Treatises
Modern historical European martial arts reconstruction is founded on the study of so-called fencing manuals. While most regions of the world have produced a few martial arts treatises over the centuries, the European manual tradition far exceeded any other in both its complexity and its sheer volume: well over a hundred distinct manuscripts and a comparable number of printed works survive from the Medieval and Early Modern time periods. In some sense, the practice of writing fencing manuals continues to this day in the form of books on the use of firearms and other small sidearms, as well as texts on Olympic fencing and other forms of sport combat.
These texts are generally not manuals as the modern audience understands the genre; rather than offering step-by-step instructions on fighting, they are more often general treatises on a variety of martial subjects, and even those manuals that include details and illustrations of specific techniques generally fail to present a set of instructions that a reader can easily follow. Reconstructing the historical European martial arts thus involves consulting a variety of different types of literature in order to arrive at a well-rounded understanding of their content, including fencing manuals, wrestling manuals, and books of military strategy.
Contents |
Predecessors
The earliest recordings of martial arts teachings consisted only of images. One example is a fresco in tomb 15 at Beni Hasan, Egypt, showing illustrations of wrestling techniques dating to ca. 2,000 BC. Similar depictions of wrestling techniques are found on Attic vases dating to Classical Greece. The only known text that could be classified a martial arts treatises from Western antiquity is P.Oxy. III 466 (2nd century), detailing Greek wrestling techniques. In addition to these depictions of martial techniques, treatises on other martial subjects also survive, the most famous of which is Flavius Vegetius Renatus' book on Roman military tactics De Re Militari.
Types of texts
For ease of reference, Wiktenauer divides the corpus of Western martial arts literature into six basic genres. A few texts defy categorization under this system, such as Paulus Hector Mair's Geschlechterbuch, but these distinctions are generally quite useful.
Commonplace Book
A commonplace book (or Hausbuch) is essentially a scrapbook, usually made by a wealthy individual. In the late Middle Ages, they were created as repositories of miscellaneous items and information that the owner considered significant, including medical recipes, quotations, letters, poems, tables of weights and measures, proverbs, prayers, and legal formulas. Each commonplace book was a unique work reflecting its creator's hobbies and interests. Some of these books, such as the so-called Codex Döbringer, therefore included copies of martial arts treatises that passed through their owner's hands.
Fencing Manual
Fencing manual (or Fechtbuch) is a catch-all term for treatises on armed combat. Medieval fencing manuals tended to be compilation works, manuscripts that included a variety of distinct treatises by different authors. Treatises by a single author, such as Fiore delli Liberi's treatise Fiore di Battaglia, or on a single weapon, such as Le Jeu de la Hache, were less common in this period. Many manuscripts of the 1500s draw on the same small pool of common treatises, which they combine in various ways. This tradition reached its pinnacle in the mammoth 1,200-page compilations that Paulus Hector Mair commissioned in the 1540s. In the Renaissance period, and especially as printing became more common, this emphasis changed and fencing masters began preparing and personally publishing more extensive treatises on a variety of different weapons. Some, such as Salvator Fabris, devoted massive volumes to the use of a single weapon.
Sketchbook
A number of sketchbooks created by talented artists survive from the Medieval and Renaissance time periods. These artists, including such masters as Albrecht Dürer and Maarten van Heemskerck, generally sketched fencers and wrestlers as studies in human anatomy. Because of this, they offer unique insight into the physical positions and movements of the art, providing a useful counterpoint to the large number of text-only fencing manuals. Some of these works were created as draftbooks for later complete fencing manuals.
Tournament Book
A tourmanent book (or Turnierbuch) is generally a record of a specific tournament that occurred. Aside from being interesting glimpses into the sportive side of historical European martial arts in period, tournament books are also useful for their depictions of authentic arms and armor.
War Book
War book (or Kriegsbücher) are useful texts for understanding the methods and theory behind warfare in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Many compilation fencing manuals from the 15th and 16th centuries also include excerpts from war books such as Konrad Kyeser's famous work Bellifortis or Flavius Vegetius Renatus' De Re Militari. Siege warfare was an especially popular subject in this genre.
