschnittenes Buchformat?).