Wrestling Manual
The wrestling manual (or Ringbuch) can be seen as a subset of the fencing manual genre. Most 15th century martial arts manuscripts include at least one wrestling manual, but wrestling was often seen as an aspect of armed combat and not a separate discipline. It isn't until later in the Renaissance that books devoted exclusively to wrestling and other unarmed techniques appeared in increasing numbers.
Manual Index
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Note that these dates are approximate in many cases. More specific information about the dates of manuals can be found on their respective pages. |
Manuscripts
| Year | Name | Inventory | Article |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0200s | Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 466 | MS P.Oxy.III.466 | Oxyrhynchus Papyrus (MS P.Oxy.III.466) |
| 1320s | Walpurgis Fechtbuch | MS I.33 | Walpurgis Fechtbuch (MS I.33) |
| 1389 | Codex Döbringer | MS 3227a | Codex Döbringer (MS 3227a) |
| 1400/1470s | Codex Wallerstein | Cod.I.6.4º.2 | Codex Wallerstein (Cod.I.6.4º.2) |
| 1400s | Le Jeu de la Hache | MS Francais 1996 | Le Jeu de la Hache (MS Francais 1996) |
| 1404 | Il Fior di Battaglia | MS Ludwig XV 13 | Fior di Battaglia (MS Ludwig XV 13) |
| 1404 | Il Fior di Battaglia | B1.370.A MS M.0383 | Fior di Battaglia (MS M.383) |
| 1409 | Flos Duellatorum | Pisani Dossi MS | Flos Duellatorum (Pisani Dossi MS) |
| 1416-1444 | Modus Dimicandi | MS G.B.f.18.a | Modus Dimicandi (MS G.B.f.18.a) |
| 1420s | Florius de Arte Luctandi | MS Latin 11269 | Florius de Arte Luctandi (MS Latin 11269) |
| 1424 | Hec Sunt Guardiae in Dimicatione Videlicet | MS 01020 | Hec Sunt Guardiae in Dimicatione Videlicet (MS 01020) |
| 1428 | Die Blume des Kampfes | Cod.5278 | Die Blume des Kampfes (Cod.5278) |
| 1430s | Gladiatoria | MS KK5013 | Gladiatoria (MS KK5013) |
| 1435-1440 | Gladiatoria | MS Germ.Quart.16 | Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16) |
| 1440 | Man yt Wol | MS Harley 3542 | Man yt Wol (MS Harley 3542) |
| 1440s | Codex 11093 | Cod.11093 | Cod.11093 |
| 1440s | Gladiatoria | MS U860.F46 1450 | Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450) |
| 1443 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch | MS Chart.A.558 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch (MS Chart.A.558) |
| 1446-1459 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch | MS XIX.17-3 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch (MS XIX.17-3) |
| 1450-1465 | MS Cotton Titus A xxv | MS Cotton Titus A xxv | |
| 1450s | Codex Lew | Cod.I.6.4º.3 | Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3) |
| 1450s | Talhoffer Fechtbuch | MS 78.A.15 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch (MS 78.A.15) |
| 1452 | Codex Danzig | Cod.44.A.8 | Codex Danzig (Cod.44.A.8) |
| 1458-1467 | Paulus Kal Fechtbuch | MS 1825 | Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS 1825) |
| 1459 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch | MS Thott.290.2º | Talhoffer Fechtbuch (MS Thott.290.2º) |
| 1460 | The Poem of the Pel | MS 243 | Knyghthode and Bataile (MS.243) |
| 1462/1493 | Schwabenspiegel Codex | Cgm 558 | Schwabenspiegel Codex (Cgm 558) |
| 1465-1480 | Gladiatoria | Cod.Guelf.78.2.Aug.2º | Gladiatoria (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º) |
| 1467 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch | Cod.icon. 394a | Talhoffer Fechtbuch (Cod.icon. 394a) |
| 1470 | Paulus Kal Fechtbuch | Cgm 1507 | Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (Cgm 1507) |
| 1470-1500 | Paulus Kal Fechtbuch | Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (Gotti MS) | |
| 1473-1503 | Paulus Kal Fechtbuch | MS Chart.B.1021 | Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS Chart.B.1021) |
| 1478 | Kunst des Messerfechtens | Cod.Pal.germ.430 | Kunst des Messerfechtens (Cod.Pal.Germ.430) |
| 1479 | Codex Folz | MS Q566 | Codex Folz (MS Q566) |
| 1480-1500 | Ambraser Codex | MS KK5342 | Ambraser Codex (MS KK5342) |
| 1480s | Paulus Kal Fechtbuch | MS KK5126 | Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS KK5126) |
| 1482 | Kunst des Messerfechtens | Cgm 582 | Kunst des Messerfechtens (Cgm 582) |
| 1482-1487 | De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi | Cod.1324 | De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (Cod.1324) |
| 1491 | Codex Speyer | MS M.I.29 | Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29) |
| 1492 | De la Palestra | Cod.Estense.T.VII.25 | De la Palestra (Cod.Estense.T.VII.25) |
| 1495 | Gladiatoria | MS CL23842 | Gladiatoria (MS CL23842) |
| 1495 | Meister peter falkners kunste Zu Ritterlicher Were | MS KK5012 | Kunste Zu Ritterlicher Were (MS KK5012) |
| 1500 | Ludwig von Eyb Kriegsbuch | MS B.26 | Eyb Kriegsbuch (MS B.26) |
| 1500 | The Poem of the Pel | Cottonian MS Titus A.xxiii | Knyghthode and Bataile (Cottonian MS Titus A.xxiii) |
| 1500 | The Poem of the Pel | Ashmole MS 45 II | Knyghthode and Bataile (Ashmole MS 45 II) |
| 1500s | Kölner Fechtbuch | MS Best.7020 (W*)150 | Kölner Fechtbuch (MS Best.7020 W*150) |
| 1500s | Talhoffer Fechtbuch | Codex Series Nova 2978 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch (Cod.Ser.Nov.2978) |
| 1500s | Anonimo Riccardiano | MS Ricc.2541 | Anonimo Riccardiano (MS Ricc.2541) |
| 1500s | Codex Ringeck | MS Dresd.C.487 | Codex Ringeck (MS Dresd.C.487) |
| 1500s | Fechtbuchleinn | Cod.Guelf.1074.Novi | Fechtbuchleinn (Cod.Guelf.1074.Novi) |
| 1506-1511 | Marx Turnierbuch | Cgm 1930 | Marx Turnierbuch (Cgm 1930) |
| 1506-1514 | Das Solothurner Fechtbuch | Cod.S.554 | Solothurner Fechtbuch (Cod.S.554) |
| 1508 | Glasgow Fechtbuch | MS E.1939.65.341 | Glasgow Fechtbuch (MS E.1939.65.341) |
| 1509 | Libro del exercicio de las armas | MS a.IV.23 | Libro del exercicio de las armas (MS a.IV.23) |
| 1510-1520 | Goliath | MS Germ.Quart.2020 | Goliath (MS Germ.Quart.2020) |
| 1510s | Anonimo Bolognese | MSS Ravenna M-345/346 | Anonimo Bolognese (MSS Ravenna M-345/M-346) |
| 1511 | Turnierbuch Ritterspiele | Cod.icon. 398 | Turnierbuch Ritterspiele (Cod.icon. 398) |
| 1512 | Berlin Sketchbook | Libr.Pict.A83 | Berlin Sketchbook (Libr.Pict.A.83) |
| 1512 | OPLODIDASKALIA sive Armorvm Tractandorvm Meditatio Alberti Dvreri | MS 26-232 | OPLODIDASKALIA sive Armorvm Tractandorvm Meditatio Alberti Dvreri (MS 26-232) |
| 1512 | Albrecht Dürers Fechtbuch | Sloane MS No.5229 | Albrecht Dürers Fechtbuch (Sloane MS No.5229) |
| 1519 | Ludwig von Eyb Turnierbuch | Cgm 961 | Eyb Turnierbuch (Cgm 961) |
| 1520-1530 | Vechtboek | MS BPL.3281 | Vechtboek (MS BPL.3281) |
| 1522 | Jörg Wilhalm Hutters kunst zu Augspurg | Cod.I.6.2º.3 | Jörg Wilhalm Hutters kunst zu Augspurg (Cod.I.6.2º.3) |
| 1522 | Jörg Wilhalm Hutters kunst zu Augspurg | Cod.I.6.4º.5 | Jörg Wilhalm Hutters kunst zu Augspurg (Cod.I.6.4º.5) |
| 1523 | Jörg Wilhalm Hutters kunst zu Augspurg | Cgm 3711 | Jörg Wilhalm Hutters kunst zu Augspurg (Cgm 3711) |
| 1523/1564 | Hutter/Sollinger Fechtbuch | Cod.I.6.2º.2 | Hutter/Sollinger Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.2) |
| 1530-1545 | Jörg Breu's Sketchbook | Cod.I.6.2º.4 | Jörg Breu Sketchbook (Cod.I.6.2º.4) |
| 1533 | Gregor Erhart Fechtbuch | MS E.1939.65.354 | Gregor Erhart Fechtbuch (MS E.1939.65.354) |
| 1535-1550 | Ledall Roll | Additional MS 39564 | Ledall Roll (Additional MS 39564) |
| 1538 | Über die Fechtkunst und den Ringkampf | MS 963 | Über die Fechtkunst und den Ringkampf (MS 963) |
| 1539 | Ringer Kunst | 2º Cod.MS.Philos.62 | Ringer Kunst (2º Cod.MS.Philos.62) |
| 1539-1569 | Monomachia ovvero Arte di Scherma | MS II.iii.315 | Monomachia ovvero Arte di Scherma (MS II.iii.315) |
| 1539-1569 | Monomachia ovvero Arte di Scherma | MS L.V.23 | Monomachia ovvero Arte di Scherma (MS L.V.23) |
| 1539/1552/1566 | Hans Medel Fechtbuch | Cod.I.6.2º.5 | Hans Medel Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.5) |
| 1540 | Burgkmair Turnierbuch | Cod.icon. 403 | Burgkmair Turnierbuch (Cod.icon. 403) |
| 1542 | Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica | MSS Dresd.C93/C94 | Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (MSS Dresd.C.93/C.94) |
| 1544 | Lamberger Turnierbuch | Cod.A.2290 | Lamberger Turnierbuch (Cod.A.2290) |
| 1548 | Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica | Cod.10825/10826 | Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.10825/10826) |
| 1548 | Geschlechterbuch der Stadt Augsburg | Cod.icon. 312b | Geschlechterbuch der Stadt Augsburg (Cod.icon. 312b) |
| 1550s | Codex Amberger | Codex Amberger | |
| 1550s | Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica | Cod.icon. 393 | Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica (Cod.icon. 393) |
| 1553 (1540s) | Rast Fechtbuch | Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82 | Rast Fechtbuch (Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82) |
| 1556 | Maister Liechtenawers Kunstbuech | Cgm 3712 | Maister Liechtenawers Kunstbuech (Cgm 3712) |
| 1560 | Joachim Meyers Faktbok | MS A.4º.2 | Joachim Meyers Faktbok (MS A.4º.2) |
| 1561 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch | Cod.I.6.2º.1 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.1) |
| 1562 | Hans Endter Fechtbuch | Location unknown | Hans Endter Fechtbuch |
| 1563 | Las reglas del montante | CCPB000152417-8 | Las reglas del montante (CCPB000152417-8) |
| 1567 | Trattato d'uno Schermo | Cod.10723 | Trattato d'uno Schermo (Cod.10723) |
| 1569 | Lectiones auf das Einfachen rappier | 4º MS Math.038 | Hans Wilhelm Schöffer Fechtbuch (4º MS Math.038) |
| 1570-1571 | Fechtbuch zu Ross und zu Fuss | MS Var.82 | Fechtbuch zu Ross und zu Fuss (MS Var.82) |
| 1573 | Hugold Behr's Fechtbuch | MS Var.83 | Hugold Behr's Fechtbuch (MS Var.83) |
| 1579 | De veriis principiis artis dimicatoriae | MS Dresd.C.15 | De veriis principiis artis dimicatoriae (MS Dresd.C.15) |
| 1580 | Modo di cacciare mano all spada | MS Italien 959 | Modo di cacciare mano all spada (MS Italien 959) |
| 1580s | Nobilissimo discorso intorno il schermo | MS Italien 1527 | Nobilissimo discorso intorno il schermo (MS Italien 1527) |
| 1588 | Künnst zu fechten vonn David Lienhartt Sollinger | Cod.Guelf.38.21 Aug.2º | Künnst zu fechten vonn David Lienhartt Sollinger (Cod.Guelf.38.21 Aug.2º) |
| 1591 | Das Ander Theil Des Newen Kůnstreichen Fechtbůches | Cod.Guelf.83.4.Aug.8º | Das Ander Theil Des Newen Kůnstreichen Fechtbůches (Cod.Guelf.83.4 Aug.8º) |
| 1593 | Verzeichnis etlicher Stücke des Fechtens im Rapier | MS Germ.Fol.1476 | Verzeichnis etlicher Stücke des Fechtens im Rapier (MS Germ.Fol.1476) |
| 1595 | Schermkunst | VAULT Case MS Fol.U.423.792 | Schermkunst (VAULT Case MS Fol.U.423.792) |
| 1599 | Paradoxes of Defence | Additional MS 34192 | Paradoxes of Defence (Additional MS 34192) |
| 1600-1609 | La Scientia della Spada | MS KB.73.J.38 | La Scientia della Spada (MS KB.73.J.38) |
| 1600s | Talhoffer Fechtbuch | MS 26.236 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch (MS 26.236) |
| 1600s | Cabinet d'escrime de l'espee et poingnardt | MS KB.73.J.39 | Cabinet d'escrime de l'espee et poingnardt (MS KB.73.J.39) |
| 1600s | Talhoffer Sammelhandschrift | 2° MS iurid. 29 | Talhoffer Sammelhandschrift (2° MS iurid. 29) |
| 1600s | OPLODIDASKALIA sive Armorvm Tractandorvm Meditatio Alberti Dvreri | Location unknown | OPLODIDASKALIA sive Armorvm Tractandorvm Meditatio Alberti Dvreri (Cod.1246) |
| 1600s | Talhoffer Fechtbuch | 2º Cod.MS.Philos.61 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch (2º Cod.MS.Philos.61) |
| 1600s | Talhoffer Fechtbuch | Cod.Guelf.125.16.Extrav. | Talhoffer Fechtbuch (Cod.Guelf.125.16.Extrav.) |
| 1601 | Scientia e Prattica dell'Arme | GKS 1868 kvart | Scientia e Prattica dell'Arme (GI.kgl.Saml.1868.4040) |
| 1602-1608 | Cort Bevvijs' Van t'Rapier alleen | MS KB.72.F.37 | Cort Bevvijs' Van t'Rapier alleen (MS KB.72.F.37) |
| 1605 | Bref Instructions vpõ My Pradoxes of Defence | Sloane MS No.376 | Bref Instructions vpõ My Pradoxes of Defence (Sloane MS No.376) |
| 1610 | Discours de la théorie de la pratique et de l’excellence des armes | MS E.1939.65.435 | Discours de la théorie de la pratique et de l’excellence des armes (MS E.1939.65.435) |
| 1610s | Traite des armes | MS E.1939.65.360 | Traite des armes (MS E.1939.65.360) |
| 1610s | Traite des armes | MS X.911 | Traite des armes (MS X.911) |
| 1610s | Traite des armes | MS E.1939.65.359 | Traite des armes (MS E.1939.65.359) |
| 1619 | Eigentliche Beschreibung des Fechtens ihm einfachen Rappir | MS Var.7 | Eigentliche Beschreibung des Fechtens ihm einfachen Rappir (MS Var.7) |
| 1620 | Grůndtliche vñ eigentlichte Beschreibung der Fechtkunst | 4º MS Math.2 | Grůndtliche vñ eigentlichte Beschreibung der Fechtkunst (4º MS Math.2) |
| 1620 | Schöffer Fechtbuch | 8 ARS MIL 1090/61 | Schöffer Fechtbuch (8 ARS MIL 1090/61) |
| 1620s | Las cien conclusiones de la destreza de las armas | MS Phill.1941 | Las cien conclusiones de la destreza de las armas (MS Phill.1941) |
| 1623 | Die Blume des Kampfes | Cod.10799 | Bũech von fechter Vnnd Ringstückhen zũ Ross vnnd Fuoß (Cod.10799) |
| 1625 | Compendio y Philosophia y destreza de las Armas | MS R4-B274 | Compendio y Philosophia y Dztreza de las Armas (MS R4-B274) |
| 1628 | Oplosophia e Verdadeira Destreza das Armas | MS Vermelho.nº.91 | Oplosophia e Verdadeira Destreza das Armas (MS Vermelho.nº.91) |
| 1629 | Compendio e discorso di tutto quello, in che consiste la virtù delle spada | Cod.10784 | Compendio e discorso di tutto quello (Cod.10784) |
| 1640 | Sobre la Destreza de las Armas | MS E.1939.65.398 | Sobre la Destreza de las Armas (MS E.1939.65.398) |
| 1651 | Memorial Da Prattica do Montante | MS 49.III.20.nº.21 | Memorial Da Prattica do Montante (MS 49.III.20.nº.21) |
| 1657 | Fechtbuch eines ungenannten Studenten | Cod.Guelf.264.23.Extrav. | Fechtbuch eines ungenannten Studenten (Cod.Guelf.264.23.Extrav.) |
| 1670 | Les vrayes principes de l’espée seule | MS Francais 1236 | Les vrayes principes de l’espée seule (MS Français 1236) |
| 1676 | Mathematical Demonstration of the Sorde | MS Harley 5219 | Mathematical Demonstration of the Sorde (MS Harley 5219) |
| 1676 | Truthe of the Sworde | MS Harley 4206 | Truthe of the Sworde (MS Harley 4206) |
| 1679-1681 | Compendio di Scherma | Cod.256 | Compendio di Scherma (Cod.256) |
| 1686 | Mathern Fechtbuch | 2º MS Math.7 | Mathern Fechtbuch (2º MS Math.7) |
| 1699 | Il Fior di Battaglia | MS XXIV | Fior di Battaglia (MS XXIV) |
| 1727 | Reglas para La Destreza de Las Armas | MS E.1939.65.597 | Reglas para La Destreza de Las Armas (MS E.1939.65.597) |
| 1749 | L'exercice des armes | MS E.1939.65.488 | L'exercice des armes (MS E.1939.65.488) |
| 1820 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch | Cod.icon. 394 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch (Cod.icon. 394) |
| 1820 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch | Cod.icon. 395 | Talhoffer Fechtbuch (Cod.icon. 395) |
Incunabula and Post-Incunabula
| Year | Title | Author | Article |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1490s | The Landshut Wrestling Manual | Das Landshuter Ringerbuch (Hans Wurm) | |
| 1512 | War Fortifications | Konrad Kyeser | Bellifortis (Konrad Kyeser) |
| 1516 | Foundation of the Chivalric Art of Swordplay | Johannes Liechtenauer Andre Liegniczer Andre Paurñfeyndt |
Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey (Andre Paurñfeyndt) |
| 1530s, 1558 | The Ancient Fencer's Beginning Art | Johannes Lecküchner Johannes Liechtenauer Andre Liegniczer Andre Paurñfeyndt |
Der Altenn Fechter anfengliche kunst (Christian Egenolff) |
| 1531 | A New Work | Antonio Manciolino | Opera Nova (Antonio Manciolino) |
| 1536, 1546, 1550, 1568, 1615 |
A New Work | Achille Marozzo | Opera Nova (Achille Marozzo) |
| 1538 | The Noble Science of Swordplay | Andre Liegniczer Andre Paurñfeyndt |
La noble science des ioueurs d'espee (Andre Paurñfeyndt) |
| 1539, 1669 | The Art of Wrestling: Eighty-Five Devices | Fabian von Auerswald | Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) |
